2024 2nd International Conference on Computer, Communication and Control (IC4)

Agriculture Supply Chain Using Blockchain

Technology
Kuldeep Vayadande Amol Jadhav Akshay Patil
Department of Information Department of Computer Science and Department of Information
2024 2nd International Conference on Computer, Communication and Control (IC4) | 979-8-3503-8793-3/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/IC457434.2024.10486523

Technology Engineering, Annasaheb Dange College Technology

Vishwakarma institute of technology of Engineering and Technology, Ashta, Vishwakarma institute of technology
Pune, India India Pune, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Vinod Lakde Krushna Rathod Aditya Nimbolkar

Department of Information Department of Information Department of Information
Technology Technology Technology
Vishwakarma institute of technology Vishwakarma institute of technology Vishwakarma institute of technology
Pune, India Pune, India Pune, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Payal Wadile
Department of Information
Technology
Vishwakarma institute of technology
Pune, India
[email protected]

Abstract— The use of blockchain technology in agriculture is traceability, and security. With its potential to transform the
changing the way we think about transparency, traceability, and future of food supply systems, blockchain tackles various
security. Traditional chains often deal with issues like challenges faced by this industry.
accountability, trust, and efficiency. Our solution eliminates all
that by using the smart contracts and blockchain using Ethereum. In the evolution of supply chains, emerging
With this, transactions are streamlined and secured from technologies are having a significant impact. Among them,
beginning to end. It also ensures records are tamper-resistant blockchain technology is a standout in terms of disruption. It
which can be stored securely on the blockchain. What sets us apart has the ability to provide clarity, safety, and efficiency to
from others is our use of QR codes that make up the supply chain. address a variety of supply chain issues. Through blockchain's
Every transaction is captured through these codes and then ledger, which is decentralized and unalterable, transparency
organized within a decentralized file system. This level of and traceability are guaranteed. This ultimately helps to
transparency allows anyone involved to be able to track decrease the threat of illicit activities such as counterfeit
information while maintaining data integrity. The integration of manufacturing and criminal activity. Additionally, it further
QR codes with blockchain technology solves this issue by increases security and trust by preventing data tampering. The
improving transparency, accountability, and security throughout implementation of smart contracts also streamlines and
the process of getting food from a farm onto your table. simplifies procedures, which in turn lessens the reliance on
Keywords— Blockchain, Smart Contracts, QR code, intermediaries, ultimately leading to more significant savings
Accountability, credibility, supply chain, traceability. and improved efficiency. Furthermore, blockchain's
decentralization not only ingresses the transparency of a
I. INTRODUCTION supply chain, it also elevates the capacity of supply chains to
resist and overcome setbacks. Providing a secure and
In our global food systems, agriculture supply chains form transparent foundation for commerce and logistics,
the fundamental infrastructure. They ensure food accessibility, blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize
safety, and sustainability in intricate and interconnected supply chains with its high efficiency.
networks. These networks have a crucial responsibility in
maintaining food quality and safety, promoting environmental By integrating blockchain technology into supply chains,
sustainability, and supporting resource sustainability in a world businesses can unlock benefits such as increased transparency
where feeding a growing population is of utmost importance. and efficiency. This game-changing technology offers a smart
Despite their significance, traditional agriculture supply chains way of automating processes and optimizing inventory
face issues with transparency, traceability, and security. management while reducing fraud through end-to-end
Compromised integrity of the supply chain due to deficits in visibility. The implementation of blockchain not only
verifying product origins, adhering to quality standards, and streamlines current supply chains but also creates potential for
safety measures erodes accountability and trust. The use of innovation and new business models. As companies continue
centralized systems and third-party intermediaries worsen to adopt emerging technologies, like blockchain, they will be
issues of data credibility, traceability, and accountability, better positioned to succeed in today's rapidly-evolving global
revealing vulnerabilities. Blockchain technology is viewed as markets.
an innovative solution to revolutionize the current state of
Blockchain technology's integration into agriculture supply
agriculture supply chains by increasing transparency,
chains is the main focus of this report. Blockchain

