Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 19000–19010 www.materialstoday.com/proceedings

ICMPC_2018

Optimization of machining process parameters in conventional

turning operation of Al5083/B4C composite under dry condition
Ram Singha*,Malik Shadabb, R.N. Raic
a
PhD scholar, Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, India
b
P. G. scholar, Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, India
c
AssociateProfessor, Department of ProductionEngineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, India

Abstract

Experiments are performed on Al5083 metal matrix composite reinforcement of 7%B4C. The turning process is carried out by
using HSS single point cutting tool under the dry condition. In the present experiment the turning parameters such as cutting
speed, feed rate and depth of cut are being optimized by considering constant length of material being machined. In the metal
cutting process the proper cutting parameter will affect the quality of the finished product, In Ex-situ form B4C particle used for
reinforcing the material. The reinforced aluminium matrix composites have some special properties which make them use for
various purposes. The presence of B4C particle in Al matrix makes them difficult in machining, for the achieving of industrial
requirement. The influence of B4C particle in Al5083 was studied experimentally and optimal machining condition is studied in
this experiment. In this present study, the BA, ABC and PSO algorithm is applied to determine the optimal parametric
combinations and compare between them for achieving better and higher machining performance and it is observed that the
among, PSO algorithm gives better results.
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of Materials Processing and characterization.

Keywords: Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm; Ant bee colony (ABC); Bat algorithm (BA); Taguchi L25; MMC.

1. Introduction

Aluminium composite emerged in a group of important materials for their excellent properties such as it corrosion
resistance behavior higher strength to weight ratio and its high wear resistance. The aluminium metal matrix is
mainly made by two ways ex-situ process and in-situ process. In the in-situ composite the reinforcing phase

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-9693449437.

E-mail address: [email protected]

2214-7853 © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Selection and/or Peer-review under responsibility of Materials Processing and characterization.
 Ram Singh et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 19000–19010 19001

synthesis within the melting furnace. But in Ex-situ process the reinforcing particle synthesis separately and mixing
with matrix by another process such as stir casting process. Various research was done for the material preparation
[1] and for its mechanical properties [2, 3]. For the application of composite in industrial purpose, it is necessary to
have an adequate knowledge of machining parameters. The reinforcement particle embedded into the matrix is
mostly abrasive in nature, and due to abrasive of its nature the reinforcement particle makes the MMC to difficulties
in its machining process, these difficulties are in terms of rapid tool wear and poor quality of machining surface [4].
The making of composite via ex-situ process is much easier than by in-situ process. The MMC reinforced by SiC
Particle and its effect on tool wear [5, 6], Surface quality [6,7], and formation of chip [8,9] , Palanikumar et al. [10]
studied about the effect on the quality of machining surface due to the machining parameters during turning
operation of LM23 Al/SiC composite and obtained the optimal machining parameters for less surface finish and
more rate of material removal by using of response surface methodology (RSM).Sahoo A.K et al. [11] studied about
the effect of machining parameters such as feed rate, cutting speed and depth of cut on tool wear and quality of
machining surface of composite Al/SiC under the dry condition. Kishor et a.l [12] studied about the effect of
machining parameters on turning of Al 6061-TiC and using the Taguchi orthogonal array and ANOVA Optimization
technique. Ruisong Jiang et al. [13] model of material removal rate and surface roughness and established an optimal
parameter of machining. Kant Girish et al. [14] proposed a predictive model for the less power consumption and
roughness of machining surface via grey analysis and response surface methodology. Qian Yi et al. [15] studied
about the processing time and effect of cutting speed and feed rate on carbon emission of machining on machining of
low carbon manufacturing. R.N. Yadav et al. [16] studied about the improving the productivity in turning process
with the application two cutting tool in place of the single cutting tool and the name of this process is duplex turning.
Quality of machining surface and the higher productivity rate with low production cost is always the priority of any
manufacturing industries. P.Suresh et al. [17] studied about the machinability of hybrid composite (Al/SiC/Gr) and
using the grey fuzzy algorithm to attempt to find the optimal machining parameters in turning operation. Palani
kumar et al. [18] studied that the roughness of machining surface is influenced by the machining parameters such as
cutting speed. Feed rate, and volume fraction of reinforcement material SiC. Due to abrasive nature of reinforcement
particle, some other particle such as graphite along with hard abrasive particle mix in the composite [19] graphite
acts as self-lubricating during the machining operation. Basheer et al. [20] studied that the roughness of machining
surface is influenced by the size of reinforcement particle is important parameters of flank wear of tool. The major
problem in machining operation in industries is the tool life, which effects productivity and running cost of
manufacturing industries. The temperature between the tool tip and work piece is high and its effect the tool life as
well as the mechanical properties of the workpiece. In the present study, the temperature interference of tool and
workpiece is taken into consideration. Pendse et al. [22] studied about the prediction of the roughness of the
machined surface of the composite material by the development of an Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) based
model and using of back propagation algorithm.

