1/10/2021

Ali M. Sahlodin
Department of Chemical Engineering
AmirKabir University of Technology
1397 S.H

 Stream tearing
 Criterion 1: Minimal tear set

Copyright © Ali M. Sahlodin, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, AmirKabir Univ. of Tech. 2

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 Criterion 2: minimum number of times a

loop is torn (non-redundancy).
A Streams
Loops 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 * *
2 * * * *
3 * * *
4 * * * *

Luckily, every loop is torn

exactly once (not always)!

Biegler et al., Systematic Methods of Chemical

Process Design

Copyright © Ali M. Sahlodin, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, AmirKabir Univ. of Tech. 3

 Find the loop incidence array and determine

if all the loops can be torn exactly once?

Biegler et al., Systematic Methods of Chemical

Process Design

Copyright © Ali M. Sahlodin, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, AmirKabir Univ. of Tech. 4

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n
min
yj
 wj y j
j 1
n
s.t.  aij y j  1 i  1,, L
j 1
y j  {0,1}
L
Weights: Column sum for each stream w j   aij
i 1

Copyright © Ali M. Sahlodin, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, AmirKabir Univ. of Tech. 5

 Criterion 3: minimum number of tear variables

(reduce no. of equations)
 Is the stream single or multiphase?
 Is it a material or energy stream?
n
min
yj
 wj y j
j 1
n
Criterion 3 as an optimization
problem
s.t.  aij y j  1 i  1,, L
j 1
y j  {0,1}

w j  no. of variables in each stream

Copyright © Ali M. Sahlodin, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, AmirKabir Univ. of Tech. 6

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 Criterion 4: easiness of guessing stream variables

 Example:
 M4 temperature specified
 U3 is a mixer, U4 is a heat exchanger
 Tear M3 or M4?

Turton et al. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes

Copyright © Ali M. Sahlodin, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, AmirKabir Univ. of Tech. 7

 Calculator blocks (aka spreadsheet)

 Design blocks (aka controller/adjust blocks)
 Implicit loops (manipulated and calculated
variables are not the same!)

3 partitions

Calculation loops can

affect the partitioning

2 partitions

Turton et al. Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes

Copyright © Ali M. Sahlodin, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, AmirKabir Univ. of Tech. 8

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A number of iterative algorithms available

 Choice of algorithm critical for convergence
 Two main algorithms
 Fixed-point iteration methods
 Newton-type methods

Copyright © Ali M. Sahlodin, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, AmirKabir Univ. of Tech. 9

1. For f ( x)  0, form x  g ( x)
2. Given x0
3. Iterate x k 1  g ( x k )
4. Until x k 1  g ( x k 1 )  TOL

Pro: Derivative free! Courtesy of Benoit Chachuat

Limitations
Slow convergence
Divergence possible
g  g 
( x)  1 or max  ( x)   1
x  x 

Copyright © Ali M. Sahlodin, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, AmirKabir Univ. of Tech. 10

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f ( x)  exp( x) / 2  x  1  0 f ( x)  exp( x)  x  2  0
Iter x g(x) Iter x g(x)
0 0.2 0.389299 0 0.2 0.778597
1 0.389299 0.262027 1 0.778597 -0.17841
2 0.262027 0.350219 2 -0.17841 1.163404
3 0.350219 0.290311 3 1.163404 -1.20081
4 0.290311 0.331578 4 -1.20081 1.69905
5 0.331578 0.303417 5 1.69905 -3.46875
6 0.303417 0.32276 6 -3.46875 1.968844
7 0.32276 0.309533 7 1.968844 -5.16239
8 0.309533 0.318606 8 -5.16239 1.994272
9 0.318606 0.312395 9 1.994272 -5.34685
10 0.312395 0.316652 10 -5.34685 1.995237

0.5

0.4 4

0.3 2
0.2
0
0.1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-2
0
0 5 10 15 -4

-6

Copyright © Ali M. Sahlodin, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, AmirKabir Univ. of Tech. 11

 No account of interactions between different

variables and different tear streams.
 Not suitable for processes with multiple tear
streams, many variables, and design blocks.
 Slow (linear) convergence
 Many iterations needed
 Potential divergence

Copyright © Ali M. Sahlodin, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, AmirKabir Univ. of Tech. 12

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 Modify the iterations as

x( k 1)  h( x( k ) )  qx( k )  (1  q) g ( x( k ) )
 Choice of q depends on the objective
 Acceleration (q<0)
 Dominant Eigenvalue method
 Wegstein’s method
 May not always work (when?)
 Stability (0<q<1)
 Damping effect with oscillatory (diverging or converging)
iterations
 May not always stabilize diverging iterations (when?)
Copyright © Ali M. Sahlodin, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, AmirKabir Univ. of Tech. 13

 Stabilize the fixed-point iteration (x0=0.2)

f ( x)  exp( x)  x  2  0

Copyright © Ali M. Sahlodin, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, AmirKabir Univ. of Tech. 14