979-8-3503-8793-3/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE

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 technology holds great promise for increasing transparency in product's journey through the supply chain. This increases
agriculture. By providing an immutable record, it allows awareness, safety and confidence among stakeholders and
anyone to trace products from farm to table. This enhances offers consumers access to detailed product information,
transparency within supply chains. The report explores how fostering confidence in the products they purchase.
blockchain bolsters security and trust as well. Its tamper-proof
records minimize risks such as fraud and data manipulation. This report underscores the promising impact of
This builds confidence among all participants. Blockchain integrating blockchain technology into agriculture supply
ensures the protection and accuracy of sensitive information. chains. By leveraging blockchain's decentralization and
Cost savings represent another advantage. Processes like tamper-resistant features, the agricultural industry can greatly
transactions become more efficient through automation and enhance transparency, traceability, and security throughout
the supply chain. The strategic use of QR codes alongside
smart contracts. Fewer middlemen lowers expenses for
farmers, distributors, and consumers. Blockchain streamlines blockchain guarantees that product information remains
agriculture markets in a cost-effective way. Productivity constant and unalterable from inception to endpoint,
could likewise see gains. Smart contracts and automated providing numerous advantages to industry stakeholders and
record keeping save time. Resources shift from administration consumers alike. These benefits encompass the reduction of
to cultivation and distribution. Blockchain helps optimize fraud, elevated product traceability, cost-efficiency
agriculture production and distribution. Our analysis provides improvements, and the establishment of higher levels of trust
insight into blockchain's role within supply chain within the agricultural supply chain. This report marks the
management. It gives an overview of adoption and initial step in a broader exploration of blockchain's potential
consequences. Policymakers and industry leaders can use to reshape the agricultural sector.
these findings to guide relevant policies and practices. The II. LITERATURE REVIEW
study also adds to the growing base of blockchain knowledge
as more sectors adopt the technology.
There are seven people involved in managing a supply
Overall, the report aims to demonstrate how blockchain can chain. These includes seed company, farmer, grain elevator,
transform agriculture for the better. Its features around grain processor, distributor and retailer, and customer. The
transparency, security, and efficiency all deliver benefits. blockchain is used to record and validate transactions between
With continued innovation, it may help strengthen global food these key players. By using this system it’s easy to verify
systems now and into the future. Blockchain Technology transactions and data integrity. It also helps establish trust and
provides a secure and transparent way to record and verify transparency all over the supply chain.
transactions through a computer network. Essentially, it is a
chain of blocks, each of which consists of different One major problem that comes up is fraud. But with
transactions. Blockchain's applications have expanded blockchain we can stop it right away. That’s because it
beyond cryptocurrencies into various industries, including records data with validation which makes it easier to spot
agriculture supply chains. In an agricultural supply chain fraudulent activity. We can even use the smart contracts
context, QR codes are often used to enhance the traceability feature to put penalties on them or take any corrective action.
and transparency of products. Each product or batch is So even if they do try to manipulate and cheat the system, we
assigned a unique QR code, which is affixed at the point of can always trace back who did it all back to them with valid
origin, such as a farm or manufacturing facility. proof from their own hand[1].
This QR code contains essential information about the Basically it is a blockchain that executes strokes in a
product, including its origin, production date, and any decentralized shared public ledger that allows participants to
relevant quality certifications. As the product travels through track transactions without central recursive maintenance
the supply chain, the QR code is scanned at each stage, [10][11]. A blockchain is a shared distributed ledger made up
whether it's during transportation, warehousing, or retail. The of add-on blocks detailing all communication data, execution
scanned data is then stored in the blockchain. This process results and traccattle [ 10 ]. 12] [13] A bach block is hashed
ensures that the information associated with the product and linked to the nested block, in order to form a secure
remains consistent and unchanged from its inception to its immutable chain and tamper proof recounts [14].
final destination. In a blockchain-based supply chain, the QR The importance of blockchain in various sectors,
code data is stored on a decentralized network. Each including food supply chains, is highlighted in the literature
participant in the supply chain, from farmers to consumers, review. It emphasizes decentralization, security, and
has access to a copy of the blockchain, which contains the QR immutability as key features of blockchain technology. By
code information. This decentralization ensures that no single addressing issues like fraud and errors in centralized systems,
entity has exclusive control over the data and fosters trust in blockchain shows its potential for combatting such
the accuracy of the product's history. The immutability of challenges. The review specifically discusses the use of
blockchain is instrumental in preserving the integrity of the Ethereum's smart contracts for managing food supply chains.
QR code information. Once data is recorded in a block, it Through this example, it demonstrates how the contracts
becomes extremely difficult to alter. The use of cryptographic prevent falsification and enhance overall system efficiency.
hashes and the requirement for consensus among network Real-world success stories like Walmart's implementation
participants make any attempt to tamper with the QR code further underscore the transformative- impact of blockchain
data highly challenging. The combination of QR codes and on transparency, efficiency, and food safety standard.[2]
blockchain technology provides a powerful tool for
maintaining a consistent and unalterable record of each

This paper puts a theoretical idea in the agriculture Out of many layers, it starts with Internet of Things (IoT)
community. It’s a structure that manages the supply chain. layer, this layer Moisture, temperature, pressure, speed and