2. Experimental Procedure

Lathe machine was used to perform turning operation to machine Al5083/7%B4C composites MMC’s using
rough cut strategy. Based on earlier study and by seeing many research papers three control input parameters were
taken namely speed(rpm), depth of cut(mm) and feed rate(mm/rev).Even though 25 operations have been made and
three different optimization techniques have been applied and compare among the best are evaluated. The input
parameters for the given experiments and their level are listed in Table1 given below.
19002 Ram Singh et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 19000–19010

Table 1. Coding level of process parameters.

Symbols Machining Parameters Levels

N(rpm) Speed 60 93 145 288 384

D(mm) Depth of cut 0.18 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

F(mm/rev) Feed rate 0.0870 0.18750 0.21875 0.2500 0.3125

Other factors like length of cut, sample materials, the height of each sample etc are constant in all experiments.
The total number of experiments performed and the combination of each input parameters for each experiment is
totally based on L25orthogonal array which is done with the help of MINITAB-17 software. The Taguchi method is
a very excellent method for making the design of experiments and has consistency in making design and it will
reduce the time to make a combination of input parameters to do an experiment. Here in this experiment, the design
of experiments (DOE) are depend upon L25(53) orthogonal array by Ross (1996) et al [12]. The main cause of DOE
is to analyses the relationship between the various input parameters and the output response. It gives a chance to
judge not only the individual effects of each factor but also their fundamental interactions. DOE is a method acting
to minimize the number of experiments to achieve optimal condition and reduce the time for doing that. In this
work, experiments were designed based on experimental design technique using response surface methodology
method (RSM) as shown in below Fig 1 and Fig 2.

3. Measurements of output performance characteristics-

The material removal rate was calculated by equation (1). The machining time was calculated by using equation
(2). The surface roughness was calculated by 2D profilometer ‘TAYLOR HOBSON’. The roughness was
measured at five different location and an average of them were taken as final output response. For roughness
measurement, a stylus speed at 0.25mm/s and checking length of 7mm was taken as shown in below Table 2 .

W
MRR = (1)
T

L
Machining time = F min (2)
. .

Fig. 1. 2D profilometer Fig. 2. Job fixed in Lathe.

 Ram Singh et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 19000–19010 19003

Table 2. L25 Orthogonal array.

S.No. Speed(rpm) Depth of cut(mm) Feed-rate(mm/rev)

1. 60 0.18 0.08700
2. 60 0.3 0.18750
3. 60 0.4 0.21875
4. 60 0.5 0.25000
5. 60 0.6 0.31250
6. 93 0.18 0.18750
7. 93 0.3 0.21875
8. 93 0.4 0.25000
9. 93 0.5 0.31250
10. 93 0.6 0.08700
11. 145 0.18 0.21875
12. 145 0.3 0.25000
13. 145 0.4 0.31250
14. 145 0.5 0.08700
15. 145 0.6 0.18750
16. 288 0.18 0.25000
17. 288 0.3 0.31250
18. 288 0.4 0.08700
19. 288 0.5 0.18750
20. 288 0.6 0.21875
21. 384 0.18 0.31250
22. 384 0.3 0.08700
23. 384 0.4 0.18750
24. 384 0.5 0.21875
25. 384 0.6 0.25000

4. Response surface methodology

For making a mathematical model of Lathe turning performance characteristics, RSM based central composite
design (CCD) is selected. RSM cut down the cost and time by compounding the experimental and regression
analysis. As well as, it offers the information about the combined effects with least number of trials. The
experimental plan and output response of respected input combinations are shown in Table 3.
19004 Ram Singh et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 19000–19010

Table 3. Response table.

