From the 2018 Administration

AP Chemistry
Practice Exam

NOTE: This is a modified version of the 2018 AP Chemistry Exam.

This exam may not be posted on school or Further distribution of these materials
personal websites, nor electronically outside of the secure College Board site
redistributed for any reason. This disadvantages teachers who rely on
Released Exam is provided by the uncirculated questions for classroom
College Board for AP Exam testing. Any additional distribution is
preparation. Teachers are permitted in violation of the College Board’s
to download the materials and make copyright policies and may result in
copies to use with their students in a the termination of Practice Exam
classroom setting only. To maintain access for your school as well as the
the security of this exam, teachers removal of access to other online
should collect all materials after their services such as the AP Teacher
administration and keep them in a Community and Online Score
secure location. Reports.

© 2018 The College Board. College Board, Advanced Placement Program, AP, AP Central, and the acorn logo are
registered trademarks of the College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.org.
AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org
Contents

Exam Instructions

Student Answer Sheet for the Multiple-Choice Section

Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions Section II: Free-

Response Questions

Multiple-Choice Answer Key

Free-Response Scoring Guidelines

Scoring Worksheet

Question Descriptors and Performance Data

Note: This publication shows the page numbers that appeared in the
2017−18 AP Exam Instructions book and in the actual exam. This
publication was not repaginated to begin with page 1.

© 2018 The College Board. College Board, Advanced Placement Program, AP, SAT and the acorn logo are
registered trademarks of the College Board. All other products and services may be trademarks of their respective
owners. Permission to use copyrighted College Board materials may be requested online at:
www.collegeboard.org/request-form.
Exam Instructions

The following contains instructions taken from

the 2017−18 AP Exam Instructions book.
AP Chemistry Exam
Regularly Scheduled Exam Date: Monday morning, May 7, 2018
Late-Testing Exam Date: Wednesday afternoon, May 23, 2018

Section I Total Time: 1 hour and 30 minutes

Number of Questions: 60
(The number of questions may vary slightly depending on the form of the exam.)
Calculator not permitted
Percent of Total Score: 50%
Writing Instrument: Pencil required

Section II Total Time: 1 hour and 45 minutes

Number of Questions: 7
(3 ten-point and 4 four-point questions)
Calculators allowed for all of Section II
Percent of Total Score: 50%
Writing Instrument: Either pencil or pen with black or dark blue ink

Before Distributing Exams: Check that the title on all exam covers is Chemistry. If there are any exam booklets with a
different title, contact the AP coordinator immediately.
Note: Tables of equations and constants are provided in the exam booklets for both sections of the exam.

What Proctors Need to Bring to This Exam

Exam packets Container for students’ electronic devices (if needed)
Answer sheets Extra No. 2 pencils with erasers
AP Student Packs Extra pens with black or dark blue ink
2017-18 AP Coordinator’s Manual Extra paper
This book—2017-18 AP Exam Instructions Stapler
AP Exam Seating Chart template Watch
School Code and Homeschool/Self-Study Codes Signs for the door to the testing room
Extra calculators – “Exam in Progress”
Pencil sharpener – “Cell phones are prohibited during the test
administration, including breaks”

49
 2017–18 AP Exam Instructions

Students are not allowed to use calculators in Section I of the AP Chemistry Exam.
However, students are permitted to use scientific or graphing calculators to answer
questions in Section II. Four-function calculators are also permitted for use in Section II, but are not
recommended. Before starting the exam administration, make sure that each student has an
appropriate calculator and that any student with a graphing calculator has a model from the approved
list on page 52 of the 2017-18 AP Coordinator’s Manual. See pages 49–52 of the AP Coordinator’s
Manual for more information. If a student does not have an appropriate calculator or has a graphing
calculator not on the approved list, you may provide one from your supply. If the student does not
want to use the calculator you provide, or does not want to use a calculator at all, he or she must
hand copy, date, and sign the release statement on page 51 of the AP Coordinator’s Manual.

During the administration of Section II, students may have no more than two calculators on their
desks. Calculators may not be shared. Calculator memories do not need to be cleared before or after
the exam. Students with Hewlett-Packard 48–50 Series and Casio FX-9860 graphing calculators may
use cards designed for use with these calculators. Proctors should make sure infrared ports (Hewlett-
Packard) are not facing each other. Since graphing calculators can be used to store data, including
text, proctors should monitor that students are using their calculators appropriately. Attempts
by students to use the calculator to remove exam questions and/or answers from the room may
result in the cancellation of AP Exam scores.

Students will be allowed to use the table of equations and constants on both sections of the exam.

SECTION I: Multiple Choice

› Do not begin the exam instructions below until you have completed the appropriate General
Instructions for your group.
Make sure you begin the exam at the designated time. Remember, you must complete a seating
chart for this exam. See pages 303–304 for a seating chart template and instructions. See the
2017-18 AP Coordinator’s Manual for exam seating requirements (pages 55–58).

If you are giving the regularly scheduled exam, say:

It is Monday morning, May 7, and you will be taking the AP Chemistry Exam.

If you are giving the alternate exam for late testing, say:
It is Wednesday afternoon, May 23, and you will be taking the AP Chemistry Exam.

Look at your exam packet and confirm that the exam title is “AP Chemistry.”
Raise your hand if your exam packet contains any title other than “AP
Chemistry,” and I will help you.
Once you confirm that all students have the correct exam, say:
In a moment, you will open the exam packet. By opening this packet,
you agree to all of the AP Program’s policies and procedures outlined
in the 2017-18 Bulletin for AP Students and Parents.
You may now remove the shrinkwrap from your exam packet and take out
the Section I booklet, but do not open the booklet or the shrinkwrapped
Section II materials. Put the white seals aside. . . .

50 AP Chemistry Exam
2017–18 AP Exam Instructions

Carefully remove the AP Exam label found near the top left of your exam

AP Chemistry Exam
booklet cover. Place it on page 1 of your answer sheet on the light blue box
near the top right corner that reads “AP Exam Label.”
If students accidentally place the exam label in the space for the number label or vice versa,
advise them to leave the labels in place. They should not try to remove the label; their exam can
still be processed correctly.
Listen carefully to all my instructions. I will give you time to complete each
step. Please look up after completing each step. Raise your hand if you have
any questions.
Give students enough time to complete each step. Don’t move on until all students are ready.
Read the statements on the front cover of the Section I booklet. . . .
Sign your name and write today’s date. . . .
Now print your full legal name where indicated. . . .
Turn to the back cover of your exam booklet and read it completely. . . .
Are there any questions? . . .
You will now take the multiple-choice portion of the exam. You should have in
front of you the multiple-choice booklet and your answer sheet. You may never
discuss the multiple-choice exam content at any time in any form with anyone,
including your teacher and other students. If you disclose the multiple-choice
exam content through any means, your AP Exam score will be canceled.
Open your answer sheet to page 2. The answer sheet has circles A–E for each
question. For Chemistry, you will use only the circles marked A–D. You must
complete the answer sheet using a No. 2 pencil only. Mark all of your responses
beginning on page 2 of your answer sheet, one response per question. Completely
fill in the circles. If you need to erase, do so carefully and completely. No credit will
be given for anything written in the exam booklet. Scratch paper is not allowed, but
you may use the margins or any blank space in the exam booklet for scratch work.
Calculators are not allowed for this section. Please put your calculators under your
chair. Are there any questions? . . .
You have 1 hour and 30 minutes for this section. Open your Section I
booklet and begin.
Note Start Time . Note Stop Time .

Check that students are marking their answers in pencil on their answer sheets and that they are not
looking at their shrinkwrapped Section II booklets.

After 1 hour and 20 minutes, say:

There are 10 minutes remaining.

After 10 minutes, say:

Stop working. Close your booklet and put your answer sheet on your desk,
faceup. Make sure you have your AP number label and an AP Exam label on
page 1 of your answer sheet. Sit quietly while I collect your answer sheets.
Collect an answer sheet from each student. Check that each answer sheet has an AP
number label and an AP Exam label.

After all answer sheets have been collected, say:

Now you must seal your exam booklet using the white seals you set aside earlier.

Remove the white seals from the backing and press one on each area of

AP Chemistry Exam 51
 2017–18 AP Exam Instructions

your exam booklet cover marked “PLACE SEAL HERE.” Fold each seal over the
back cover. When you have finished, place the booklet on your desk, faceup.
I will now collect your Section I booklet. . . .
Collect a Section I booklet from each student. Check that each student has signed the front cover of
the sealed Section I booklet.
There is a 10-minute break between Sections I and II.