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 other uses sensors included with the panels called ARDUINO. blockchain, to automate and enforce pre-defined business
The architecture includes three blockchains. One logic on a case-by-case basis.
dedicated to product information in agriculture, another for To start this process, each item is given a unique identifier
user info, and the last for transaction info.[3] in the form of a QR code. This code acts as the key to access
Including sustainable food production distribution key the blockchain, linking the physical object to its digital
offerings. In summary, blockchain is a promising technology counterpart. When stakeholders, such as farmers,
for a transparent food supply chain[4]. distributors, or store managers scan the QR code at different
times, the blockchain records the transaction.
A system that improves transparency and product quality.
Although they receive a fair price for their products, they can
be fooled by unscrupulous traders. Track assets in your supply Smart contracts govern data transmission, ensuring that only
chain. It also increases responsibility across the supply chain. authorized participants can provide information, thus
Consumers also benefit because they no longer have to pay maintaining system integrity.
excessive prices[5].
In [8], authors provided a case study on blockchain-based The blockchain, in this case, acts as a decentralized and
decentralized tracing system and. The computational integrity tamper-resistant ledger. It records information such as
and power have deteriorated. From a food security
product descriptions, time stamps, location information, and
perspective, solutions based on IoT and blockchain have been
any other relevant information about each supply chain stage.
proposed for information security and agricultural food
supply. The blockchain technology use ensures that once information
is added, it cannot be changed or deleted, providing a secure
By using blockchain, the supply chain sector has enjoyed and reliable history of the product’s lifecycle.
many benefits for its growth and transition to decentralization. QR codes are a more informative way for end users
Build trust between vendors and customers. In addition, the looking for information about specific products. By
product offerings have end to end solutions for supply chain searching the code, consumers can obtain detailed
of agricultural using blockchain in distribution , traceability information about the product’s origin, farming methods and
terms, , reputation , and trading. It has monitored and transportation history.
analyzed carefully the smart contracts performance to ensure
In the Data layer, we collect important information about
that it maintain the reliability of system while also
maintaining the flexibility and integrity of the industry the companies involved in the supply chain, such as farmers,
because these discussed smart contracts in detail and processors, distributors, suppliers, customers, logistics
blockchain services[6]. companies and intermediaries’ mouth and we take care of it.
This data includes their names, entity types, and contact
In [7], the authors proposed a method to develop an details, which are crucial for entity registration. Moreover,
unreliable privacy protection name system. The proposed the data layer is where we capture and store product-related
solution provides the correctness of the proposed system , information. This includes detailed descriptions of Agri-
maintains the anonymous objects evaluation and security Food products, lot information (groupings of products in
evaluation. However, performance analysis is not necessary
warehouses), and unique identifiers assigned to each product.
to ensure the token generation efficiency provided. And there
exist no correlation between attitudes and ratings, and as a The data layer is also responsible for recording and
result it is easier for users with negative intentions. maintaining transaction data, which encompasses the details
of product trading and delivery events. Timestamps, entities
Tse and others in [9] discussed the use of participating at involved, and the products traded are all part of this data,
a higher abstract level blockchain technology food supply, ensuring transparency and accountability. Lastly, reputation
and comparison blockchain based solutions to traditional data, such as entity ratings, reviews, and feedback, is
solutions. The authors also highlighted key safety factors, collected and stored within the data layer. This reputation
honesty and trust. information is crucial for evaluating the credibility of supply
chain entities.
Throughout the system, smart contracts play a critical
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM role in governing interactions and transactions. They
automate business logic and facilitate tasks such as entity
Leveraging blockchain technology for transparent and registration, lot addition, transaction recording, and
traceable product tracking, it relies on robust system design reputation management. Smart contracts enforce roles,
to ensure efficiency and data integrity. At each stage of the permissions, and responsibilities for each entity, ensuring
supply chain, participants scan QR codes associated with transparency and access control.
products and send relevant information to the blockchain. The blockchain layer plays an important role in our
This provides a consistent record of each item’s journey, system, managing transaction data, recording data hashes,
increasing accountability and transparency. The technical and managing the names of entities. It enforces strict access
implementation uses smart contracts, an integral part of the controls which allow only authorized users to read
and write to the storage, which enhances privacy and security storage medium that provides high throughput, low latency
of data. and scalability to suit our system requirements. It is
particularly well suited for safely storing product information
At the top is the storage layer, which serves to store the and increasing data availability and reliability.
actual data in IPFS. Using IPFS provides a decentralized

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 Fig. 1 Architecture Diagram

TABLE 3. FEATURE IN EXISTING AND CURRENT SYSTEMS

IV. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Features This [1] [6] [2] [3]
project
TABLE 1. COMPARISON OF ERRORS IN SYSTEMS Traceability ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Accountability ✓ ✓ ✓ X ✓
Credibility ✓ X ✓ X ✓
Stage Blockchain Traditional errors Authenticity of ✓ X ✓ X X
errors (%) (%) product
Production 5 20 QR based ✓ X X X X
Processing 4 18 tracking
Customer 3 15 Smart contracts ✓ ✓ ✓ X ✓

