WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS Bang Tran, Joshua Ovalle, Karl Molina,

DOI: 10.37394/23202.2021.20.29 Ruben Molina, Ha Thu Le

Solar-Powered Convenient Charging Station for Mobile Devices

with Wireless Charging Capability

BANG TRAN, JOSHUA OVALLE, KARL MOLINA, RUBEN MOLINA, HA THU LE

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Pomona city, California 91768
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Abstract – Mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, and music players, have been increasingly
popular. There is a strong demand for charging stations for these devices, especially in public places, such as bus
stops, parks, beaches, schools, hospitals, and playgrounds. This project designs a convenient charging station for the
mobile devices. It is renewable and supportive for diverse charging needs. The system key design parameters are:
200-W solar panel, 12-V 900-Wh deep-cycle lead acid battery, 300-W 120-VAC pure sine-wave inverter, 8 outlets (2
wireless, 4 DC USB and 2 AC). It aims to supply an average load of 175Wh. A prototype of the station is built and
tested. The testing results show that the station works properly. The control system switches the outlets on and off
accurately based on the battery available energy. On a sunny day, with the solar panel and the battery operational, the
system can support a full load of 150Wh until the sun is gone. When operating without the solar panel using the
fully-charged battery, the system can last at least 1.5 hours. The station can serve as a convenient power source. It
helps promote the use of solar energy that is beneficial to the environment.

Keywords – Battery, charging station, inverter, mobile devices, solar, voltage regulator, wireless charging.
Received: April 15, 2021. Revised: August 11, 2021. Accepted: August 20, 2021. Published: August 23, 2021.

1. Introduction small communication stations [3-8]. In recent years, there

has been a dramatic increase in the usage of mobile
The solar photovoltaic (PV) market continues to phones on a daily basis. Solar-powered charging stations
be on the rise and sees no sign of slowing down. have been implemented to meet the increasing demands
Global PV installation reached 509 GW at the end of of mobile phone usage, especially in locations where
2018 and the PV capacity is expected to double by power is not as readily accessible [9, 10]. Another impact
2022. The United States alone installed 10.7 GW of of the rising usage of mobile phones specifically for
PV system in 2018 [1, 2]. smartphones has been the application of inductive
Solar power has been used in a number of charging. This application uses inductive coils to induce
applications, such as lighting in remote areas, a voltage onto the smartphone charging the device
charging batteries and electric vehicles, powering wirelessly [11-13].

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A simple solar-powered charging station was used as a reference for the station design [17]. The goal
developed in India using only DC outputs to charge is that the station can serve as a convenient stand-alone
mobile devices [14]. Another solar charging system mobile power source where grid power is not readily
implemented in Colombia also utilized DC outputs available. It is expected to accommodate a variety of
while taking into consideration AC outputs for devices such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and radios.
devices with higher power consumption [15]. A
Based on the Public Transportation data for Yosemite
thorough analysis of the previously mentioned solar
National Park [17, 18] about 10,137 people use the
charging stations reveals some limitations of the
shuttle service daily. A total of 27 shuttles are in
systems. The charging station in Colombia has
operation on a daily basis and there are 22 stops in total.
included AC outputs as an added advantage over the
Based on the obtained data, on average the number of
station in India with only DC capabilities, but both
people waiting for the shuttle can be calculated as
were still limited to wired charging.
10,137/(22x27)=17. Assuming that 8 out of the 17 people
This project attempts to design a flexible, weather- waiting for the shuttle need to charge their devices, it was
resistant, solar-powered charging station with AC concluded that 2 wireless charging pads, 4 DC and 2 AC
and DC outlets, as well as wireless charging pads for outlets (8 charging outlets in total) would suffice for the
user convenience. Furthermore, it is designed to have user need. It is recognized that the user demand may vary
a table to provide further convenience to users. Chairs greatly, depending on locations. Surveys may be
may be added where the users can seat to chat or read conducted to determine the demand more accurately.
while waiting for their devices to be charged. This Though, it is easy to add more stations to meet a location
charging station can be used in parks, beaches, specific demand. Detailed calculation of the user demand
schools, playgrounds, bus stops, and any outdoor is provided in “Equations” section of the appendix.
location. It would be a particularly helpful power
The charging station is powered by fixed solar panels
source in remote locations where grid power is not
together with a Lead Acid battery to store the energy
available.
produced by the solar panels. A charge controller is used
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 to protect the battery from excess current and voltage.
presents the design of the charging table. Section 3 The battery output power goes directly to the DC outlets
describes the construction of the charging station while a voltage regulator and inverter are implemented to
prototype and its testing results. Section 4 contains channel power to the wireless charging pads and the AC
the conclusion. In the appendix, specifications of the outlets, respectively. The purpose of the voltage regulator
system main components are presented, along with is to step down the 12-V output of the battery to 5 volts
related calculations and coding. which is a suitable input for the inductive charging
transmitter circuit. The inverter converts the battery 12V
DC output to 120V AC at 60Hz for the AC outlets. The
2. Charging station design AC outlets are also equipped with protective GFCI
according to Article 690.41 of the NEC. Figure 1 shows
The design process begins with determining an
the block diagram for the charging station.
optimal power capacity for the entire station and
ensuring that each individual component has the
proper voltage and current ratings. The National 2.1 Solar panel sizing and estimated energy
Electric Code (NEC) [16], which sets the standard for production
proper electrical wiring and safety, is used as A proper solar panel size is determined using the data
reference to ensure that this station is not only safe that was obtained by the Public Transportation data for
for public use, but also up to code. Yosemite National Park [17, 18]. It is based on the fact
The Yosemite National Park shuttle service was that the station accommodates 8 people waiting for the
analyzed for determining relevant features, such as shuttle. The power demand for the charging station
number of outlets, that the station should have to comes from the 8 people, assuming that they use all 8
serve the public effectively. The shuttle service is charging outlets at the same time. Based on the power
estimated to serve 3.7 million visitors a year and is consumption of multiple devices that require AC