S.No N(rpm) DOC(mm) F(mm/rev) MRR Ra Rt ΔT

1. 60 0.18 0.08700 0.039150 2.1537 28.2906 0.6
2. 60 0.3 0.18750 0.244876 3.7560 36.4985 2.1
3. 60 0.4 0.21875 0.384999 4.4639 41.6581 2.9
4. 60 0.5 0.25000 0.570000 4.9199 42.6413 2.4
5. 60 0.6 0.31250 0.925000 4.8290 45.3727 3.0
6. 93 0.18 0.18750 0.261563 2.9840 27.0063 1.9
7. 93 0.3 0.21875 0.406875 3.8948 36.4161 3.0
8. 93 0.4 0.25000 0.666500 4.4555 38.5878 2.5
9. 93 0.5 0.31250 0.891250 4.1921 44.1047 2.9
10. 93 0.6 0.08700 0.338204 2.2598 21.7385 1.0
11. 145 0.18 0.21875 0.465209 2.9152 28.9393 2.6
12. 145 0.3 0.25000 0.652500 3.9990 37.6887 2.1
13. 145 0.4 0.31250 1.147918 3.9963 43.5665 2.1
14. 145 0.5 0.08700 0.479370 2.1200 19.2971 1.4
15. 145 0.6 0.18750 1.132813 4.5746 34.6988 4.0
16. 288 0.18 0.25000 1.008002 3.7399 34.5738 2.3
17. 288 0.3 0.31250 1.754996 3.9075 45.5081 1.6
18. 288 0.4 0.08700 0.751680 2.0000 28.6295 2.2
19. 288 0.5 0.18750 2.159998 5.2612 37.5463 4.3
20. 288 0.6 0.21875 2.730003 5.0355 37.9637 4.8
21. 384 0.18 0.31250 2.840000 2.7406 40.9603 0.8
22. 384 0.3 0.08700 0.899789 1.5502 22.0842 2.2
23. 384 0.4 0.18750 1.477922 3.6604 37.9965 3.6
24. 384 0.5 0.21875 3.640009 4.4624 42.6856 3.9
25. 384 0.6 0.25000 3.200000 4.8647 43.1991 3.8

4.1. Response surface methodology

In statistics, response surface methodology (RSM) search the relationships between several input parameters
and the response variables. The main theme of RSM is to use a set of designed experiments to obtain an optimal
response. Central composite design (CCD) can be used to determine a second-degree polynomial model, which is
still only an approximation at best. In this paper, response surface modeling (RSM) is used to determine the relations
between the various turning process parameters with the various machining criteria and finding the effect of these
input process parameters on the output responses, i.e. the material removal rate, surface roughness’s, and change in
temperature. In order to analyses the effects of turning process parameters on the above-mentioned machining
criteria, second order polynomial response surface mathematical models will be developed. In the general case, the
response surface is described by an equation of the form as shown in above Table 3
Yu = £0 +∑ £jxj+∑ £jj xi2+ ∑ £ijxixj (3)

Where , Yu is the corresponding response, e.g. the MRR, Ra, Rt ,and change in temp obtained by the various input
process variables of turning and the xi (1,2, . . ., k) are coded levels of S quantitative process variables, the terms £0,
£i, £ii and £ij are the second order regression coefficients. The second term under the summation sign of this
polynomial equation is attributable to linear effect, whereas the third term specifies the higher-order effects; the
fourth term in the equation specifies the interactive effects of the process parameters. In this work, Eq. (3) can be
rewritten according to the three variables used:
Yu = £0 + £1x1 + £2x2 + £3x3 + £11x12 + £22x22 + £33x32 + £12x1x2 + £12x1x3 + £23x2x3 (4)
 Ram Singh et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 19000–19010 19005

Where, x1, x2,and x3 are speed, depth of cut and feed rate respectively.
The results of responses can be converted to S/N ratio using equations (5) and (6) given below
S
= -10log(∑ ( )/n) (5) -Larger is better
N

S
= -10log (∑ ) (6) -Smaller is the best
N

4.2. Mathematical model for MRR

Based on Eq. (4)the effects of the above-mentioned process input variables on the magnitude of the material
removal rate have been calculated by computing the values of the different constants of Eq. (4) using a MINITAB-
17 software and utilizing the relevant data from Table 2. The mathematical relation for correlating the MRR and the
considered process variables was obtained as follows:

Yu(MRR) = 0.191 - 0.00514 x1 - 1.52 x2 + 0.69 x3 + 0.000006 x1*x1 + 2.26 x2*x2 – 3.3x3
+ 0.00879x1*x2 + 0.0239x1*x3 + 2.3x2*x3 (7)

S = 0.344984, R2 = 92.56%, R2(adj) = 88.09% and R2(pred) = 71.27%.