TABLE 2. COMPARISON ON BASIS OF TRANSPARENCY

TABLE 4. EFFICIENCY COMPARISON
Stage Existing Proposed System
Blockchain Traditional System
Aspect Transparency Transparency Farm 7 6
Trust Strong Moderate
Processing 5 4
Transparency High Low
Distribution 3 2

Retail 2 1

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 email, username and password. Account accessibility is
Errors at Stages depended upon the user’s role if user is farmer, he can add

30 Retail
Blockchain errors (%) Traditional errors (%)
Distribution
Aspects

20
ERROR(%)

Processing
10
Farm
0 0 5 10
Production Processing Customer
Accuracy
STAGES
Proposed System Existing System

Fig. 2 Graph showing the comparison of errors

product details and generate QR code. If user is retailer or
processor, they can scan that QR to add the location and other
20
details in blockchain. The customer will scan the QR to get all
Intensity

15 the details.
10
5
0
Blockchain Traditional
Transparency Transparency
Features

Trust Transparency

Fig. 3 Graph showing comparison on basis of transparency and Trust

Fig. 7 QR generated for the product added by the farmer

Features
100
Percentage

50
0
Traceability Accessibility Transaction
speed
Aspects

This project [1] [6] [2] [3]

Fig. 4 Graph showing comparison of systems using different aspects

Fig. 5 Comparing existing and current system using different aspects

V. RESULTS

Fig. 8 Product location and other information shown when customer scanned
Fig. 6 User Registration Page QR code.

In Fig.1 , user can register them as per their role by entering

VI. DISCUSSION responsibility. With a shared setup, problems with data truth
and trust among supply chain players decrease. Success with
blockchain tells of a big change in how supply chains operate.
We found that using blockchain in managing supply Users can act fast with smart contracts and instant data,
chains is helpful. It's clear and split-up nature boosts tracking, leading to supple, quick responses in supply chain systems.
cuts mistakes, and bolsters visibility. It matches what other Not forgetting its faults, our study points out that blockchain
studies say; blockchain use ups effectiveness and can't easily grow bigger. Future studies need to find roomier

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solutions for bigger supply chains. insights can be gained to improve the user interface,
accessibility, and overall satisfaction. It is essential to
VII. SCOPE OF RESEARCH incorporate user-driven enhancements to maintain a user-
friendly system that caters to practical needs. Ongoing
The potential for integrating blockchain technology exploration is necessary to advance the security measures in
into agricultural supply chains is vast and offers tremendous blockchain technology, which includes researching
potential for growth in many areas. Not only does it pertain cryptographic techniques, consensus algorithms, and
solely to agriculture, but also presents opportunities for privacy-preserving mechanisms.
cross-industry implementation in sectors such as
manufacturing, healthcare, and logistics. By delving into the VIII. FUTURE SCOPE
challenges and benefits of integrating blockchain in diverse Using blockchain technology to expand the integration
industries, we can gain a deeper understanding of its of QR code technology into agricultural products offers
versatility. Moreover, there is room for study on integrating many possibilities in the future. The idea could be to create a
emerging technologies like the AI and IoT to further enhance versatile QR code ecosystem that includes not only product
the capabilities of the current blockchain system. Moreover, information but also dynamic updates on things like
it is crucial to consider the scalability of the proposed system. freshness, quality assessment and sustainability criteria.
Adequate research must be dedicated to improving Improvements include using augmented reality (AR) or
performance as the system copes with larger datasets, higher virtual reality (VR) effects via QR codes, to give consumers
transaction volumes, and an expanding network of users. an immersive experience where they can virtually explore
Thoroughly testing the system's performance in varying farms, hear farming practices, and witness the journey of raw
scenarios will provide valuable insights for enhancing materials from farm to table. inform consumers about
scalability and efficiency. Taking a global perspective is sustainable practices or encourage local farmers to support
vital, necessitating in-depth research on the practicality and them. To integrate with emerging technologies such as the
obstacles of implementing the blockchain-based supply Internet of Things (IoT), to place QR codes on smart
chain system on a worldwide level. In order to tailor packaging, enabling real-time monitoring of product status
programs to meet the specific needs of different communities during transit, supply chain quality and manufacturing
it must understand the impact of different geographic, legal processes welfare assurance can be strengthened
and cultural factors. By conducting user experience studies Furthermore, exploring the integration of emerging
and actively seeking feedback from stakeholders, valuable blockchain platforms or layer- 2 solutions QR codes can
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