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ordinary batteries and can withstand deep discharges.

The approximate state of charge (SOC) corresponding to
the voltage of the battery is presented in Table 7 of the
appendix [19].

2.3 Inverter sizing

The inverter is selected based on the size of the battery
of 900Wh. A pure sine-wave inverter of 300W at 120V
continuous AC output is chosen. When the inverter is at
full output of 300W it can completely drain the battery in
3 hours (900Wh/300W = 3h). Recall from Section 2.1,
the average load for 2 wireless charging pads, 4 DC USB
and 2 AC outlets is 175Wh. This inverter would
accommodate the average load and possibly larger AC
Fig. 1 Block diagram of charging station loads, assuming that users may plug in any AC device
and DC power, as well as the wireless charging into the outlets. The inverter is equipped with the
power consumption, the minimum load is 110Wh and overcurrent protection and load sensors to comply with
the maximum load is 240Wh when all outlets are NEC Article 690.7.
used. Hence, the average load is 175Wh. The detailed
calculation of the load is provided in appendix. Based 2.4 Wireless charging circuit
on the load demand, a 200W solar panel is chosen to
meet the average demand. Two 100-W panels may be Due to time constraint we do not develop our own
used to obtain the 200-W capacity. inductive (wireless) charging circuit. A customized
design of an inductive charging circuit requires
A manual switch is installed between the solar considerable amount of time. We must design and test
panel and the charge controller to disconnect the PV both the transmitter and receiver before we can use the
system in order to protect all the wiring systems in design on compatible smartphones. We must also comply
case of emergencies and malfunctions in accordance with the QI standard of inductive charging [20], which is
with NEC Article 690.1. the standard of providing 5-15 Watts to small devices. To
Estimated energy production: It is estimated that save time, we use a pre-constructed inductive charging
the 200-W solar panel would produce 1,100Wh per transmitter circuit for the station.
day on average (200Wx5.5 average sun hours). The An inductive charging system consists of two main
average sun hours are acquired from a number of components, namely the transmitter circuit and the
cities in California and are provided in the appendix. receiver circuit. For this project we focus more on the
The purpose of using multiple cities is to ensure that transmitter than the receiver since the receiver circuit is
the solar panel will provide sufficient energy when already implemented in certain smartphones. The
being placed in different locations. transmitter circuit consists of a rectifier, a filter, a
switching circuit, and an inductive coil. Since we supply
2.2 Battery sizing the transmitter with 5V DC by using a voltage regulator,
the rectifier and filter are no longer necessary. The
The battery selected is a 12-V Lead Acid deep-
switching circuit takes the DC voltage and switches it to
cycle battery with a capacity of 900Wh
create alternating current by means of MOSFETS. The
(12Vx75Ah=900Wh). This means that the battery
alternating current is then supplied to the coil generating
can store the 200W of power of the solar panel for 4.5
a magnetic field. When the transmitter coil is coupled
hours (900Wh/200W= 4.5h). It can also store 81.8%
with the receiver coil it induces a voltage on the receiver
of the energy that the solar panel produces on a daily
circuit allowing the battery of the receiver to be charged
basis (900Wh/1100Wh=0.818). We have chosen the
[21, 22].
deep-cycle battery because it is more durable than