4.3. Mathematical model for Ra

According to Eq. (4), a proposed mathematical model between surface roughness (Ra) and the various input
parameters variables such as speed, depth of cut and feed-rate can be given as:

Yu(Ra) = -1.190 + 0.00839 x1 + 6.81 x2 + 24.57 x3 - 0.000025 x1*x1 - 13.33 x2*x2 - 116.8 x3*x3 - 0.01714 x1*x2
+ 0.0464 x1*x3 + 52.0 x2*x3. (8)

S = 0.255459, R2 = 96.49%, R2(adj) = 94.38% and R2(pred) = 90.17%.

4.4. Mathematical model for Rt
According to Eq. (4), a proposed mathematical model between surface roughness (Rt) and the various input
parameters variables such as speed, depth of cut and feed-rate can be given as:

Yu(Rt) = 16.40 - 0.0281 x1 + 81.8 x2 - 7.5 x3 - 0.000002 x1*x1 - 153.6 x2*x2 - 281 x3*x3 - 0.0889 x1*x2
+ 0.3560 x1*x3 + 334.8 x2*x3 (9)

S = 2.20453, R2 = 94.95%, R2(adj) = 91.92% and R2(pred) = 82.74%.

4.5. Mathematical model for change in temperature
A comprehensive model based on Eq. (4) has been developed to define the effects of the input process parameters
on the Change in temperature criteria, utilizing the relevant experimental data as observed (Table 2) during
machining for such purposes as varying parametric combinations. The mathematical relations thus obtained for
analyze the influences of the various dominant machining parameters on the change in temperature criteria is given
by

Yu(ΔT) = -2.882 + 0.01895 x1 - 2.69 x2 + 38.63 x3 - 0.000026 x1*x1 + 0.28 x2*x2 - 119.0 x3*x3 -
0.00412 x1*x2 - 0.0132 x1*x3 + 33.6 x2*x3 (10)

Here, S = 0.334497, R2 = 94.05%, R2(adj) = 90.48% and R2(pred) = 85.31%.

19006 Ram Singh et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 19000–19010

The output response of turning is mainly depending upon its input or machining parameters such as speed, depth of
cut, feed rate etc and these input parameters influenced the output responses like MRR, Ra, Rt etc. Below figure
shows the main effect plots of MRR, Ra, Rt and ΔT against its input parameters. These plots are developed with the
help of Minitab-17 software as shown in below Fig (3-8).

Fig. 3. Shows the output graph of MRR. It shows that MRR increases with increases in all three input parameters taken here i.e., speed,
depth of cut and feed-rate.

Fig. 4. Shows the signal to noise ratio graphs of MRR. It shows that MRR increases with increases in all three input parameters taken
here i.e., speed, depth of cut and feed-rate.

Fig. 5. Shows the main effects plots of raw data on Ra. It shows that Ra decreases with increases in speed and Ra increases with
increases with increase in depth of cut and feed-rate.
 Ram Singh et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 19000–19010 19007

Fig. 6. Shows that Rt increases with increases in feed-rate while it increases with depth of cut up to maximum then after it decreases,
and it shows intermittent effect with speed

Fig. 7. Shows the main effects plots for ΔT. It shows that ΔT increases with increase in depth of cut while it increases with increase
in speed and feed-rate reaches to maximum and then decreases.
19008 Ram Singh et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 19000–19010

Here MRR stands for metal removal rate and Ra and Rt is a part of surface roughness’s and ΔT is a change in
temperature.

Table 4. Analysis of variance(ANOVA) test results for equation (5), (7), (9), (10) and (11)

Source of variation Regression Error Total

Degree of Freedom 9 15 24

Sum of Squares Eq.(7) 22.1942 1.7852 23.9794

Eq.(8) 26.8885 0.9789 27.8674
Eq.(9) 1369.78 72.900 1442.68
Eq.(10) 26.5417 1.6783 28.2200

Mean squares Eq.(7) 2.46600 0.11900

Eq.(8) 2.98762 0.06526
Eq.(9) 152.197 4.86000
Eq.(10) 2.94907 0.11189

F-ratio Eq.(7) 2 0.72

Eq.(8) 45.78
Eq.(9) 31.32
Eq.(10) 26.36

The ANOVA analysis has been performed by using Minitab-17 software. The statistical output of ANOVA signifies
more significant and less significant input variables parameters and the degree of its influence on the output
responses in machining processes. The ANOVA results in Table 4, indicate that in the statistical analysis of output
responses with regarding (P-value = 0.5) or in other words at the 95% confidence level, the significant input
parameters are different for different responses which are mentioned and explained above in main effect factors
plots for raw data on given output responses.