When all Section I materials have been collected and accounted for and you
are ready for the break, say:
Please listen carefully to these instructions before we take a 10-minute break. All
items you placed under your chair at the beginning of this exam must stay there,
and you are not permitted to open or access them in any way. Leave your
shrinkwrapped Section II packet on top of your desk during the break. You are not
allowed to consult teachers, other students, notes, or textbooks during the break.
You may not make phone calls, send text messages, check email, use
a social networking site, or access any electronic or communication device.
Remember, you may never discuss the multiple- choice exam content with
anyone, and if you disclose the content through any means, your AP Exam
score will be canceled. Are there any questions? . . .
You may begin your break. Testing will resume at .

SECTION II: Free Response

After the break, say:
May I have everyone’s attention? Place your Student Pack on your desk. . . .
You may now remove the shrinkwrap from the Section II packet, but do not
open the exam booklet until you are told to do so. . . .
Read the bulleted statements on the front cover of the exam booklet. Look
up when you have finished. . . .
Now take an AP number label from your Student Pack and place it on the
shaded box. If you don’t have any AP number labels, write your AP number in
the box. Look up when you have finished. . . .
Read the last statement. . . .
Using your pen, print the first, middle, and last initials of your legal name in
the boxes and print today’s date where indicated. This constitutes your
signature and your agreement to the statements on the front cover. . . .
Turn to the back cover and, using your pen, complete Item 1 under “Important
Identification Information.” Print the first two letters of your last name and the
first letter of your first name in the boxes. Look up when you have finished. . . .
In Item 2, print your date of birth in the boxes. . . .
In Item 3, write the school code you printed on the front of your Student Pack
in the boxes. . . .
Read Item 4. . . .
Are there any questions? . . .
If this is your last AP Exam, you may keep your Student Pack. Place it under

your chair for now. Otherwise I will collect all Student Packs. . . .

52 AP Chemistry Exam
 2017–18 AP Exam Instructions

Read the information on the back cover of the exam booklet. Do not open the

AP Chemistry Exam
exam booklet until you are told to do so. Look up when you have finished. . . .
Collect the Student Packs.

Then say:
Are there any questions? . . .
Calculators may be used for Section II. You may get your calculators from
under your chair and place them on your desk. . . .
You have 1 hour and 45 minutes to complete Section II. You are responsible for
pacing yourself, and you may proceed freely from one question to the next.
You must write your answers in the exam booklet using a pen with black or
dark blue ink or a No. 2 pencil. If you use a pencil, be sure that your writing is
dark enough to be easily read. If you need more paper during the exam, raise
your hand. At the top of each extra sheet of paper you use, write only your AP
number and the question number you are working on. Do not write your name.
Are there any questions? . . .
You may begin.

Note Start Time . Note Stop Time .

Proctors should also make sure that Hewlett-Packard calculators’ infrared ports are not facing
each other and that students are not sharing calculators.

After 1 hour and 35 minutes, say:

There are 10 minutes remaining.

After 10 minutes, say:

Stop working and close your exam booklet. Place it on your desk, faceup. . . .
If any students used extra paper for a question in the free-response section, have those students
staple the extra sheet(s) to the first page corresponding to that question in their exam
booklets. Complete an Incident Report after the exam (see page 67 of the 2017-18 AP
Coordinator’s Manual for complete details).

Then say:
Remain in your seat, without talking, while the exam materials are collected. . . .

Collect a Section II booklet from each student. Check for the following:

ƒ Exam booklet front cover: The student placed an AP number label on the shaded box and printed their initials
and today’s date.
ƒ Exam booklet back cover: The student completed the “Important Identification
Information” area.
When all exam materials have been collected and accounted for, return to students any electronic
devices you may have collected before the start of the exam.

If you are giving the regularly scheduled exam, say:

You may not discuss or share the free-response exam content with
anyone unless it is released on the College Board website in about two
days. Your AP Exam score results will be available online in July.
If you are giving the alternate exam for late testing, say:
None of the content in this exam may ever be discussed or shared in any way at

any time. Your AP Exam score results will be available online in July.

AP Chemistry Exam 53
 2017–18 AP Exam Instructions

If any students completed the AP number card at the beginning of this exam, say:
Please remember to take your AP number card with you. You will need
the information on this card to view your scores and order AP score
reporting services online.
Then say:
You are now dismissed.

After-Exam Tasks
Be sure to give the completed seating chart to the AP coordinator. Schools must retain
seating charts for at least six months (unless the state or district requires that they be retained for a
longer period of time). Schools should not return any seating charts in their exam shipments unless
they are required as part of an Incident Report.
NOTE: If you administered exams to students with accommodations, review the 2017-18 AP
Coordinator’s Manual and the 2017-18 AP SSD Guidelines for information about completing the
NAR form, and returning these exams.
The exam proctor should complete the following tasks if asked to do so by the
AP coordinator. Otherwise, the AP coordinator must complete these tasks:

ƒ Complete an Incident Report for any students who used extra paper for the free-response section.
(Incident Report forms are provided in the coordinator packets sent with
the exam shipments.) These forms must be completed with a No. 2 pencil. It is best to
complete a single Incident Report for multiple students per exam subject, per administration
(regular or late testing), as long as all required information is provided. Include all exam
booklets with extra sheets of paper in an Incident Report return envelope (see page 67 of the
2017-18 AP Coordinator’s Manual for complete details).
ƒ Return all exam materials to secure storage until they are shipped back to the AP
Program. (See page 26 of the 2017-18 AP Coordinator’s Manual for more information about
secure storage.) Before storing materials, check the “School Use Only” section on page 1
of the answer sheet and:
Š Fill in the appropriate section number circle in order to access a separate
AP Instructional Planning Report (for regularly scheduled exams only) or subject
score roster at the class section or teacher level. See “Post-Exam Activities” in the
2017-18 AP Coordinator’s Manual.
Š Check your list of students who are eligible for fee reductions and fill in the appropriate
circle on their registration answer sheets.

54 AP Chemistry Exam
Student Answer Sheet for
the Multiple-Choice Section

Use this section to capture student responses. (Note that the following answer
sheet is a sample, and may differ from one used in an actual exam.)
 PAGE 1
AP Number Label AP Exam Label
(from Student Pack) (from Section I Booklet)
Answer Sheet 2018
AP FPO X123456789 X

COMPLETE THIS AREA AT EVERY EXAM. USE NO. 2 PENCIL ONLY

C. YOUR AP NUMBER D. EXAM DATE E. EXAM F. MULTIPLE-CHOICE BOOKLET G. ONLINE
I am aware of and agree to follow the policies and procedures in the 2017-18 Bulletin for AP Students and Parents to
maintain the security of the exam and the validity of my AP score. I understand and accept that my exam score may be START PROVIDER
canceled if I do not follow these policies and procedures, if I disregard any exam day instructions, or if my exam is
administered improperly. I certify that I am the person whose information appears on this answer sheet. Month Day TIME SERIAL NUMBER CODE
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
AM PM S
Sign your legal name as it will appear on your college applications. Date
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 6 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A. SIGNATURE
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
B. LEGAL NAME Omit apostrophes, Jr., II. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 9 3
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Legal Last Name — First 15 Letters Legal First Name — First 12 Letters MI 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 10 4
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
5 5 11 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1-4

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 7 7
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
COMPLETE THIS AREA ONLY ONCE. K. DATE OF BIRTH
F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F I. AREA CODE AND
G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G
PHONE NUMBER J. SCHOOL YOU ATTEND Month Day Year

SCHOOL CODE School Name

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Jan
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Feb 0 0 0 0
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mar 1 1 1 1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Apr 2 2 2 2
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 May 3 3 3 3
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 City Jun 4 4 4
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 Jul 5 5 5
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 Aug 6 6 6
State
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 Sep 7 7 7
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 Oct 8 8 8
121586-00657

Country
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 Nov 9 9 9
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS INTERNATIONAL PHONE 9 9 9 9 9 9 Dec
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
M. COLLEGE TO RECEIVE
•

U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U N. CURRENT
L. SOCIAL SECURITY YOUR AP SCORE REPORT GRADE LEVEL
TF11017E5500 • Printed in U.S.A.

AN NLY 2 NUMBER (Optional)

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV SW Fe Opti
e on
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW ER
Re 2
SH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX du
EET cti 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY 8 S on
0 C Gr 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ H Section
ant
1 Number
ed 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
––––––––––––– –––––––––– O
3 O 1234 7 1
56 O 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Exam Name: Form: Form Code:
5 L 8 p
6 U ti
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Q4546/

H. AP EXAM I AM S 9 o 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
TAKING USING THIS E n
1 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
O
 COLLEGE CODE Using the college code listed in the AP
888888888 Student Pack, indicate the ONE college that
Not yet
you want to receive your AP score report.
999999999 in
College Name
0 0 0 0
9th
1 1 1 1 grade
2 2 2 2 9th
3 3 3 3
City
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 10th
State
6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 Country
O. STUDENT
8 8 8 8 SEARCH
9 9 9 9 SERVICE®
Colleges and
scholarship
programs may
request your
information to
inform you of
educational
opportunities
and financial
aid.
Would you like us to
supply your
information?

