RIA-II

Assignment - II
Literature Review

NAME: KHUSHI JADHAV

YEAR: FoY DIV:A
ROLL NO. : A21166
 1) Sustainability

In the built environment, a green building rating system provides the project
team a framework and a tool to help achieving a better sustainable
development. The research presents how Green Building Rating Systems
(GBRSs) are environmental-oriented tools and should not be confused with
Sustainability Assessment Systems; the latter is defined by the sustainability
three pillars; environmental, social and economic. Achieving a green building
certification does not necessarily mean that the building succeeded in
achieving its environmental targets. The financial-driven and prescriptive
implementation of GBRS are reasons behind a masked sustainability outcome.
(Amran, 2019)

This paper presents an objective analysis between two internationally applied

GBRSs; LEED and BREEAM, and two particularly developed for the gulf region;
Estidama and GSAS. Those four systems are analyzed with respects to them
addressing and prioritizing the sustainability pillars. The study also quantitatively
discusses the credit weighting given by these systems, focusing on energy and water
criteria.

Green building is one of measures been put forward to mitigate significant impacts of
the building stock on the environment, society and economy. However, there is lack
of a systematic review of this large number of studies that is critical for the future
endeavor. The last decades have witnessed rapid growing number of studies on green
building. This paper reports a critical review of the existing body of knowledge of
researches related to green building. The common research themes and methodology
were identified. These common themes are the definition and scope of green
building; quantification of benefits of green buildings compared to conventional
buildings; and various approaches to achieve green buildings. It is found that the
existing studies played predominately focus on the environmental aspect of green
building. Other dimensions of sustainability of green building, especially the social
sustainability is largely overlooked. Future research opportunities were identified
such as effects of climatic conditions on the effectiveness of green building
assessment tools, validation of real performance of green buildings, unique demands
of specific population, and future proofing. (Awadh, 2017)

Energy efficiency

Green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built
environment on human health and the natural environment. This paper
enumerates the various methods of bringing in energy efficiency. It introduces
the Bureau of Energy Efficiency BEE (a national body) and presents an
overview of the “Energy Conservation Building Code” (ECBC). In this paper, a
case study of IIT Kanpur has been presented in detail. Despite its huge
campus spread over an area of 4.3 square kilometres (1,100 acres)
surprisingly, it uses only 605 kWh/m2 per year. Some more “Energy Efficient”
buildings of India are also mentioned .In view of fast depleting energy
reserves, energy conservation is need of the hour. Efficiently design homes
and offices can cut energy bill substantially. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency,
the relevant code and the Star Rating program, will go a long way to
 encourage energy efficiency. This program will help identify the careless
owners who are frittering away the precious sources of energy. Continued
support from the State Governments and the private sector is essential for the
success of the program. We need to wake up and act- and act fast before it is
too late. Looking to the dwindling sources of energy and the danger of climatic
deterioration caused by high carbon emissions, energy efficient buildings are
necessity of today.
To promote sustainable development and expedite the progress on moving to a green
building sector, the government of South Africa has developed an energy
performance certificate (EPC) standard for buildings. A building is required to obtain
a certain rating from the EPC in order to comply with the country's green building
policy. Therefore, finding optimal retrofit plans for existing buildings are essential
given the high investments involved in the retrofit of buildings that do not currently
comply with the policy. (Fan, 2018)
This paper presents an optimization model to help decision makers to identify the
best combination of retrofit options for buildings to ensure policy compliance in the
most cost-effective way. The model determines optimal retrofit plans for a whole
building in a systematic manner, taking into account both the envelope components
and the indoor facilities. A roof top PV system is utilized to reduce the usage of
electricity produced from fossil fuels. The model breaks down the long-term
investment into yearly short-term investments that are more attractive to investors.
Tax incentive program available in the country is taken into account to offset the long
payback period of the investment. Economic analysis is also built into the model to
help decision makers to make informed decisions. The retrofit of an existing office
building is taken as a case study. The results show that 761.6 MWh energy savings
and an A rating from the EPC can be obtained with a payback period of 70 months,
which demonstrates the effectiveness of the model developed.
2) Renewable energy
Green buildings and neighborhoods can help mitigate impacts of buildings on
the environment, society and economy. Many rating systems or tools have
been developed worldwide to assess and certificate green buildings or green
neighborhoods. Renewable energy plays an important role in achieving green
buildings/neighborhoods or zero energy buildings/neighborhoods by
reducing fuel consumption and pollution emissions. However, substantial
differences exist in assessing or quantifying the renewable energy in green
building/neighborhood rating systems. This paper therefore provides a
comprehensive review on renewable energy assessment methods adopted in
green building/neighborhood rating systems, which would be very helpful to
understand and then improve the rating systems. These methods are analyzed
and discussed regarding to the calculation way, involved renewable energy
types, building characteristics and energy conversion. Then a case study is
conducted to quantitatively illustrate the difference of typical renewable
energy assessment. Suggestions are summarized to improve the assessment
methods. This paper will help investors, users and policy makers understand
 the rating systems more thoroughly and promote the development of green
buildings and green neighborhoods.