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Major factors that affect the efficiency of inductive the output of the voltage regulator. By monitoring the
charging include the distance between the coils and voltage of the battery (which corresponds to the battery
the shape of the coils of the receiver and the SOC), the switching logic would remove the 5V going to
transmitter. This is because the coupling of magnetic the relays at certain voltage thresholds, thereby switching
flux is greater when the distance between the coils is the relays to cut the power to the wireless charging pads,
less. Circular coils support more coupling than as well as the AC and DC outlets appropriately.
rectangular coils [23, 24]. Another factor is the
To visualize the switching effect, we implemented
resistance of the coils. Higher resistance causes the
four RGB LEDs and eight 330Ω resistors to limit the
power to be dissipated as heat thus reducing the
current passing through the LEDS. Figure 3 depicts the
efficiency [25]. There are other factors that affect the
different states where our system operates. In State 1, the
efficiency but we use the main factors mentioned
AC and DC charging outlets remain turned on, indicating
above to select a transmitter circuit which has three
by green LEDs. In State 2, the AC outlets are turned off,
circular coils. The selection aims to obtain good
which is indicated by a red LED while the DC USB ports
magnetic coupling and freedom for users as the
and the wireless chargers remain on, indicating by their
circuit does not strictly limit where the users place
respect green LEDs. In State 3, the AC and DC outlets
their smartphones on the wireless charging pad.
are turned off, which is indicated by red LEDs.
From Fig. 3, the control logic works as follows. From
2.5 System operation and control
State 1, the system enters State 2 when the battery state
To ensure proper functionality and longer life span of charge (SOC) is between 50% and 70%. It enters state
of the equipment, a microcontroller and a relay 3 when the battery SOC drops below 50%. It remains in
system are implemented for control and switching of State 1 if the battery SOC is above 70%. It remains in
relevant circuits. The used devices are: one Arduino State 2 if the battery SOC is between 50% and 75%. It
Uno, one 2-Channel module relay board, four RGB goes to State 3 if the SOC drops below 50% then goes
LEDs, eight 330Ω resistors for the LEDs, one voltage back to State 1 when the SOC recovers to above 75%.
regulator chip, two capacitors rated at 220uF and From State 3, the system remains in State 3 when the
47uF for the voltage regulator, and two resistors rated SOC is below 55%. It enters State 2 when the SOC is
at 1.5kΩ and 1kΩ. between 55% and 75%, and goes back to State 1 when
We designed the controller using voltage the SOC is above 75%.
identification logic to continuously monitor the
voltage of the battery and use that information to
command switching logic of the microcontroller.
One applied operation principle is to disconnect the
AC outlets, the wireless charging pads, and the DC
outlets appropriately at certain voltages to ensure that
the battery is never fully discharged to maintain its
lifespan. The design of the controller circuit is shown
in Fig. 2.
The design process of the voltage identification
logic and switching logic is as follows. First, we
implement a voltage regulator chip with the 200µF
and 47µF capacitor to step down the battery 12V
output to a suitable voltage to power the Arduino. We
then use the battery 12-V output and the 1.5kΩ and
1kΩ resistors in a voltage divider circuit. From the
circuit the Arduino continuously senses the output
voltage of the battery. The relays are powered by the
battery 12V output and are fed an additional 5V from Fig. 2 Circuit design of controller

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Fig. 5 Circuit of charging station prototype

Fig. 3 Finite state machine microcontroller logic
We have performed various tests to verify if the
prototype works properly and to evaluate its
2.6 System protection performance.
In accordance with NEC we implemented a fuse
Wireless charging transmitter circuit test
for public safety.
Three transmitter circuits are tested and the results are
provided in Table 1 through Table 3. We first tested our
3. Implementation of charging station system using a one coil wireless transmitter circuit with
a thick metal plate and found that it would charge a
prototype and testing results
smartphone at a rate of 1% every five minutes (Table 1).
A prototype of the charging station is Next, we tested our system with a one coil wireless
implemented as shown in Fig. 4 and its circuit is transmitter circuit with a thin plate. We found that with a
shown in Fig. 5. thin plate the charging rate increased to about 2% every
five minutes but would revert to 1% after some time
(Table 2). Finally, we tested our system with the three-
coil wireless transmitter circuit and found that this circuit
charged a smartphone at a rate of 3% every five minutes
(Table 3).