Yes

No
If you don’t
answer and
previously
chose to
participate in
this service,
we will
continue
providing your
information.
PAGE 2
COMPLETE THIS AREA AT EACH EXAM (IF APPLICABLE).

P. SURVEY QUESTIONS — Answer the survey questions in the AP Student Pack. Do not put responses to exam questions in this section.

1 A B C D E F G H I 4 A B C D E F G H I 7 A B C D E F G H I

2 A B C D E F G H I 5 A B C D E F G H I 8 A B C D E F G H I

3 A B C D E F G H I 6 A B C D E F G H I 9 A B C D E F G H I

Q. LANGUAGE — Do not complete this section unless instructed to do so.

If this answer sheet is for the French Language and Culture, German Language and Culture, Italian Language and Culture, Spanish Language and
Culture, or Spanish Literature and Culture Exam, please answer the following questions. Your responses will not affect your score.

1. Have you lived or studied for one month or more in a country where the language of 2. Do you regularly speak or hear the language at home?
the exam you are now taking is spoken?

Yes No Yes No

QUESTIONS 1–75

Indicate your answers to the exam questions in this section (pages 2 and 3). Mark only one response per
question for Questions 1 through 120. If a question has only four answer options, do not mark option E. Answers
written in the multiple-choice booklet will not be scored.

You must use a No. 2 pencil and marks must be complete. Do not use a mechanical pencil. It
EXAMPLES OF A B C D is very important that you fill in the entire circle darkly and completely. If you change your response,
COMPLETE MARK erase as completely as possible. Incomplete marks or erasures may affect your score.
INCOMPLETE MARKS A B C D
1 ABCDE 26 ABCDE 51 ABCDE
2 ABCDE 27 ABCDE 52 ABCDE
3 ABCDE 28 ABCDE 53 ABCDE
4 ABCDE 29 ABCDE 54 ABCDE
5 ABCDE 30 ABCDE 55 ABCDE
6 ABCDE 31 ABCDE 56 ABCDE
7 ABCDE 32 ABCDE 57 ABCDE
8 ABCDE 33 ABCDE 58 ABCDE
9 ABCDE 34 ABCDE 59 ABCDE
10 ABCDE 35 ABCDE 60 ABCDE
11 ABCDE 36 ABCDE 61 ABCDE
12 ABCDE 37 ABCDE 62 ABCDE
13 ABCDE 38 ABCDE 63 ABCDE
14 ABCDE 39 ABCDE 64 ABCDE
15 ABCDE 40 ABCDE 65 ABCDE
16 ABCDE 41 ABCDE 66 ABCDE
17 ABCDE 42 ABCDE 67 ABCDE
18 ABCDE 43 ABCDE 68 ABCDE
19 ABCDE 44 ABCDE 69 ABCDE
20 ABCDE 45 ABCDE 70 ABCDE
21 ABCDE 46 ABCDE 71 ABCDE
22 ABCDE 47 ABCDE 72 ABCDE
23 ABCDE 48 ABCDE 73 ABCDE
24 ABCDE 49 ABCDE 74 ABCDE
25 ABCDE 50 ABCDE 75 ABCDE

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

R W O R W O
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exam SELECTED MEDIA EXAMS OTHER EXAMS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exam PT02 TOTAL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

PT03 Subscore (if applicable)

PT04 Subscore (if applicable)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
 PAGE 3
QUESTIONS 76–120

Be sure each mark is dark and completely fills the circle. If a question has only four answer options, do not mark option E.

76 A B C D E 91 A B C D E 106 A B C
77 A B C D E 92 A B C D E 107 A B C
78 A B C D E 93 A B C D E 108 A B C
79 A B C D E 94 A B C D E 109 A B C
80 A B C D E 95 A B C D E 110 A B C
81 A B C D E 96 A B C D E 111 A B C
82 A B C D E 97 A B C D E 112 A B C
83 A B C D E 98 A B C D E 113 A B C
84 A B C D E 99 A B C D E 114 A B C
85 A B C D E 100 A B C D E 115 A B C
86 A B C D E 101 A B C D E 116 A B C
87 A B C D E 102 A B C D E 117 A B C
88 A B C D E 103 A B C D E 118 A B C
89 A B C D E 104 A B C D E 119 A B C
90 A B C D E 105 A B C D E 120 A B C

QUESTIONS 121–126

For Students Taking AP Biology

Write your answer in the boxes at the top of the griddable area and fill in the corresponding circles.
Mark only one circle in any column. You will receive credit only if the circles are filled in correctly.

121 122 123 124 125 126

/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
– . . . . – . . . . . – . . . . . – . . . . . – . . . . . – . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

QUESTIONS 131–142

For Students Taking AP Computer Science Principles, AP Physics 1, or AP Physics 2

Mark two responses per question. You will receive credit only if both correct responses are selected.

131 A B C D 135 A B C D 139 A B

132 A B C D 136 A B C D 140 A B
133 A B C D 137 A B C D 141 A B
134 A B C D 138 A B C D 142 A B

© 2017 The College Board. College Board, AP, Student Search Service and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

 COMPLETE THIS AREA ONLY ONCE. PAGE 4
R. YOUR MAILING ADDRESS Use the address abbreviations from your AP Student Pack. Fill in only one circle per column. Indicate a space in your address by leaving a blank box; do not grid that column. V. SEX
COUNTRY

STREET ADDRESS (include street number, street name, apartment number, etc.) CITY

ZIP OR POSTAL CODE Female Male

CODE W.WHICH LANGUAGE DOYOU

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 0 0 0 KNOW BEST?
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 1 1 1 English

English and another language

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CCCCCCCCC 2 2 2

about the same

D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D 3 3 3 Another language

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FFFFFFFFF 5 5 5 X. RACIAL/ETHNIC GROUP

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G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G 6 6 6 Please answer both questions about

Hispanic origin and about race. For the

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHH 7 7 7

following questions about your identity,

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 8 8 8 Hispanic origins are not races.

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ 9 9 9

(You may mark all that apply.)

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

a. Are you of b. What is your race?

L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L Hispanic,

Latino, or

American Indian or

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Spanish origin?
Alaska Native

N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N No, not of Asian (including Indian

Hispanic, Latino, subcontinent and

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O or Spanish origin Philippines origin)

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Yes, Cuban Black or African American

(including Africa and

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Yes, Mexican Afro-Caribbean origin)

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Yes, Puerto Rican Native Hawaiian or other

Pacific Islander
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S Yes, another White (including Middle

Hispanic, Latino, Eastern origin)

T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T or Spanish origin

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU T

VVVVVVVVV Y. PARENTAL EDUCATION LEVEL

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

In the first column, indicate the highest level of education of

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWW

one parent/guardian, and indicate whether this is your mother/

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X female guardian or father/male guardian. Then, if applicable,

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYY indicate the highest level of education of your other parent/
 guardian in the second column, and indicate whether this is

Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z your mother/female guardian or father/male guardian.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 STATE MI NY VT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mother or female guardian

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AK HI MN OH WA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Father or male guardian

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 AL IA MO OK WI 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Grade school
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 AR ID MS OR WV 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Some high school

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 AZ IL MT PA WY 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 High school diploma or equivalent

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 CA IN NC RI Puerto 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Vocational or trade school

Rico

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7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 CT KY NE SD AA 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Associate or two-year degree

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 DC LA NH TN AE 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Bachelor’s or four-year degree

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 DE MA NJ TX AP 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Some graduate or professional school

/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / FL MD NM UT Other / / / / / / / Graduate or professional degree

GA ME NV VA T. STUDENT IDENTIFIER (Student ID Number)

S. FOR STUDENTS OUTSIDE
If your address does not fit in the spaces provided in Item R, fill in as
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Address City State or Province Country ZIP or Postal Code

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Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions

This is the multiple-choice section of the 2018 AP Exam.

It includes cover material and other administrative instructions to
help familiarize students with the mechanics of the exam.
(Note that future exams may differ in look from the following content.)

