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Unit-1_TOC

The Theory of Computation is a theoretical field that focuses on the logic of computation and the efficiency of machines, including their limitations and memory requirements. It encompasses three main mathematical models: Finite Automata, Push Down Automata, and Turing Machines, each with varying levels of complexity and capabilities. Key concepts include symbols, alphabets, strings, and languages, which can be finite or infinite.

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Unit-1_TOC

The Theory of Computation is a theoretical field that focuses on the logic of computation and the efficiency of machines, including their limitations and memory requirements. It encompasses three main mathematical models: Finite Automata, Push Down Automata, and Turing Machines, each with varying levels of complexity and capabilities. Key concepts include symbols, alphabets, strings, and languages, which can be finite or infinite.

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ronak.gadaria
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LECTURE NOTES

Subject: Theory of Computation Unit-1: Introduction


_______________________________________________________________________________________________

What is Theory of Computation?

 Theory of Computation is a theoretical branch of Computer Science and Mathematics, which


mainly deals with the logic of computation with respect to simple machines.
 It provides the mathematical model for any machine and it also ensures how efficiently a machine
will work, what are its limitations and how much amount of memory it requires to perform
operations.
 The main motivation behind developing this theory was to develop methods to describe and
analyse the dynamic behaviour of discrete systems.

Types of Mathematical models:

 Basically, there are 3 types of mathematical models covered in Theory of Computation as shown in diagram.
1. Finite Automata
2. Push Down Automata
3. Turing Machine

Finite Automata:
 It is the simplest mathematical model and is the basic building block of machine.
 It performs the low memory operations. e.g. pattern matching in Compiler Design
 It accepts Regular language that uses Regular Grammar

Prepared by: Mr. Dinesh A Mehbubani


(CE/IT Department, LJ University, Ahmedabad)
LECTURE NOTES
Subject: Theory of Computation Unit-1: Introduction
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Push Down Automata:


 It is more powerful than Finite Automata.
 It performs the operations like Syntax verification in high end applications.
 It accepts Context Free language that uses Context Free Grammar.

Turing Machine:
 It is the most powerful mathematical model to design any machine.
 It is considered to be the abstract model of a computer.
 It was invented by mathematician Allen Turing in 1936.
 It uses unrestricted language also known as recursively enumerable language.
 It performs the operations such as halting problems in Compiler designing.

Basic Terminologies of Theory of Computation:

 Symbol:
 A symbol (often also called a character) is the smallest building block, which can be any alphabet,
letter, or picture.

 Alphabets (Σ):
 Alphabets are a set of symbols, which are always finite.

 String: (w)
 A string is a finite sequence of symbols from some alphabet. A string is generally denoted as w and
the length of a string is denoted as |w|.
 Empty string is the string zero occurrence of symbols, represented as ε.

 Number of Strings (of length 2) that can be generated over the alphabet {a, b}:

Prepared by: Mr. Dinesh A Mehbubani


(CE/IT Department, LJ University, Ahmedabad)
LECTURE NOTES
Subject: Theory of Computation Unit-1: Introduction
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

a a
a b
b a
b b

Length of String |w| = 2


Number of Strings = 4

 For alphabet {a, b} with length n, number of strings can be generated = 2n.

 Language: (L)
 A language is a set of strings, chosen from some Σ . A language that can be formed over ‘Σ ‘can
be finite or infinite.

Example of Finite Language:


L1 = {set of string of length 2 from ∑(x,y)}
L1 = { xy, yx, xx, yy }

Example of Infinite Language:


L1 = {set of all strings starts with ‘b’}
L1 = { babb, baa, ba, bbb, baab, ....... }

Prepared by: Mr. Dinesh A Mehbubani


(CE/IT Department, LJ University, Ahmedabad)

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