Voltage regulator test

We tested a voltage regulator to step down the 12-V
output of the battery to 5V for the wireless transmitter
circuit. We found that its temperature would rise to a
point that it would shut down to reduce the temperature
and turn on again when the temperature was low enough.
This made the voltage regulator unstable when connected
to the wireless transmitter circuit. The current going
through the coil was between 0.3 and 0.4A which was not
enough to charge a smartphone.
We then tested a buck converter that would also step
down the voltage of the battery but would not heat up as
Fig. 4 Charging station prototype

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Table 1 Charging speed of one-coil charging excess heat being produced by the regulator to prevent it
transmitter with thick metal plate from shutting itself down. This makes the voltage
regulator stable without causing any noise-related
Time [min] Percent Charged interference with the relay switches. This test process
gives us valuable experience concerning the voltage
0 74 regulator selection and operation.
5 75
Microcontroller operation test
10 76
The first program that we implemented for our control
15 77 system follows a simplified logic seen in Fig. 6. The logic
works as follows. If the battery SOC is greater than 70%,
Table 2 Charging speed of one-coil charging
the system turns on all outlets. If the SOC is less than
transmitter with a thin metal plate 70% but greater than 50% the microcontroller turns off
the AC outlets but leaves the DC USB ports and wireless
Time [min] Percent Charged chargers on. Finally, if the battery SOC is less than 50%,
0 55 the microcontroller shuts down all outlets. Note that the
depth of discharge of 50% is the limit for most deep-cycle
5 57 batteries to preserve their lifespan.
10 59 The problem we faced when we tested this code with
15 60 our entire system was that we did not consider when the
battery transitions from one state of charge to another.
Table 3 Charging speed of three-coil charging This caused the relay switches turn on and off under the
transmitter microcontroller command because of the battery SOC
transition (e.g. from 70% to 69%).
Time [min] Percent Charged The second program that we implemented to solve this
issue uses finite states (Section 2.5) where the
0 65 microcontroller monitors large or small changes in the
5 68 battery SOC. By monitoring the changes, the
microcontroller no longer directs the relay switches to
10 71 turn on and off because of the battery SOC transitions.
The control logic works accurately. The microcontroller
15 73 program (code) is provided in the appendix.

quickly as the former voltage regulator. Hence, it is

more stable than the voltage regulator. The current
going through the coil was between 0.7 and 0.8A
which is sufficient to charge the smartphone.
However, when being integrated to the whole system
the noise from the buck converter interfered with the
relay switches. This caused a fluctuation in voltage
that triggered the relay switches to turn on and off.
In the end we were able to obtain a voltage
regulator that allowed more current to pass through.
This solved the problem that we had before, giving us
sufficient current passing through the coil to charge a
smartphone. We also attached a heat sink to the Fig. 6 Flowchart of microcontroller logic for testing
voltage regulator. The heat sink helped dissipate any

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Complete system test The system key design parameters are as follows:
200-W solar panel, 12-V 900-Wh deep-cycle lead acid
Due to financial constraint we used a 50-W
battery, 300-W 120-VAC pure sine-wave inverter, and 8
Monocrystalline Silicon solar panel, which is smaller
outlets (2 wireless, 4 DC USB and 2 AC). The station
than our designed solar panel of 200W. We tested the
aims to supply an average load of 175Wh. Based on the
station prototype under a full load of 150Wh (i.e. all
testing results, a number of conclusions are made, as
outlets are used) with the solar panel and the battery
following:
operational on a sunny day and found that the system
lasted until the sun is gone. For monitored duration 1) The system operates according to the design where
from 11:00am to 1:00pm (3 hours) we observed that all outlets work properly.
the battery had a constant voltage reading of about 2) The control system switches the outlets on and off
12.7-12.8V. accurately based on the battery state of charge to
Testing without the solar panel under the full load preserve its lifespan.
of 150Wh (2 laptops, 4 cellphones charged by USB
3) On a sunny day, with the solar panel and the battery
ports, and 2 cellphones charged by wireless charging
operational, the system can supply a full load of
pads) and the battery voltage of 12.7V (i.e. fully-
charged battery, see Table 7), the system lasted about 150Wh until the sun is gone. When operating
1.5 hours in total. The system first supplied the without the solar panel using the fully-charged
150-Wh load for about 40 minutes, then the controller battery, the system can last for at least 1.5 hours. It
turned off the AC outlets at the battery SOC of 70% can last longer under partial load conditions.
while continuing to supply the DC outlets. All outlets In terms of broader impact, we expect that our study
were turned off at the battery SOC of 50%. In other results and experience will help develop similar
words, the station can continue to supply power for charging stations to provide green solar power to
at least 1.5 hours after dark. It can last longer under people in a convenient manner. This, in turns, helps
partial load conditions (e.g. when it charges only
promote the use of solar power which lowers carbon
cellphones, which consume less power compared to
emissions and protects our environment.
laptops). Overall, the system functions satisfactorily.
In terms of future work, we wish to further improve
our station by increasing the charging speed of the
4. Conclusion wireless charging pads. In addition, we aims to
optimize the controller code so that the microcontroller
In this study, a solar-powered convenient charging can communicate with the relay switches more
station for charging mobile devices is designed. A efficiently.
prototype of the station is implemented and tested to
evaluate its functionality and performance.