For purposes of test security and/or statistical analysis, some questions

have been removed from the version of the exam that was administered in
2018. Therefore, the timing indicated here may not be appropriate for a
practice exam.
AP® Chemistry Exam
SECTION I: Multiple Choice 2018
DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.
Instructions
At a Glance
Section I of this exam contains 50 multiple-choice questions. Fill in only the circles
Total Time for numbers 1 through 50 on your answer sheet. Pages containing a periodic table
1 hour and 30 minutes and lists containing equations and constants are also printed in this booklet.
Number of Questions
50 Indicate all of your answers to the multiple-choice questions on the answer sheet. No
Percent of Total Score credit will be given for anything written in this exam booklet, but you may use the
50% booklet for notes or scratch work. After you have decided which of the suggested
Writing Instrument answers is best, completely fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet.
Pencil required
Electronic Device Because this section offers only four answer options for each question, do not mark the
None allowed (E) answer circle for any question. Give only one answer to each question. If you
change an answer, be sure that the previous mark is erased completely. Here is a sample
question and answer.

Use your time effectively, working as quickly as you can without losing accuracy. Do
not spend too much time on any one question. Go on to other questions and come back
to the ones you have not answered if you have time. It is not expected that everyone
will know the answers to all of the multiple-choice questions.
Your total score on Section I is based only on the number of questions answered correctly.
Points are not deducted for incorrect answers or unanswered questions.

Form I
Form Code 4OBP4-S

25
-2-
 AP® CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS AND CONSTANTS

Throughout the exam the following symbols have the definitions specified unless otherwise noted.
L, mL = liter(s), milliliter(s) mm Hg = millimeters of mercury
g = gram(s) J, kJ = joule(s), kilojoule(s)
nm = nanometer(s) V = volt(s)
atm = atmosphere(s) mol = mole(s)

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
E = energy
E=h
= frequency
c=
= wavelength
34
Planck’s constant, h = 6.626 10 J s
8 1
Speed of light, c = 2.998 10 m s
23 1
Avogadro’s number = 6.022 10 mol
19
Electron charge, e = 1.602 × 10 coulomb

EQUILIBRIUM
c d
[C] [D]

Kc = a b , where a A + b Bc C + d D Equilibrium Constants

[A] [B]
(P )
c
(P )
d Kc (molar concentrations)
C D
Kp = Kp (gas pressures)
a b
(P ) (P )
A
B Ka (weak acid)

+ -
[H ][A ] K b (weak base)
[HA]
Ka =
Kw (water)
- +
K = [OH ][HB ]
b [B]
+ 14
K = [H ][OH ] = 1.0 10 at 25 C
w

= Ka Kb
+
pH = log[H ] , pOH = log[OH ]
14 = pH + pOH
-
[A ]
pH = pK + log
a [HA]
pKa = logKa , pKb = logKb

KINETICS

ln[A]t ln[A]0 = kt k = rate constant

t = time
1 - 1 = kt
 t
[ A ]t [ A] 0 ½ = half-life
t 0.693
=
½ k

-3-
GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLUTIONS
P = pressure
V = volume
PV = nRT
T = temperature
moles A n = number of moles m = mass
M = molar mass
PA = Ptotal XA, where XA = total moles
D = density
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + . . . KE = kinetic energy
m v = velocity
n= A = absorbance
M a = molar absorptivity
K = C+273 b = path length
c = concentration
m
D= 1 1
V Gas constant, R = 8.314 J mol K
1 1
= 0.08206 L atm mol K
1
2 1 1
KE per molecule = mv = 62.36 L torr mol K
2
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr STP =
Molarity, M = moles of solute per liter of solution 273.15 K and 1.0 atm
A = abc −1
Ideal gas at STP = 22.4 L mol

q = heat
m = mass
c = specific heat capacity T =
temperature
THERMODYNAMICS / ELECTROCHEMISTRY S = standard entropy
H = standard enthalpy
q = mc T G = standard Gibbs free energy
n = number of moles
S = ÂS products - ÂS reactants E = standard reduction potential
H = ÂDHf products - ÂDHf reactants I = current (amperes) q =
charge (coulombs) t = time (seconds)
G = ÂDGf products - ÂDGf reactants Faraday’s constant, F = 96,485 coulombs per mole of electrons

G= H TS
= RT ln K
= nF E

q
I =
t
1 volt = 1 joule
1 coulomb
-4-
 CHEMISTRY
Section I
Time—1 hour and 30 minutes
50 Questions

CALCULATORS ARE NOT ALLOWED FOR SECTION I.

Note: For all questions, assume that the temperature is 298 K, the pressure is 1.0 atm, and solutions
are aqueous unless otherwise specified.

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or
completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet.

1. Which of the following particle diagrams best Mass of Mass of

represents the products when four molecules of Sample
H2O2(l) decompose into water and oxygen gas at Carbon Hydrogen
room temperature?
A 60. g 12 g

B 72 g 12 g

(A) C 84 g 10. g

D 90. g 10. g

2. The masses of carbon and hydrogen in samples of

four pure hydrocarbons are given above. The
(B) hydrocarbon in which sample has the same empirical
formula as propene, C3H6 ?

(A) Sample A
(B) Sample B
(C) Sample C
(D) Sample D

(C)

(D)

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-5-
 Substance X Y
Melting Point (°C) 1600 650

Electrical Conductivity
None High
in Solid Phase

Electrical Conductivity
None High
in Liquid Phase

3. Three substances were studied in the laboratory, and the data in the table above were collected.
Based on the data, which of the following shows the type of bonding in each substance?

Substance X Substance Y Substance Z

(A) Network covalent Ionic Metallic

(B) Ionic Molecular Network covalent
(C) Molecular Network covalent Metallic
(D) Network covalent Metallic Ionic

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-6-
4. Based on the information in the table above, which of the compounds has the highest boiling point, and why?
(A) Butanal, because it can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds
(B) Pentane, because it has the longest carbon chain
(C) Pentane, because it has the most C−H bonds
(D) Propanoic acid, because it can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds

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-7-
5. A 1.0 L sample of a pure gas is found to have a lower pressure than that predicted by the ideal gas law.
The best explanation for the observation is that the molecules of the gas
(A) have a combined volume that is too large to be considered negligible when compared to the volume of
the container
(B) have a low molecular mass and therefore do not strike the container walls with as much force as
expected
(C) are attracted to each other and do not exert as much force on the container walls as they would if they had
no mutual attractions
(D) are attracted to the sides of the container and strike the container walls with more force than
expected
6. Equal volumes of solutions in two different
vessels are represented above. If the solution
represented in vessel 1 is KCl(aq), then the
solution represented in vessel 2 could be an
aqueous solution of
(A) KCl with the same molarity as the solution
in
vessel 1
(B) KCl with twice the molarity of the solution in
vessel 1
(C) CaCl2 with the same molarity as the solution
in vessel 1
(D) CaCl2 with twice the molarity of the solution
in vessel 1

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-8-
7. A 20. mL sample of 0.50 M HC2H3O2(aq) is titrated with 0.50 M NaOH(aq). Which of the following
best represents the species that react and the species produced in the reaction?
+ −
(A) H (aq) + OH (aq) → H2O(l)
+ − + −
(B) H (aq) + C2H3O2 (aq) + Na (aq) + OH (aq) → H2O(l) + NaC2H3O2(aq)
− −
(C) HC2H3O2(aq) + OH (aq) → C2H3O2 (aq) + H2O(l)
+ −
(D) HC2H3O2(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + Na (aq) + C2H3O2 (aq)

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8. The standard reduction potentials for the half-reactions related to the galvanic
cell represented above are listed in the table below.
Half-Reaction E° (V
3+ −
Cr (aq) + 3 e → Cr(s) − 0.7
2+ −
Zn (aq) + 2 e → Zn(s) − 0.7

Which of the following gives the value of Ecell for the cell?