5. Results and discussion

Optimization using selected heuristics methods-After developing the relationships between dependent and
independent variables using linear regression methods, three optimization techniques i.e., PSO, ABC ,and BA were
used, as explained below, and the results obtained after applying all three-optimization technique are given in Table
5. In our implementation of the PSOA (was developed by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995), the social behaviour of
birds is mimicked. Every bird's exchange information about their position, velocity and fitness, and the behaviour of
the flock is then influenced to increase the probability of migration to regions of high fitness. PSO is one of the most
widely used in available swarm-intelligence-based algorithms due to its simplicity and flexibility .In the ABC
(artificial bee colony) model, the colony consists of 3 groups of bees: employed bees, onlookers and scouts. It is
assumed that there is only one artificial employed bee for each food source. In other words, the number of employed
bees in the colony is equal to the number of food sources around the hive. Employed bees go to their food source
and come back to hive and dance on this area. The employed bee whose food source has been abandoned becomes a
scout and starts to search for finding a new food source. Onlookers watch the dances of employed bees and choose
food sources depending on dances. Bees algorithm is a population-based search algorithm which was developed in
2005. It mimics the food foraging behaviour of honey bee colonies. In its basic version, the algorithm performs a
kind of neighbourhood search combined with global search and can be used for both combinational optimization and
continuous optimization. The only condition for the application of the bee’s algorithm is that some measure of
topological distance between the solutions is defined as shown in below Table 5
 Ram Singh et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 19000–19010 19009

Table 5. Comparison of 3 selected optimization technique

Optimization Response Value x1 x2 x3

Method

BA MRR 3.7281 365.4624 0.5557 0.3071

Ra 3.8986 322 0.6 0.2125

Rt 5.2065 384 0.6 0.087

ΔT 1.8935 70 0.2 0.087

ABC MRR 4.2212 384 0.6 0.3124

Ra 2.4906 384 0.6 0.087

Rt 5.2065 384 0.6 0.087

ΔT 1.76749 63.86 0.18 0.3125

PSO MRR 4.4214 384 0.6 0.3125

Ra 1.2562 300 0.5 0.087

Rt 5.2065 384 0.6 0.087

ΔT 0.55915 60 0.18 0.087

It is clearly observed that the PSO algorithm outperforms the other two population-based optimization algorithms
with respect to the optimal values of the process responses. Figure 8 shows the convergence of the considered PSO
optimization algorithms for MRR. These results are compared with the results ABC and BA optimization technique
and it is found that MRR is marginally increased with ABC from 4.2212 to 4.4214 and with BA it is from 3.7281 to
4.4214. And Ra is drastically reduced from BA is 3.8986 to ABC is 2.4906 and finally with PSO 1.2562. There is no
change of Rt in all the cases it is same. And finally, with change in temperature (ΔT) it changes from 1.8935(BA) to
1.76749(ABC) to 0.55915(PSO).

Fig -8
19010 Ram Singh et al./ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 19000–19010

6. Conclusions

In this present study, the BA, ABC and PSO algorithm is applied to determine the optimal parametric
combinations for three turning processes for achieving better and higher machining performance and to get greater
efficiency. The experiments conducted as per L25 OA and their result are used to develop a linear regression model.
The investigation shows that MRR increases with increases in speed and depth of cut and shows intermittent effect
with an increase in feed-rate. Surface roughness increases with increase in depth of cut and feed-rate and shows
intermittent effect with speed. Change in temperature increases with increase in speed and depth of cut and shows
intermittent effect with feed-rate. When the comparison is done between different population-based optimization
algorithms, like BA, ABC and PSO it is observed that the PSO algorithm gives better results. This algorithm can be
used as a global optimization tool for the purpose to select various input process parameter values. It can also be
successfully applied for optimizing other traditional and non-traditional machining processes to get optimum value
and get better results. Not rely on the manufacturer's data or handbook data, the process engineers can now do their
own by applying optimization and select the optimal input process parameter settings for different processes i.e.,
traditional or non-traditional to achieve the desired machining performance.