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Appendix Table 5 Specification of solar panel

A. Cost of components Characteristics Details

Power Output 50W

Table 4 Cost to build the prototype Maximum Power Voltage [Vmpp] 17.00V
Maximum Power Current [Impp] 2.94A
Item/ Quantity Description Price Open Circuit Voltage [Voc] 20.23V

Arduino Uno R3 Microcontroller $15.82 Short Circuit Current [Isc] 3.12A

/1
Temperature Coefficient of Voc -(80 10)mV/ °C
Pure Sine Wave DC to AC Converter $85.00
Inverter / 1 Temperature Coefficient of Isc (0.065 0.015)%/°C

BreaDeep 5V/3.1A Waterproof $9.46 Temperature Coefficient of -(0.5 0.05)%/°C

Universal Dual Power Outlet Power
USB Charger
Socket / 2 STC 1000W/𝑚 Irradiance

GFCI Outlet / 1 125 Volt Weather- $12.99 Cells Monocrystalline

Resistant Receptacle Silicon
TayMac / 1 Mount Weatherproof $10.03 Weight 7.72 lbs.
In-Use Cover
Dimension 23.07x19.88x1.88 in
Bewinner Qi Three coil wireless $12.59
Standard charger transmitter
Wireless Charger circuit
Table 6 Specification of battery
/2
Mono Solar 50W Monocrystalline $60.99
Characteristics Details
Panel / 1 Module
PWM Charge Solar Panel Battery $18.99 Brand Duracell Ultra
Controller / 1 Intelligent Regulator
Voltage 12V
Giantex 6 Person Used to design the $155.99
Wooden Picnic charging station Format BCI Group 24M
Table / 1
Lead Acid Type Deep Cycle
Solar Panel Used to attach the $47.97
Mounting Bracket solar panel to the pole Capacity 75Ah
/1
Cold Cranking Amps 615A
12V 24M Battery to store power $89.99
Duracell Ultra for the system Chemistry Lead Acid
Deep Cycle Lead Acid Design Flooded
Battery / 1
Product Category Marine R/V
Total: $519.82
Terminal Type DT, SAE/M9 Threaded Post
Note: There were some smaller items that were not WNT
recorded on this table. Incorporating these items Weight 46 lb.
increases the total cost to about $650.
Length 10.75in
Width 6.75in
B. Specifications of components Height 9.375in

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Table 7 Approximate battery voltage for various Table 9 Specification of wireless charger
states of charge
Characteristics Details
State of Charge (Approx.) 12 V Battery
Plate Frame Size 104*52*1mm / 4*2 *0.03 in
100% 12.70
90% 12.50 Coil Size approx. 92 * 52 * 2mm / 3.6 *
2 * 0.07 in
80% 12.42
70% 12.32 Light Indication Breathing light
60% 12.20
Launch Distance 5-10mm
50% 12.06
40% 11.90 Charging Current 1000mA

30% 11.75 Wireless Charging Output 5V/1A

20% 11.58
Boost Efficiency 93%
10% 11.31
0% 10.50 Working Frequency 110-205KHZ

Wireless Charging 75%

Conversion Efficiency
Table 8 Specification of inverter
Compatible with QI WPC1.1
Characteristics Details Standards