(A) Ecell = − 1.50 V

(B) Ecell = − 0.80 V
(C) Ecell = − 0.02 V
(D) Ecell = +0.02 V

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 Ionization Energy10. Which of the following correctly compares periodic
(kJ/mol) properties of two elements and provides an accurate
explanation for that difference?
First 730
Second 1450 (A) The first ionization energy of Al is greater
than that of B because Al has a larger nuclear
Third 7700
charge than B does.
Fourth 10,500 (B) The first ionization energy of F is greater
than that of O because O has a higher
9. The ionization energies of an unknown electronegativity than F has.
element, X, are listed in the table above. Which (C) The atomic radius of Ca is larger than that
of the following is the most likely empirical of Mg because the valence electrons in Mg
formula of a compound formed from element X experience more shielding than the valence
and phosphorus, P ? electrons in Ca do.
(D) The atomic radius of Cl is smaller than
(A) XP that of S because Cl has a larger nuclear charge
(B) X3P than S does.
(C) X3P2
(D) X3P4

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-11-
 → + −
HNO(aq) H (aq) + NO (aq) K = 4.0 × 1
2 ← 2 a
11. On the basis of the information above, what is the approximate percent
ionization of HNO2 in a 1.0 M HNO2(aq) solution?
(A) 0.00040%
(B) 0.020%
(C) 0.040%
(D) 2.0%

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-12-
2 NOBr(g) → 2 NO( g) + Br2(g) 13. A balloon filled with 0.25 mol of He(g) at 273
K and 1 atm is allowed to rise through the
12. The equation above represents an elementary atmosphere. Which of the following explains
step in a chemical reaction. Which of the following what happens to the volume of the balloon as it
is the correct expression for the rate law of the rises from ground level to an altitude where the
elementary step? air temperature is 220 K and the air pressure is
1
0.1 atm?
2 (A) The volume will increase because the
(A) Rate = k[NOBr]
(B) Rate = k[NOBr] decrease in air pressure will have a greater effect than
2 the decrease in temperature.
(C) Rate = k[NOBr] (B) The volume will remain unchanged
2
(D) Rate = k[NO] [Br2] because of the counteracting effects of the
decrease in temperature and the decrease in air
pressure.
(C) The volume will decrease because the
decrease in temperature will have a greater effect than
the decrease in air pressure.
(D) It cannot be determined whether the
volume of the balloon will increase, decrease, or
remain the same without knowing the initial volume
of the balloon.

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-13-
 Questions 14-17 refer to the following information.

Substance Lewis Diagram Boiling

CH3OH 338

C2H5OH 351

Equimolar samples of CH3OH(l) and C2H5OH(l) are placed in

separate, previously evacuated, rigid 2.0 L vessels. Each vessel
is attached to a pressure gauge, and the temperatures are kept
at 300 K. In both vessels, liquid is observed to remain present at
the bottom of the container at all times. The change in pressure
inside the vessel containing CH3OH(l) is shown below.

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-14-
14. Which of the following best describes the 16. The temperature of the CH3OH is increased
change that takes place immediately after the from 300 K to 400 K to vaporize all the liquid, which
CH3OH(l) is introduced into the previously increases the pressure in the vessel to 0.30 atm.
evacuated vessel? The experiment is repeated under identical
(A) A chemical change takes place because conditions but this time using half the mass of
covalent bonds are broken. CH3OH that was used originally. What will be the
(B) A chemical change takes place because pressure in the vessel at 400 K ?
intermolecular attractions are overcome.
(C) A physical change takes place because (A) 0.15 atm
covalent bonds are broken. (B) 0.30 atm
(D) A physical change takes place because (C) 0.40 atm
intermolecular attractions are overcome. (D) 0.60 atm
15. The value of Kp for the evaporation of 17. Compared to the equilibrium vapor pressure of
CH3OH(l) at 300 K is closest to CH3OH(l) at 300 K, the equilibrium vapor pressure
(A) 0.04 of C2H5OH(l) at 300 K is
(B) 0.2 (A) the same, because both compounds have
(C) 5
hydrogen bonding among their molecules
(D) 30
(B) higher, because London dispersion forces
among C2H5OH molecules are greater than those
among CH3OH molecules
(C) lower, because London dispersion forces
among C2H5OH molecules are greater than those
among CH3OH molecules
(D) lower, because of the larger number of
hydrogen bonds among C2H5OH molecules

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18. Which of the following Lewis electron-dot Ionic Radius
diagrams represents the molecule that is the Ion
most polar? (pm)

(A) −
Cl
−
I
(B)
S2 −
(C) Te2 −
(D) 19. Based on Coulomb’s law and the information in
the table above, which of the following anions is most
likely to have the strongest interactions with nearby
water molecules in an aqueous solution?
−
(A) Cl
−
(B) I
2 −
(C) S
2 −
(D) Te

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-16-
20. For which of the equilibrium systems represented AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
below will the amount of product(s) at equilibrium
increase if the volume of the reaction vessel is 21. In an experiment a student mixes a 50.0 mL
increased at a constant temperature? sample of 0.100 M AgNO3(aq) with a 50.0 mL sample
→
(A) PCl5(g) ← PCl 3(→g) + Cl2(g) of 0.100 M NaCl(aq) at 20.0°C in a coffee-cup
(B) 2 NO(g) + O2(g→)← 2 NO 2(g) calorimeter. Which of the following is the enthalpy
(C) N2(g) + O2(g) ← 2 NO( g) change of the precipitation reaction represented
→
above if the final temperature of the mixture is
(D) 2 CO(g) ← C(s) + CO2(g)
21.0°C? (Assume that the total mass of the mixture is
100. g and that the specific heat capacity of the
mixture is 4.2 J/(g °C).)
(A) −84 kJ/molrxn
(B) −0.42 kJ/molrxn
(C) 0.42 kJ/molrxn
(D) 84 kJ/molrxn

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Questions 22-24 refer to the following information.

A group of students was asked to recover Cu(s) from a blue-green aqueous solution containing an
2+
unknown concentration of Cu (aq). The students took a 100.0 mL sample of the solution and added an
2+
excess of 1.0 M Na3PO4(aq), causing the Cu (aq) to precipitate as Cu3(PO4)2(s), as shown in step 1 below.

Step 1

The Cu3(PO4)2(s) was filtered, dried, and weighed. Then the Cu3(PO4)2(s) was dissolved in a 3.0
M HCl(aq) solution, as shown in step 2 below.

Step 2

The students added a strip of Zn(s) to the solution to recover the Cu(s), as shown in step 3 below.

Step 3

Finally, the Cu(s) was filtered, dried, and weighed.

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-18-
22. If 3.8 g of Cu3(PO4)2(s) was recovered from
2+ H3PO4(aq)
step 1, what was the approximate [Cu ] in the −3
original solution? (The molar mass of Cu3(PO4)2
Ka 7.5 × 10
is 381 g/mol.) 1
−8
Ka 6.2 × 10
(A) 0.10 M
(B) 0.30 M 2

(C) 1.0 M −13

(D) 3.0 M Ka 4.2 × 10
3
23. The mass of the Cu(s) produced in step 3 was
slightly more than the mass predicted from the 3.8 g of
Cu3(PO4)2(s) recovered from step 1. 24. The values of the dissociation constants for
Which of the following could account for the H3PO4 are given in the table above. Given
discrepancy in the yield of Cu(s) from step 3 ? that the solution in the beaker at the end of
step 2 had a pH of approximately 1, which of
(A) All of the Cu3(PO4)2(s) dissolved in the the following chemical species had the lowest
HCl(aq). concentration among the products of step 2 ?
(B) Some of the Cu(s) adhered to the side of +
the funnel used to filter the solution. (A) H (aq)
(C) Some unreacted Zn(s) was mixed in with −
(B) H2PO4 (aq)
the Cu(s).
2−
(D) Too much Na3PO4(aq) was added to the (C) HPO4 (aq)
2+ 3−
original Cu (aq) solution. (D) PO4 (aq)

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-19-
25. Which of the following most likely describes
the solid represented in the diagram above?
(A) It is soft and is a poor thermal and
electrical conductor.
(B) It has a low melting point and is a poor thermal
and electrical conductor as a solid.
(C) It is a brittle, water-soluble electrolyte
that is a poor thermal and electrical conductor as
a solid. 27. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions of molecular
(D) It is malleable and is an excellent thermal speeds in samples of two different gases at the same
and electrical conductor as a solid. temperature are shown above. Which gas has the
greater molar mass?
(A) Gas A
(B) Gas B
26. Which of the following best helps to explain (C) Both gases have the same molar mass.
why CCl4 is a liquid whereas CI4 is a solid when (D) It cannot be determined unless the
both are at 25°C? pressure of each sample is known.
(A) The dipole moment of the CCl4 molecule is
larger than that of the CI4 molecule because Cl is
more electronegative than I.
(B) The dipole moment of the CI4 molecule is
larger than that of the CCl4 molecule because
there is stronger repulsion between electrons in
the C− I bonds compared to the repulsion
between electrons in the C− Cl bonds.
(C) The London dispersion forces are
stronger in CCl4 than in CI4 because Cl is more
electronegative than I.
(D) The London dispersion forces are stronger in
CI4 than in CCl4 because CI4 has a more polarizable
electron cloud than CCl4 .

