ENEREY sOURCES AD APPLICALIONS

Name :K. Pallavi

Classi BTech IV Year I Semester
Branch: CSE- Reqular (A)

Pat- A

a
a Detine enegt sustainabtty

sehes do the alsi lity to meet cuatent

Eneigy sustainability
ut compoming the asility o4 tutuae
enegy
qeneiation
needa
to weet thei on needs . It engies Long

OWmental health.
envir
tem enegy secuity and

b tamo s sstainalsle energy ?

What u the mest

the most tamous sstai nable eneqy

Solas ene which
enewable enugy s0uce
sOLICe

mers t comes tom natual neSouces that aue

constantly seplenished.

and shale fesst tuels.

c Compare between coal oil beastrg

mined though sukace % wndegound

Extracion- Coal u

mining ,wheeas el ahale

covnplex
tequises
oT in- situ etoting to eact el
more

pvoces ke mining

Compeltion-
Coal d pimaily compased ot caubon, along

wfth vaious minealu ,citbeang zhale on the other

hand contains Kesoqen ,a pre cuw or to el

d Mentîon cthe
advantages of coat gaittcafkn

The advantagu of coal gasifi cation

se
ficiency
caulon captue

cleanee enaqy
wewatility

acvantage make qauificatio

a
These advantage
beuefits m coal

promzing technologY fo seducing the environmentat

umpact o coal ue

e- List out cthe main pro petties of supeuconductore

QUe -

the main propeties et aupesconductrs

tesutance below ttieu
zu0 electrical

caitical temper tue

tields(Meissne eblect)
expuliton o6 magnettc

peatect diaaqnetism

4 Gtve appic atiens pumped hydro stevage aystem

ok

The Key ppllcatou ch pumped hydo stov age systen

incude

cid ene Strrage

Lenewable Energy întegatin

Faequeny Regulatirn

Load shiftng
 PART- B

the concept ct enengy hticiency and út inportance

a Discuus

un dutainable eneqy systems

can be dehined as the abiúty to Ie

Enosqy btcievcy
task pro cluce the
to perhetm the same
Jes energ
,
ame output minimizing
waste

to a
t neducesthe oueall enerqy demand ,deading to
nOn enewaole enegy sOuIces Ceg coal,
less seliance
n

l ,ctc).

the nteqation eb enelW able euegy by

t enhances

optiiging enegy corsunption

The econowic impetane u it Steduces

cces enecgy cest jor

conswners and busineses Helps lower energy loille cnd

impove the cest- eftecttveness e eneqy
the eneaqy secmity . ut dependence

.
Consideing dlecAe aues

On impelted fueu enhaneing enegy independence

and stability Tt contlbuter to enexqy secuity by
wse and educi ng the need for
HesOce
epimlsing
extenal enegy &0A Ces.

The eniTOnental benehia ae - t decaeases environmenta

oweing canbon enissibns and

deqradation loy

other p olutanta
s vital for reducing en vironmental
Hence, eneigy teuency
ham, cutting cest , transition to sstainable enegy, etc.
 in vaious enesqy
b Explain the concept ct eneaqy convesion

dystema.
of changing enet from
Eneqy
ne
coweuion
fotm to anothe
u the protess
to meet speiftc needs n
valous system.

Fesil Fuel Sytems

n tossi
chemical enerqy stoed
In these syste
Conuerted into heat eneqy thiugh
tuels
Cpwbution. Tn ehices ,chemi cal enegy
thotougl
energy ctletougl combustion
Conuerted nto me chanical

inside an engine

Rentwable Gnerat Syatems

ene:qy) diecty
Solai panes convet sunlight (nadiant
cells.
photovolt aic
nto electicat ene1gy, using
eneqy ob oi nd PntD
conveat the kinetic
wind tusloines
u)laich s then wucd to gecnerate
mechanical eneqy
electíciy

Nucieau Enegy syters

stored in
In nucle ar powQi plants, the nclean enuqy
nadioactie materiali g neleased
Uianiuy oY othee

thtough cowtiolled nucleau tision neactions.