DC input/Operating 10 to 15V
Voltage
Table 10 Sun hours for cities in California [26]
Output Voltage 120 V AC
Output Voltage Regulation +/- 3%
Output Frequency 60Hz +/- 2%
Summer Winter Year
DC amps 25 AC amps: 2.5 City Average Average Average
Battery low voltage alarm 10.5 +/- 0.5V
Battery low voltage 10.0 +/- 0.5V Davis 6.09 3.31 5.1
shutdown
No load power < 0.7 DC amps Fresno 6.19 3.42 5.38
consumption
Inyokern 8.7 6.97 7.66
Full load efficiency 90%, 1/3 load eff.: 95%
No load minimum 50°F La Jolla 5.24 4.29 4.77
operating temperature
Full load maximum 145°F (automatic Los Angeles 6.14 5.03 5.62
operating temperature shutdown)
Riverside 6.35 5.35 5.87
AC Output Socket Type Single Type 2 -3 prong +
USB Output
Santa Maria 6.52 5.42 5.94
High input voltage 15V
protection Soda
Low input voltage 10V Springs 6.47 4.4 5.6
shutdown
Size (DxWxH) 7.25"x3.65"x2.2"

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C. Equations int Green_DC = B10101000;

int var;
float voltage;
From Table 10, using the year average values to find int state = 1;
the average sun hours in California as a whole. While
considering the city of Inyokern as an outlier. void setup()
{ // put your setup code here, to run once:
5.1 5.38 4.77 5.62 5.87 5.94 5.6 /7 DDRD = B11111111;
DDRB = B00111111;
5.468ℎ𝑟 DDRC = B00000000;
5.5ℎ𝑟 }
void loop()
Estimated Power Produced by 200W Solar Panel: { // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
voltage = check_voltage();
P=200W*(5.5hours) = 1100Wh if (state == 1) //state 1_AC+DC loads
{
Based on the Public Transportation data for Yosemite full();
National Park an average of 17 people wait for the if (voltage>0.97) //70% of full
{state = 1;}
shuttle. On average Yosemite shuttles serve 3.7 else if (voltage>0.93)//50% of full
million people yearly. {state = 2;}
else
p=People who use the shuttle daily=3.7million per {state = 3;}
year * 1year/365days }
else if (state == 2)//state 2_DC loads
10137 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 {
half();
n=number of shuttles in operation daily=27 shuttles if (voltage>0.99) //75% of full
{state = 1;}
s=number of stops the shuttle takes=22 stops else if (voltage>0.93)//50% of full
{state = 2;}
𝑝 10137 else
𝐴 17.07 17 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝑛 ∗ 𝑠 27 ∗ 22 }
{state = 3;}

A=Average of people waiting for the shuttle else if (state == 3)// state 3_No load
{
Calculation of average load, assuming all the outlets empty();
if (voltage>0.99) //75% of full
of the system are in use at the same time, is as {state = 1;}
follows: else if (voltage>0.95)//55% of full
{state = 2;}
Min = (60Wh Laptop Charger) + 4*(10Wh USB else
Charger) + 2*(5Wh Wireless Charger) = 110Wh {state = 3;}
}
Max = (150Wh Laptop Charger) + 4*(15Wh USB else {}
}//end of main
Charger) + 2*(15Wh Wireless Charger) = 240Wh // measure % voltage compare to full
float check_voltage()
{
Average load = (110Wh + 240Wh)/2 = 175Wh int var;
int sum = 0;
float voltage;
for (int k = 0; k<32 ; k++)
D. Program for microcontroller {
var = analogRead(A0);
/* Main.ino file generated by New Project wizard sum = sum +var;
* }
* Created: Sat Oct 19 2019 voltage = sum/32.0/1024.0;//12.3 is full
* Modify : Sun March 29 2020 return voltage;
* Processor: Arduino Uno }
* Compiler: Arduino AVR (Proteus) // AC+DC loads
*/ void full()
void full(); {//full load (greater than 50% battery)
void half(); PORTD = (Green_AC|Green_DC);
void empty(); PORTB = B00000000;
float check_voltage(); }
//DC load
int Red_AC = B00000001; void half()
int Green_AC = B00000010; {//less 50% and greater 30% of battery
int Red_DC = B01010100;

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 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS Bang Tran, Joshua Ovalle, Karl Molina,
DOI: 10.37394/23202.2021.20.29 Ruben Molina, Ha Thu Le

PORTD = (Red_AC |Green_DC); https://www.seia.org/initiatives/solar-heating-

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