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-20-
 → Δ
2+ −
30. When a small amount of 12 M HNO3(aq) is
CaF2(s) ← Ca (aq) + 2 F (aq) H>0
added to a buffer solution made by mixing CH3
28. Dissolution of the slightly soluble salt CaF2 is
shown by the equation above. Which of the NH2(aq) and CH3NH3Cl(aq), the pH of the buffer
2+ solution changes from 10.64 to 10.62. Which of
following changes will decrease [Ca ] in a
the following equations represents the reaction
saturated solution of CaF2 , and why? (Assume
that accounts for the fact that the pH does not
that after each change some CaF2(s) remains in
contact with the solution.)
change significantly when the HNO3(aq) is
added?
(A) Allowing some of the water to evaporate
+ +
from the solution, because more CaF 2(s) will (A) CH3NH2(aq) + H (aq) → CH3NH3 (aq)
+ + 2+
precipitate (B) CH3NH3 (aq) + H (aq) → CH3NH4 (aq)
− − +
(B) Adding 0.1 M HNO3(aq), because some F (C) NO3 (aq) + H (aq) → HNO 3(aq)
(aq) ions will become protonated − +
(D) OH (aq) + H (aq) → H2O(l)
(C) Adding 0.1 M NaNO3(aq), because additional
liquid will dilute the solution
(D) Adding NaF(s), because the reaction will
31. The pH of a solution made by combining
proceed toward reactants
150.0 mL of 0.10 M KOH(aq) with 50.0 mL of
0.20 M HBr(aq) is closest to which of the
following?

Ksp at 25°C (A) 2

Compound
(B) 4
Pb(OH)2(s) 1.2 × 10−15 (C) 7
−8 (D) 12
PbI2(s) 1.4 × 10
−8
PbF2(s) 4.0 × 10

29. Equimolar samples of Pb(OH)2(s), PbI2(s),

and PbF2(s) are placed in three separate
beakers, each containing 250 mL of water at
25°C. After the solutions are stirred, solid
remains in the bottom of each beaker. Based on
the Ksp values for the compounds listed in the
table above, a solution of which of the
2+
compounds will have the lowest [Pb ] ?
(A) Pb(OH)2(s)
(B) PbI2(s) only
(C) PbF2(s) only
(D) Both PbI2(s) and PbF2(s) will produce solutions
2+
with the same, lowest [Pb ].

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-21-
 − + −3
Step 1: H2SeO3(aq) HSeO 3 (aq) + H (aq) K a1 = 2.1 × 10
− 2− + −9
Step 2: HSeO3 (aq) SeO 3 (aq) + H (aq) Ka2 = 5.3 × 10

32. The step-wise dissociation of selenous acid, H2SeO3(aq), is represented by the equations above. Which
of the following best helps explain why the value of Ka2 is so much smaller than the value of Ka1 ?
−
(A) The Se atom in H2SeO3(aq) is in a higher oxidation state than the Se atom in HSeO3 (aq).
− 2−
(B) Water is more attracted to HSeO3 (aq) ions than to SeO3 ions, which drives the step 2
equilibrium toward the reactant.
− 2−
(C) The HSeO3 (aq) ions produced in step 1 are asymmetrical, but the SeO3 ions produced in
step 2 are symmetrical.
+ +
(D) Removing the first H from H2SeO3(aq) requires less energy than removing the second H ,
+
because the second H is removed from a negatively charged species.

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-22-
Questions 33-36 refer to the following information.
→
Δ ° −
Li3N(s) + 2 H2(g) ← LiNH 2(s) + 2 LiH(s) H = 192 kJ/molrxn

Because pure H2 is a hazardous substance, safer and more cost effective techniques to store it as a solid for shipping
purposes have been developed. One such method is the reaction represented above, which occurs at 200°C.

33. When 70. g of Li3N(s) (molar mass 35 g/mol) 35. Which of the following is the most likely
reacts with excess H2(g), 8.0 g of LiH(s) is produced. reason that the reaction occurs at a significant
The percent yield is closest to
rate only if the temperature of the reaction
mixture is greater than 200°C?
(A) 17%
(B) 25% (A) The reaction is exothermic.
(C) 50.% (B) ΔS° for the reaction is negative.
(D) 100% (C) The reaction has a high activation energy.
(D) ΔG° < 0 when T < 200°C.
34. Which of the following happens to H atoms in
the forward reaction? 36. The amount of H2(g) present in a reaction mixture
(A) H atoms are oxidized only. at equilibrium can be maximized by
(B) H atoms are reduced only. (A) increasing the temperature and increasing
(C) H atoms are both oxidized and reduced. the pressure by decreasing the volume
(D) H atoms are neither oxidized nor reduced. (B) increasing the temperature and decreasing
the pressure by increasing the volume
(C) decreasing the temperature and increasing
the pressure by decreasing the volume
(D) decreasing the temperature and decreasing the
pressure by increasing the volume

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-23-
 H2(g) + I2(g) 2 HI( g) Kc = 50. at 600°C

37. Equimolar samples of each of three gases, H2(g), I2(g), and HI(g), are introduced into
a 3.0 L container that is heated to 600°C. According to the information above, which of the following will occur as
the system approaches equilibrium?
(A) More H2(g) will be produced because Q > Kc .
(B) More I2(g) will be produced because Q < Kc .
(C) More HI(g) will be produced because Q < Kc .
(D) No change will occur because Q = Kc .

Reaction 1 : 4 NH 3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(l) ΔG° = − 1010 kJ/molrxn

Reaction 2 : 2 NO 2(g) → 2 NO( g) + O2(g) ΔG° = 70 kJ/molrxn

Reaction 3 : 4 NO 2(g) + O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) → 4 HNO 3(aq) ΔG° = − 170 kJ/molrxn

38. Based on the values of ΔG° for the three reactions represented above, what is the value of ΔG° for
the reaction represented below?
4 NH3(g) + 8 O2(g) → 4 HNO 3(aq) + 4 H2O(l)
(A) − 1040 kJ/molrxn
(B) − 1110 kJ/molrxn
(C) − 1250 kJ/molrxn
(D) − 1320 kJ/molrxn

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-24-
 → + −

HCHO2(aq) + H2O(l) ← H3O (aq) + CHO2 (aq)

−4
39. HCHO2(aq), a weak acid (Ka = 2 × 10 ), dissociates in water according to the
equation above. Which of the following provides the best estimate of the pH of 0.5 M HCHO 2(aq) and
identifies the species at the highest concentration (excluding H2O) in the solution?

pH Species at Highest Concentration

+
(A) 1 H O (aq)
3

(B) 1 HCHO2(aq)
+
(C) 2 H O (aq)
3

(D) 2 HCHO2(aq)

X → Products

40. A student studied the kinetics of the reaction represented above by measuring the
concentration of the reactant, X, over time. The data are plotted in the graph below.

Which of the following procedures will allow the student

to determine the rate constant, k, for the reaction?
(A) Plot ln [X] versus time and determine the magnitude of the slope.
1
(B) Plot [X] versus time and determine the magnitude of the slope.
(C) Run another trial of the experiment with a different initial concentration,
plot the data on the same graph, and see where the curves intersect.
(D) Run another trial of the experiment at a different temperature, plot the data
on the same graph, and see where the curves have the same slope.

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 CH4(g) + Cl(g) → CH3(g) + HCl(g) ΔH° = −14 kJ/molrxn
NH3(g) + Cl(g) → NH2(g) + HCl(g) ΔH° = −36 kJ/molrxn
H2O(g) + Cl(g) → OH(g) + HCl(g) ΔH° = + 40 kJ/molrxn

41. Based on the data above, what can be concluded regarding the strength of
the C − H, N− H, and O− H bonds in the molecules shown?
(A) The C − H bond is the strongest.
(B) The N − H bond is the strongest.
(C) The O − H bond is the strongest.
(D) Nothing can be concluded without knowing the strength
of the H − Cl bond.