Bioencugy syetem

Orçonic mateials Cke wood , aqeicultual waste ,

buned or conveted though chemical

algae ase
Proceses Ceq anaeobic diqestion) nto biogas.
3
a) Compare the nelationship between eneLgy consumplion and
emisio.
grenhw qau

Eneugy
umpion and geenhouse gau
cona (HG)emisicihs aue
uwed for
as the 80Wces
Clerely srlated,
a significant mpact aunont
conipion has a
the 6

emiusins teleased nto the atmesphene.

Fesil fuels and emissios

gas) rele ose cabon diode
fessil fuels (ceal, eil, natuual
gases when busued
(Co) aud otthee geeenheuse
tsom tesril tueu duecty
Tncneased enegy conswmptiom
GHG emiusio , covntributing to
Jeads to lighe

global wning
. RenewU able Enerqy and Low Emisis
ReneUable soLutces (winds sole, hyco)
produce (itle to
-
ne emisins.
caun
to these enegy souces significantly
shifting
neduce GHG emisions.

Enegy efficiency and emision Meducion

nttci ency secuces enegy demavd,
Smpsoved enegy
teading
to fewe emissionš.

Even utth fosil fuelu cticieut technologies can hep

towee oveall emisions.

Sector -peciic impact

Tndusties Cund tianspettation heavy tessil tuela

usecs, leading to highee emissions.

Residential and comvn encial secto can ore

eatly
 nenevalbe enerQy aud ctticiency measwes
adopt

and Technological înnovations

Folicy
and clean energY sulesidies
- Policia like caloon prng
encouiaqe cleane enengH
eq casbon captue .Lmprovd
Techncogicat aduancements
renewabes)help neduce enuin enegy
Consumption ise.

eseasch nitiatives
ob inteiciseiptinary
b) Povide xamples
5) soltions.
advan cing sustainable ene94
focused on
se cucLal te
sreseaclu nitiatives
Inteuduciplinay
solutiou
, the
eneqy
aduancig sustainable to cleanee
mole
ticieut
chalenges c taneitining
ae connplex and
muttifaceted
ayatenw'

The Energ4 Tranitions Conmm iuiion (eTC )

nvowig epetts from mutiple
ini tiative
,,
qlobal
and enuron ment as
(enesgy, e conomics policy
cecteLs

)aining to acceler ate

he tansition to net -

science
zuo enisions bya 2050

The Gobal Apollo Program

between entisls enginees,and

aborctlon
,albodable ,ad
A col

to deelop clean
policymake
scalable nenewable enegy technoloies.

Minuteial (cem)
The clean Enegyt

plafom fot energy miniuteu aul

Au

stoke holdes
intentional

from goveln menti , ,nduuy cud nese ach

 to clean enegy techuologies and poicie.
ceelexate

. The MIT Ene«gy utiatie (MITEL)

heseach etot at the
Masachuwett
A multidsciplnauy
MIr) bringing toqethe enginees,
Tnstitute t Technology
and policy expets to devetop
scieutista, economiut
solutions.
sstainable ener9

Eney Agency Gea) Energy Technology

The Tnteunational
Netwok
A collaboraten betueen qovenmente ,Lindutieu,and
acceleLate -the clevelopment
heseach nstitutions to
cle an enegY technologies
and adopion o

a) Name te different types o eneg soices

so Bnefly explain

about each them.

. Fessil fuels ( Coatl, oil, Natu ral Gas)

ncient organic mate hese tuels release

Deived from
when buned.
but contrtbute
ene-4y
sOLCe ch
of global enegy
They are the main change
to gas emiio aud climake
qreenhouse
iqlificantly
chic, Geothenal
Rereuoable Energy (olar, wind, tydroele
Biomas )
Sola Wses

utilizes
sunlight
water
,
oind
flow , geothemal
harness wind
taps nto
poue, hycroelectic
Eartis heat,
mateiay.
and biomass comes trom organie

-Au are sustainable and have a nmuch owee enironumental

?mpact 4han fosil -fueu.