A literature review is presented in the subject of optimization solution to solve

renewable energy (RE) in the green building rating system (GBRS) to:
delineate the variables in optimization; consider its significant contribution to
the green innovation effort; and provides competitive advantage (CA) in green
building development. The paper aims to close the gap in knowledge, by using
the right methodologies in optimization as a mechanism to portray how
research themes can be utilized for desired CA, and to suggest future analysis
for research direction. A thematic review of RE optimization literature is
undertaken for disaggregating variables towards potential CA consequences in
green building development. The study has reconstructed variables in RE
optimization towards appropriate CA where optimization is being identified as
an antecedent of green innovation while CA as a consequence of green
innovation. In this regard, green innovation would serve as a conceptual
bridge between optimization approach towards gaining CA. These can be
achieved since various RE optimization case studies have been presented and
overcome with the improvement impact on the test system, in term of power
loss reduction, increased efficiency and optimal cost outcome which also
obtained as key variables for the end focus. A new framework comprises of RE
optimization, green innovation, and CA is proposed and linked with some of
the previous optimization reviews in recent literature. (Amran, 2019)

3) Passive design
Buildings are the major consumers of energy in Hong Kong and most urban
areas in the world. Building environmental assessment schemes, and green
building rating tools (GBRTs) have been adopted by architects, engineers and
researchers for more than 20 years to help promote more sustainable
construction activities. Each rating tool highlights energy use as a significant
portion of the assessment and provides guidance on more energy efficient
strategies. Building energy efficiency can usually be improved by both passive
and active technologies. Active design involves making more energy efficient
heating, ventilation, air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, hot water production,
lighting and any other building services application, whereas passive design
focuses more on building envelope related aspects determined by the
architectural design so as to reduce the demand of the building for energy.
Recently, there has been renewed interest in passive strategies because of the
low extra investment and the potential benefits in energy saving. The passive
design approach has also been recognized in the latest versions of green
building rating tools. (Chen, A comprehensive review on passive design
approaches in green building rating tools, 2015) Five representative rating
systems, which all developed their own passive design criteria leading to the
award of credits, are subject to comparative examinations in respect of the
comprehensiveness, effectiveness and accuracy of each criterion in this paper.
Passive design criteria including the building layout, envelope thermophysics,
 building geometry, air-tightness and infiltration performance and their effects
on building energy consumption are also comprehensively reviewed. The
results show that a holistic design approach based on passive energy saving
strategies proves to be an effective way to reduce building energy budgets.
However, more consolidated weighting systems to enable comparison of
different passive strategies should be incorporated in green building rating
tools based on further sensitivity and parametric studies.

This paper proposed a renovated passive design assessment system for green
building labelling based on robust energy end-use statistics, different global
sensitivity analysis methods, modelling experiments and a detailed case study.
The developed system is only applied to cooling and lighting related criteria,
which are mainly influenced by selected passive design strategies. After a
preliminary definition of the assessment framework and total available
credits, the priorities of different sub-criteria are derived from sensitivity
analyses of a generic building model with screening-based, variance-based
and regression methods. Adjustment of assessment criteria is also performed
according to significance tests and post optimization analyses. Furthermore,
performance and grading scales are formulated with baseline requirements,
optimization results and local sensitivity analyses. Eventually, the FAST
(Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test) method is proved to generate the most
appropriate weighting system considering the consistence of the credit
prediction with the traditional whole building simulation approach. The
research design can also be applied to determine the assessment system for
other performance-based criteria in a green building assessment scheme.
(Chen, Developing a robust assessment system for the passive design
approach in the green building rating scheme of Hong Kong, 2017)

4) Water conservations
Various green rating systems are established globally to evaluate the
sustainability of construction projects. Their categories and criteria have
been under constant updates to follow the sustainable trend of building
development. This paper aims to develop a systematic review of the
development of green rating systems. The specific objectives are: 1) discover
how interest and research in green rating systems have developed; 2)
identify the similarity, difference, strength and weakness of green rating
systems; 3) examine whether they fully assess the projects in all aspects of
sustainability. Specifically, LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design), BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Assessment Method),
CASBEE (Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental
Efficiency) and Green Star NZ were analysed in this paper. The results
indicate that BREEAM, LEED, and CASBEE have been utilized since late the
2000s while Green Star NZ is still in its earlier stages. 70% of the research
papers focusing on BREEAM, LEED, CASBEE are developed geographically
in the USA, Canada, the UK, China, and Australia. Although these four
rating systems were initiated in different contexts with different standards,
Indoor Environment Quality, Energy (He, 2018) and Material are core
common categories for all. Environmental concerns are the main focus in
New Construction manuals while Society is emphasized in Neighbourhood
Development manuals. Currently, BREEAM has been the only tool which
could assess all four sustainable factors. Further in-depth research is
anticipated to focus more on economic and institutional factors to improve
the capability of green rating systems for sustainability assessment
purposes.

This research investigates sustainable building design from a new perspective

– green design in relation to green building rating systems. We examine the
potential influence of Green Star (GS) in Australia on the design of a project
and compare this with the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(LEED) in America and Assessment Standard for Green Buildings (ASGB) in
China. The comparison is conducted using a typical case study of a GS Six
Stars certified example, the Melbourne School of Design building. LEED and
ASGB are design-guide schemes while GS is a performance-based rating
system and this affects the project outcome. LEED is oriented to energy
efficiency while GS and ASGB holistically consider energy and indoor
environment quality. GS, additionally, emphasizes project process
management. Potential LEED and ASGB certification levels for the case are
calculated; possible changes to the design are indicated to achieve the highest
LEED and ASGB levels. (Vyas, 2014)The predicted results demonstrate the
influence of different environmental concerns and assessment approaches of
the three on the green design and the performance of buildings themselves.
Based on this finding, the paper argues that a performance-based rating
system (e.g. GS) is more beneficial to the practice of designing green,
compared with other measure-based systems.