K
Reaction eq

1 →
SO2(g) + O2(g) ← SO3(g) K1
2
→
2 SO (g) 2 SO (g) + O (g) K
3 ← 2 2

42. Which of the following shows the relationship between K1 and K2 in the reactions
represented above?
2
(A) K2 = (K1)

(B) K2= K1

1
(C) K =
2 (K1)2
1
(D) K =
2 K1

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-26-
 Questions 43-46 refer to the following information. 45. A 0.0300 mol sample of NO2(g) is placed in a rigid
→ 1.00 L reaction vessel and allowed to reach
2 NO2(g) ← N2O4(g) equilibrium at a certain temperature. What is
dark brown colorless the value of Kc at this temperature if 0.00500
mol of N2O4(g) is present at equilibrium?
The dimerization of NO2(g), an exothermic
(A) 0.0800
process, is represented by the equation above.
(B) 0.250
43. Which of the following experimental techniques (C) 4.00
will allow the most accurate determination of the (D) 12.5
concentration of NO2(g) at equilibrium?
46. A mixture of NO2(g) and N2O4(g) is at equilibrium in
(A) Paper chromatography a rigid reaction vessel. If the temperature of the mixture is
(B) Gravimetric analysis decreased, then
(C) Titration
(D) Spectrophotometry (A) [NO2] will increase and the mixture will turn
a darker brown
44. The forward reaction is thermodynamically (B) [N2O4] will increase and the mixture will
favored at which of the following temperatures? turn a lighter brown
(A) All temperatures (C) [N2O4] will decrease and the mixture
(B) Low temperatures only will turn a lighter brown
(C) High temperatures only (D) no change will be observed
(D) No temperature

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-27-
 NO(g) + NO3(g) → 2 NO 2(g) N2O(g) + CO(g) → N2(g) + CO2(g)
47. The reaction between NO(g) and NO3(g) is 48. The rate of the reaction represented above
represented by the equation above. Which of the increases significantly in the presence of Pd(s).
following orientations of collision between NO(g) and Which of the following best explains this
observation?
NO3(g) is most likely to be effective?
(A) Pd increases the activation energy of the
reaction.
(B) Pd absorbs the heat produced in the reaction.
(C) One of the reactants binds on the surface of
Pd, which introduces an alternative reaction pathway
with a lower activation energy.
(D) One of the products binds on the surface
(A) of Pd, which increases the reaction rate by
decreasing the concentration of products in the
mixture.

(B)

(C)

(D)

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-28-
49. Which of the following particulate 50. A 50.0 g sample of Fe at 100°C is added to
representations shows a process during which 500.0 mL of water at 35°C in a perfectly insulated
the entropy of the system decreases? container. Which of the following statements
is true?
Before After
(A) The temperature of the water will
(A) decrease.
(B) The temperature change of the Fe will
have the same magnitude as the temperature
change of the water.
(C) The heat energy lost by the Fe will be less than
the heat energy gained by the water.
(D) The heat energy lost by the Fe will be equal
(B) to the heat energy gained by the water.

(C)

(D)

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-29-
 END OF SECTION I

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED,

YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION.

DO NOT GO ON TO SECTION II UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

________________________________

MAKE SURE YOU HAVE DONE THE FOLLOWING.

• PLACED YOUR AP NUMBER LABEL ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET

• WRITTEN AND GRIDDED YOUR AP NUMBER CORRECTLY ON YOUR

ANSWER SHEET

• TAKEN THE AP EXAM LABEL FROM THE FRONT OF THIS BOOKLET AND
PLACED IT ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET

-37-
Section II: Free-Response Questions

This is the free-response section of the 2018 AP Exam.

It includes cover material and other administrative instructions to
help familiarize students with the mechanics of the exam.
(Note that future exams may differ in look from the following content.)
AP® Chemistry Exam
SECTION II: Free Response 2018
DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.

At a Glance
Total Time
1 hour and 45 minutes
Number of Questions
7
Percent of Total Score
50%
Writing Instrument
Either pencil or pen with
black or dark blue ink
Electronic Device
Calculator allowed
Suggested Time
Approximately
23 minutes each for

questions 1 3 and Instructions

9 minutes each for The questions for Section II are printed in this booklet. Pages containing a periodic
table and lists containing equations and constants are also printed in this booklet.
questions 4 7
Weight
You may use the pages that the questions are printed on to organize your answers or for
Approximate weights: scratch work, but you must write your answers in the areas designated for each
response. Only material written in the space provided will be scored.
Questions 1 3: Examples and equations may be included in your responses where appropriate. For
22% each calculations, clearly show the method used and the steps involved in arriving at your
answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your answer. Pay attention
Questions 4 7: to significant figures.
9% each Write clearly and legibly. Cross out any errors you make; erased or crossed-out work
will not be scored.
Manage your time carefully. You may proceed freely from one question to the next.
You may review your responses if you finish before the end of the exam is announced.

Form I
Form Code 4OBP4-S

25
-2-
 AP® CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS AND CONSTANTS

Throughout the exam the following symbols have the definitions specified unless otherwise noted.
L, mL = liter(s), milliliter(s) mm Hg = millimeters of mercury
g = gram(s) J, kJ = joule(s), kilojoule(s)
nm = nanometer(s) V = volt(s)
atm = atmosphere(s) mol = mole(s)

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
E = energy
E=h
= frequency
c=
= wavelength
34
Planck’s constant, h = 6.626 10 J s
8 1
Speed of light, c = 2.998 10 m s
23 1
Avogadro’s number = 6.022 10 mol
19
Electron charge, e = 1.602 × 10 coulomb

EQUILIBRIUM
c d
[C] [D]

Kc = a b , where a A + b Bc C + d D Equilibrium Constants

[A] [B]
(P )
c
(P )
d Kc (molar concentrations)
C D
Kp = Kp (gas pressures)
a b
(P ) (P )
A
B Ka (weak acid)

+ -
[H ][A ] K b (weak base)
[HA]
Ka =
Kw (water)
- +
K = [OH ][HB ]
b [B]
+ 14
K = [H ][OH ] = 1.0 10 at 25 C
w

= Ka Kb
+
pH = log[H ] , pOH = log[OH ]
14 = pH + pOH
-
[A ]
pH = pK + log
a [HA]
pKa = logKa , pKb = logKb

KINETICS

ln[A]t ln[A]0 = kt k = rate constant

t = time
1 - 1 = kt
 t
[ A ]t [ A] 0 ½ = half-life
t 0.693
=
½ k

-3-
GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLUTIONS
P = pressure
V = volume
PV = nRT
T = temperature
moles A n = number of moles m = mass
M = molar mass
PA = Ptotal XA, where XA = total moles
D = density
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC + . . . KE = kinetic energy
m v = velocity
n= A = absorbance
M a = molar absorptivity
K = C+273 b = path length
c = concentration
m
D= 1 1
V Gas constant, R = 8.314 J mol K
1 1
= 0.08206 L atm mol K
1
2 1 1
KE per molecule = mv = 62.36 L torr mol K
2
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr STP =
Molarity, M = moles of solute per liter of solution 273.15 K and 1.0 atm
A = abc −1
Ideal gas at STP = 22.4 L mol

q = heat
m = mass
c = specific heat capacity T =
temperature
THERMODYNAMICS / ELECTROCHEMISTRY S = standard entropy
H = standard enthalpy
q = mc T G = standard Gibbs free energy
n = number of moles
S = ÂS products - ÂS reactants E = standard reduction potential
H = ÂDHf products - ÂDHf reactants I = current (amperes) q =
charge (coulombs) t = time (seconds)
G = ÂDGf products - ÂDGf reactants Faraday’s constant, F = 96,485 coulombs per mole of electrons

G= H TS
= RT ln K
= nF E

q
I =
t
1 volt = 1 joule
1 coulomb
-4-
 SECTION II BEGINS ON PAGE 6.

.
-5-
 CHEMISTRY
Section II
Time—1 hour and 45 minutes
7 Questions

YOU MAY USE YOUR CALCULATOR FOR THIS SECTION.

Directions: Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to
answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions that require
about 9 minutes each to answer and are worth 4 points each.

Write your response in the space provided following each question. Examples and equations may be included in your
responses where appropriate. For calculations, clearly show the method used and the steps involved in arriving at your
answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your answer. Pay attention to significant figures.

1. Elemental sulfur can exist as molecules with the formula S8 . The S8 molecule is represented by the
incomplete Lewis diagram above.

(a) The diagram of S8 shows only bonding pairs of electrons. How many lone pairs of electrons does
each S atom in the molecule have?
(b) Based on your answer to part (a), determine the expected value of the S–S–S bond angles in the
S8 molecule.
(c) Write the electron configuration for the S atom in its ground state.
(d) The complete photoelectron spectrum for the element chlorine is represented below. Peak X in
the spectrum corresponds to the binding energy of electrons in a certain orbital of chlorine atoms. The
electrons in this orbital of chlorine have a binding energy of 273 MJ/mol, while the electrons in the same
orbital of sulfur atoms have a binding energy of 239 MJ/mol.

(i) Identify the orbital and explain the difference between the binding energies in terms of
Coulombic forces.
(ii) Peak Y corresponds to the electrons in certain orbitals of chlorine atoms. On the spectrum shown, carefully
draw the peak that would correspond to the electrons in the same orbitals of sulfur atoms.

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-6-
 − −
3S8+8OH → 8S3 +4HOOH
In an experiment, a student studies the kinetics of the reaction represented above and obtains the
data shown in the following table.