 Nuclea Eneagy
Phoduced by xpliting atoms in a proes (aled firion,
nacleau eneugy genecatei hoat for eecticity
emisiony but CAeates Nadioacive waste
It has no duect
and cauies accident auk.

tydcgen
A clean energy caict , hydogeu geneaea electicity in
fuel celtlu, wtth watee as dhe
cte loyproauct

. Tidal and wae

Uaes the motn ef ocean tides and waes to

electi aty

Thermal Energ

Hunes heat from souces ike

Jike geotheumal e cwaste heat fr
paue qeneation aud heating

ed tún comoinatlon wite othee Yenewable soLIces.

Tti often

the current challenges and futuse prospects o coal

b Analy3
a technology fo fessil fuel utilization.
gauttation

Current Challengeu c Coal Gatficatin

.Hfgh Cost
(oal qasiffcation plants vequire signiticant n estment for

complex intvastucture
making 4hem erpenive compared
to tradi hoval oal combustion.

Eni ronmental Concens

Though cleaner than direct coa! bnng, coal gasification stil

producer cos emiusi ons tnles ntegrated wth can bon

capue auc storage ccs).
 5

Technological Conplexiy
and

Apeializedespetie
Feedstock Quality
,
Gauifcation eqpues advanced , cety technology
dinitirg scalaality and effiieny

vaiable quaity can adtect qauiti catin

Coali

it has high suyue content, complicatung the

especially h

Process.

Publie Pexception
is in reasingy iewed negatively olue to environmenta!
Coal

cimpact . making gasificati on des attiactfve in the context

o sustanability goal

Future Prospect a oal qouification

educe
Titsgratin
Conmbining gatfication wth ces could significantly
mete sistainable
CO emsion, the technotog

and acceptabe.

tydicgea
qafi
Prductin
can produe hydeogen, woliclh
produe byccgen,
sa key
Coal
fer
cation

the ftue clean eneqy ecnony ,piouided

fuel
aue conto lled.
emisions

Encigy secuty by ctilgg

can enhance eneigy secutityY
Coal qasifcation
coal nesDUces, greducing deperdene
abundant domestic

foceign eneg1

Tproued efciency

Technological advaneewieut n gasification suc as

ntegrated qasticati ou combined cyce IGcc) , are

 costs
mptoing efiieny and loueug
. Plicy suppoat
Gowinwnent incentives,caabon pidng
and favoLiable
of coal
polides could ine ithe economic viability

with cos.
gosification

o wind eneagy
a) Descilbe the technology and beneiu
to fessil fuels.
clean altenatie
s0 wce ok poue
us a senewable and clean
Wind enerqy
eneqy ot wind to geeate
kinetic
trat hanewes ctthe
sed in
usedin wind
wind enegY
pinay technology
The
lecticiy ef
is the wind tubne, which consst
production
, a qenecator
, ancl a towei. when the
blades , a netet

ohich
nmo es the
blades spin
wnd blouu. út

rete connected a gene,ator,

converting mechanical

into electical eneL94

eneagy

Bereftr o utnd EnargY

Cle an and Renewade Unike : tesil fues , wind eneqy

does not produce qeenhoue ga emssio

polutant,, making enviro vINentally friendly

option.

.
Sustainatsty:
: wind ws an abundant and inethaustibe

geADLRCe, ens ing ong terim enegY secuity

Cest- Efectei the opeational aud maint enance cests
 ef wtnd powe nelatively low cnce the tuabines

ae installed.

Enegy
Dndeperdene :
: oind enecqy
geduces dependence on

impetted foxit fue, enhancing national enegY

secuity
Jolo Creation: he ind sectoy provdes employrent
enerqy
OPpotuntiu in manufactuing , nstallation,
maintenance , andl research.

b) Dermonstrate the pctential futue trends n eneqy production,

consumphon, and diutibutim.

The futue ot energ4 s being shaped by advancement in

heneuoabe technoloqics ,smater eneq9 conswmpion,and
mete effcient outibution syste.Key tiends include :

Rroduction Trend
Energy
GvDcth Renewaee: Sdas,wind,and hyd,oelectiie power
ill aominate futue enegy pioductiovM, educiug

dependence
n fessil tueu.