References
[1] L.Lü, M.O.Lai, Y.Su,H.L.Teo, C.F.Feng. In situ TiB2 reinforced Al alloy composites, Scripta Materialia 45 (2001) 1017–1023.
[2] Tayeh Toufic Tayeh, Joel Douin, Stéphane Jouannigot, Mirvat Zakhour, Michel Nakhl, Jean-François Silvain, Jean-Louis Bobet. Hardness
and Young’s modulus behavior of Al compos- itesrenforced by nanometric TiB2 elaborated by mechanosysnthe-SiC, Materials Science &
Engineering A 591 ( 2014) 1–8.
[3] Mingliang Wang, Dong Chen, Zhe Chen, Yi Wu, Feifei Wang, Naiheng Ma , Haowei Wang. Mechanical properties of in-situ TiB2/A356
composites. , Materials Science & Engineering A 590 (2014) 246–254
[4] A.Pramanik, L.C.Zhang, J.A.Arsecularatne. An FEM investigation into the behavior of metal matrix composites: tool-particle interaction
during orthogonal cutting, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 47(2007) 1497–1506
[5]. M.El-Gallab, M.Sklad. Machining of Al/SiC particulate metal-matrix composites Part I: tool performance, Journal of Materials Processing
Technology 83 (1998) 151–158
[6] Rajesh Kumar Bhushan, Sudhir Kumar,,S. Das. Effect of machining parameters on surface roughness and tool wear for 7075 Al alloy SiC
composite, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 50 (2010) 459–469

[7] N. Muthukrishnan, M. Murugan, K.Prahlada Rao. Machinability issues in turning of Al-SiC (10p) metal matrix composites, International
Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 39 (2008) 211–218.
[8] S.S Joshi,N.Ramakrishnan,P.Ramakrishnan. Analysis of chip breaking during orthogonal machining of Al/SiCp composites, Journal of
Materials Processing Technology 88 (1999) 90–96
[9] A.Pramanik, L.C.Zhang, J.A.Arsecularatne. Machining of metalmatrix composites: Effect of ceramic particles on residual stress surface
roughness and chip formation,International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 48 (2008) 1613–1625
[10] K. Palanikumar , N. Muthukrishnan & K. S. Hariprasad. Surface roughness parameters optimization in machining A356/SiC/20p metal
matrix composites by PCD tool using response surface methodology and desirability function,Machining Science and Technology An
International Journal 12 (2008) 529–545
[11] Ashok Kumar Sahoo,Swastik Pradhan. Modeling and optimization of Al/SiCp MMC machining using Taguchi approach, Measurement 46 (
2013) 3064–3072
[12] D. Sai Chaitanya Kishore,K. Prahlada Rao, A.Mahamani. Investigation of cutting force, surface roughness and flank wear in turning of In-
situ Al6061-TiC metal matrix composite, Procedia Materials Science 6 (2014) 1040–1050
[13] Ruisong Jiang, Xinfa Chen, Renwei Ge, Wenhu Wang,Guodong Song. Influence of TiB2 particles on machinability and machining
parameter optimization of TiB2/Al MMC, Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 31 (2018) 187-196
[14] Qian Yi,Congbo Li,Ying Tang,Xingzheng Chen. Multi-objective parameter optimization of CNC machining for low carbon manufacturing ,
Journal of Cleaner Production 95 (2015) 256-264
[15] Ravindra Nath Yadav. A Hybrid Approach of Taguchi-Response Surface Methodology for Modeling and Optimization of Duplex Turning
Process, Measurement 100 (2017) 131-138
[16] P.Suresh,K.Marimuthu,S.Ranganathan,T.Rajmohan. Optimization of machining parameters in turning of Al-SiC-Gr hybrid metal matrix
composites using grey-fuzzy algorithm, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 24 (2014) 2805-2814
[17] K..Palanikumar,R.Karthikeyan. Assessment of factors influencing surface roughness on the machining of Al/SiC particulate composites ,
Materials & Design 28 (2007) 1584-1591
[18] Jinfeng Leng,Gaohui Wu, Qingbo Zhou,Zuoyong Dou,Xiao Li Huang Mechanical properties of SiC/Gr/Al composites fabricated by squeeze
casting technology, Scripta Materialia 59 (2008) 619-622
[19] Abeesh C.Basheer,Uday A.Dabadea, Suhas S.Joshi,V.V.Bhanuprasad,V.M.Gadre. Modeling of surface roughness in precision machining of
metal matrix composites using ANN, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 197 (2008) 439-444
[20] M. K. Brun, M. Lee, F. Gorsler. Wear characteristics of various hard materials for machining SiC reinforced Aluminium alloy, Wear 104
(1985) 21-29
[21] D M Pendse , S S Joshi. Modeling and optimization of machining process in discontinuously reinforced aluminium matrix composites ,
Machining Science and Technology 8 (2004) 85-102.