. Aduncerments in
n Nuctear Enerqy !Next-qeneation nuclea
heactoS includin9 sall modula reacteu (SMR)

and fusion eneagy promise safee ancd mefe ebficlent

pouwer qeneLatin

Cons mption Trends

Ele chificatfon ct

ae
Sectys ranspeitation , heating .and
industies shifting tow andi electicity poweied
 6olutions, such as electric vehicles (EV) und heat pumps.

Eneugy etficiency Improutment :Smaxt appiancer ,AT

insulaton
duen eneigy management, and improved
will ieduce oveall eneqy consumpion.

Enerqy DiStSbutin Tends

enabled gids will optimize
Smait Gids: AI and ToT -

outages and
and ntegate
integate enew able
enexgy tow, educe
enexgy mee ctticienty

Eneigy storage Lasge- scale battey stvrage,

solutionu:
and new technclogies ike
ike oid-tte
pumped hydo.
batteies wil help manage ntemittent nenewalble

enegt
These tend tnd'cate a shift ctowascs
chiht tolwaacs a cleanei, snateu,

and mee sst aunable global eneg9y system, necucing

enuironmental mpact and enhan ing enegy ecuity

6.
a) avaluate the potential ecoleqica efectb lage - scale
M land nd

deployment
wate reSoces.

The widespread deployment et enugy stoYage systems (ESs)

u cuucial to inteqatng henewabe energy s0ces, but

it aluo poreu enwivonmental chatengeu, pazei cutaty tr
Jand and watee StesoLaces . the key ecological împact
Lindude:
Land ResOtuce Tinpact

Mining for Raw Mateiials: Many Ess, such cu thuun-on

and oid-state batteies, equue mateuals ike ti um,
Can
Colbalt , aud nicket Large- scate miningopeation
lead to deforetation, habitat clestoection, and soil

degsadation,
Land Ue and Habitat Diuruphion: Lavge batteiy storage
focili tates and pumped hydo stovage nequre signifi cant

dand,potntially atecting wildaje aud ecosystens.

Waste management Sssuea: Tmpiopee dlisposal et usect

batteie can ead to seil contaminatiow due to -toaic

metals and chemical.

water ResOLe Jimpact

Watu Consumpthion
JiHhium
an Produ ction: Batteyy manufactuaing :
extaction, consumes lage amownts
especiaty
to wter
e wates pottvnially Jeading scaity un
wiving prece

Contaminahon PiaKs :Tmpoper handling ot ESS mateials

Can dead to watee polluti on fom heavy metals Cund

hazaidow chemical.

Tmpact of fumped tydho stvrage: while an elfective

method ,t
can olisuupt aquatic ecesystems
watte fow ,
by atteirg
Jevels ,umpacting fulh
temperatuue,and
and othea maine Cfe.
y9en
b) Explain how pumped strage hydioelectic project
wok and
diucuus theu advantages and diuaduantage.

Projeca wort
How Pumped strrage ttychoelectiic

fumped oterage hycio (PSH) a method o i stoig enetqy

by ug wateL resevoirs t two diferent elevatio

he aystem opeates un two phases:

charging
Low (or
(umping) Phase : ohen electicity
cupluu Aenew abe enegy is avat labe),
uohen
demand is

excess eneLgy s Lsed to water pnp

from a louee
nesewo to Qn upbee nesevoir.

Dischauging l4eneration) Phae : Ducing peak denand, tho

stesed wate is nele ased back to the loueL rescoix
tusbines -hat geneuate electai city.
pausing thuougl

Thu sytem ette ceively act au aa qiant batteuy, stuving

for later se.
enegy
Advantage o Rumped torage tylro
eAcient nexgy Storage: PsH Provdes one the hiqhest o
eneagy stov age efti ciegces
0- 80%).making it an
solution for grid stalbility
etective

. Gnd Reliaitty: It balances supply and demand,

preventing blackout and tmpro ving poue aytem
esilience

.Log
Long Lifespan i Unlike chenical bateics, psH plant can
npeiate for decades with minimal degadation.

Supporta Renelw able enesgy: Pot helps atote supus solae

wlnd enexgy, enabling a
and wlnd a mere heliable tianitHon
to renewable
 Disacvantagu of Pumped stonaqe Hro
Reques specific topogapli cal
tinitationu:
Geoqraphical
montaing valleys with acces to
such as
Conditions, such
wate.

+tigh aritial tast: Constucting PsH plant involnes significant

capital ün vetment and dong development peioda.

Environmnental Impact: Can dimt aquatic ecesyste,

attect ivee tloo, and dead to habtat ess due to
nesevor censtuction.

Water Depertency: In neqion faain9 water scatity

PSH may not be a viable soution.

a) ist out the advantages and challenges that aise tro

employing high- effiiency batttics ike thium-io
batteies for the storage reneLcable enei9y:

Advantage
(Li- lon) batteùes store mne
ttighEnegy Denity:Lithium-on
compact sze,making then îde al oy grìd
enegt vehicler
stoTage and electic

fat Charging and bisch arging:

biseh arging9: hey
hey can quickly neupovd
to tuctuations n enewable ener94 supply Cnd
demamd.
Moden Li-1 0n batteies. can oa duteet
long Cycle Life

Huouande et change- duchage ycles, mproving

tovgeuity
Soalability : they can be deployed
at difeent scales,

from home eneigy

eneugy stv
strage
0ge to lage gid-leuel storage
 Low sey- oischa1ge Rate ! Liion batteiee retain stored

than blhce batey type.s reducng

energy tongex
stansby loster

Disadvantageal challengea
Litium, colsalt, and nickel
• Raw Matetial Constrainta:

mning ae esOce-intenve and canlead to

environmental deqradation.

e
Cest dhougl prices ae decteasing Liin battees
hemain relatively expenive compaued to -the otthee

soletions
storage

Satety Conteans: Ovetheativg themal rnawy, and

n Lage- scale applicatins

Recycling and biupesa! Iasues: fropeu Teaqcling infratnuctue
iu developing and impper dupeal can lead
is
to toxiC envi Dnnental impacts.

Pesformance beqradain: Ouer ime, Li- in batteies Lese

capaity veqiig ventual eplacement and

Coutibuting to elechronie waste.
w

b) Briefly
he
explain the concept of eneigy egeneration and

Tt imprrtanee in mproving energy efficicncy

Energy reqeneration
u
iu he
the proces
process ot captuing
ot and aeing
ofherwise be in et uy vaios
ennqy that would

dstem. Thu concept a widely applied un tranportation,

ndtial machinery and power qeneration to improve

overall enugy efficency.
How it works
as heat ,motion ,oY
Hhat eleceical
,u typically wasted
tnergy
Les i tecovered and cometed back ito weful

Common examples include

ther y-

Regenerative Brating
n Vehicles : Electic and hy brid cau

regeneative braing ytem to convee kinetic

into eectical ëneigy , wich ds steed un
eneag
batteies foc later ue.

ludutial Enerqy factoi

Recovery:
ue veqenerative
heat exchanqers and steam tue lbines to captue
wute het oud convet it nto pOUwel.

Reneoabde Gnerqy slema: wnd tulsines aud hydo

electie dams employ negernerative mechanismi
marimize enegy output.

Impotance is Energy efficiency

waste: Coneity ecess b lest
Reduces Energt Lest eneg4
nto
wable
alole pouwe, lowecing overall conwmption.

Enhances Syslem Pexfotmance: Improves he

ot vehicdes , machineuy ,and powee qrnids.
ebtceney

LOULer Operahonal ests : Reducng enegg waste tinlates

wnto Cest n ndustes and transpectation.

Suppott &ustain ability: Minimiging enegY Les cdecAease

gueliance n toril tuee, sreducing cabon tostpìnti.

Enexqy regeneation key strateqy un achieving

Austai nable enengy soutions , making sytems

eHicient and enviD hm entally friendy.