−
Initi
Initial [S8] Initial [OH ]
Experiment Reaction
(M) (M)
(M/

Trial 1 0.100 0.0100 0.699

Trial 2 0.300 0.0100 2.10

Trial 3 0.300 ? 4.19

(e) Use the data in the table to do the following.

(i) Determine the order of the reaction with respect to S8 . Justify your answer.
−
(ii) Determine the value of [OH ] that was used in trial 3, considering that the reaction is first
−
order with respect to OH . Justify your answer.
−
The next day the student conducts trial 4 using the same concentrations of S8 and OH as in trial
1, but the reaction occurs at a much slower rate than the reaction in trial 1. The student observes
that the temperature in the lab is lower than it was the day before.

(f) Using particle-level reasoning, provide TWO explanations that help to account for the fact that
the reaction rate is slower in trial 4.
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-7-
ADDITIONAL PAGE FOR ANSWERING QUESTION 1

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-8-
ADDITIONAL PAGE FOR ANSWERING QUESTION 1

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-9-
2. Answer the following questions relating to HCl, CH3Cl, and CH3Br.

(a) HCl(g) can be prepared by the reaction of concentrated H2SO4(aq) with NaCl(s), as represented
by the following equation.
H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaCl(s) → 2 HCl( g) + Na2SO4(aq)

(i) A student claims that the reaction is a redox reaction. Is the student correct? Justify your answer.

(ii) Calculate the mass, in grams, of NaCl(s) needed to react with excess H2SO4(aq) to produce
3.00 g of HCl(g). Assume that the reaction goes to completion.

HCl(g) can react with methanol vapor, CH3OH(g), to produce CH3Cl(g), as represented by the
following equation.
3
CH3OH(g) + HCl(g) CH3Cl(g) + H2O(g) Kp = 4.7 × 10 at 400 K

(b) CH3OH(g) and HCl(g) are combined in a 10.00 L sealed reaction vessel and allowed to reach equilibrium at
400 K. The initial partial pressure of CH3OH(g) in the vessel is 0.250 atm and that of HCl(g) is 0.600 atm.

(i) Does the total pressure in the vessel increase, decrease, or remain the same as equilibrium is
approached? Justify your answer in terms of the reaction stoichiometry.

(ii) Considering the value of Kp , calculate the final partial pressure of HCl(g) after the system
inside the vessel reaches equilibrium at 400 K.
(iii) The student claims that the final partial pressure of CH3OH(g) at equilibrium is very small but not
exactly zero. Do you agree or disagree with the student’s claim? Justify your answer.

(c) The table below shows some data for the compounds CH3Cl and CH3Br.

Molar Mass Dipole Moment Boiling Point DH

Compound vapor
(g/mol) (D) (K)
(kJ/m
CH3Cl 50.5 1.87 249 18.9

CH3Br 94.9 1.81 277 22.8

(i) Identify all the types of intermolecular forces that exist among molecules in CH3Cl(l).
(ii) In terms of intermolecular forces, explain why the boiling point of CH3Br(l) is greater than that
of CH3Cl(l).

(d) A 2.00 mL sealed glass vial containing a 1.00 g sample of CH3Cl(l) is stored in a freezer at 233 K.
(i) Calculate the pressure in the vial at 298 K assuming that all the CH3Cl(l) vaporizes.
(ii) Explain why it would be unsafe to remove the vial from the freezer and leave it on a lab
bench at 298 K.

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-10-
ADDITIONAL PAGE FOR ANSWERING QUESTION 2

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ADDITIONAL PAGE FOR ANSWERING QUESTION 2

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ADDITIONAL PAGE FOR ANSWERING QUESTION 2

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-13-
 + 3+ 2+
3 Cu (aq) + Au (aq) → 3 Cu (aq) + Au(s)
3. A student studying the reaction represented above constructs a voltaic cell as shown in the diagram
below. The cell contains an Au(s) electrode in a beaker containing 1.00 M Au(NO3)3(aq) and a Pt(s)
electrode in a beaker containing 1.00 M CuNO 3(aq) and 1.00 M Cu(NO3)2(aq).

The standard reduction potentials associated with the cell are given in the following table.

Half-reaction
2+ − +
Cu (aq) + e → Cu (aq)
3+ −
Au (aq) + 3 e → Au(s)

(a) Calculate the value of the standard cell potential, E°.

(b) Does the mass of the Pt(s) electrode increase, decrease, or remain the same as the cell
operates? Justify your answer.

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-14-
 An expanded view of the Au half-cell before the reaction occurs is shown in box A below. An expanded
view of the Au electrode after the cell operates for a period of time is shown in box B below.

(c) Assuming that the representation in box A is accurate, explain what is wrong with the
stoichiometry represented in box B.

(d) After the cell has operated for 30.0 minutes, 0.185 g of Au(s) is deposited on the Au electrode.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of Au(s) deposited.
(ii) Calculate the average current that passed through the cell during the deposition of Au(s).

+ 2+
The student adds some NaCl(s) to the half-cell that contains Cu (aq) and Cu (aq), and a precipitate forms.

(e) Based on the information in the following table, determine the identity of the precipitate. Justify
your answer with a calculation.
K
Compound Solubility (mol/L) s

CuCl 1.7 × 10
−7

CuCl2 ?

(f) Write the net ionic equation for the formation of the precipitate.

(g) The student predicts that the cell voltage will increase after the precipitate forms. Do you agree
with the student’s prediction? Justify your answer.

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-15-
ADDITIONAL PAGE FOR ANSWERING QUESTION 3

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ADDITIONAL PAGE FOR ANSWERING QUESTION 3

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-17-
4. To spectrophotometrically determine the mass percent of cobalt in an ore containing cobalt and some inert
2+
materials, solutions with known [Co ] are prepared and the absorbance of each of the solutions is measured at
the wavelength of optimum absorbance. The data are used to create a calibration plot, shown below.

A 0.630 g sample of the ore is completely dissolved in concentrated HNO 3(aq). The mixture is diluted with
2+
water to a final volume of 50.00 mL. Assume that all the cobalt in the ore sample is converted to Co (aq).
2+
(a) What is the [Co ] in the solution if the absorbance of a sample of the solution is 0.74 ?
2+
(b) Calculate the number of moles of Co (aq) in the 50.00 mL solution.
(c) Calculate the mass percent of Co in the 0.630 g sample of the ore.

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-18-
ADDITIONAL PAGE FOR ANSWERING QUESTION 4

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-19-
3 Ag(s) + 4 HNO3(aq) → 3 AgNO 3(aq) + NO(g) + 2 H2O(l)

5. A student investigates the reaction between Ag(s) and HNO3(aq) represented by the equation above.

(a) Predict the sign of the entropy change, ΔS°, for the reaction. Justify your answer.
(b) Use the information in the table below to calculate the value of DHrxn , the standard enthalpy
change for the reaction, in kJ/molrxn .

Substance HNO3(aq) AgNO3(aq) NO(g) H2O(l)

Standard Heat of Formation,

90.
DH f (kJ/mol) − 207 −101 −286

(c) Based on your answers to parts (a) and (b), is the reaction more likely to be thermodynamically
favorable at 25°C, or at 95°C? Justify your answer.
(d) The student runs the reaction using a 3 to 4 mole ratio of Ag(s) to HNO3(aq). Suggest a method
the student can use to isolate solid AgNO3 from the other products of the reaction.

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-20-
ADDITIONAL PAGE FOR ANSWERING QUESTION 5

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-21-
6. A student is asked to determine what mass of butane, C4H10(g), needs to burn in order to raise the temperature
of a 1650 g beaker of sand by 180.°C. The student is provided with the equipment shown below.

(a) Calculate the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of the beaker of sand by
180.°C. Assume that all the heat energy from the burner is transf erred to the beaker of sand and that
the specific heat capacity of the beaker and sand together is 0.810 J/(g⋅°C).

Mass of the beaker and san d 1650 g

Mass of butane burner before combustion 225.26
Mass of butane burner after combustion 218.20
Initial temperature of the beaker of sand 20.°C
Final temperature of the beaker of sand 200.°C

(b) Calculate the number of moles of butane that was used in the experiment. Report your answer to
the appropriate number of significant figures.

13
CH (g) + O (g) → 5 H O(g) + 4 CO (g) DH = −2659 kJ/mol
4 10 2 2 2 rxn rx
2
(c) Using the balanced equation for the combustion of butane and DH rxn , determine the amount of
heat energy produced by the combustion of butane in the experiment.
(d) The student claims that some of the heat energy produced by the combustion of butane was lost to the air
surrounding the system. Do your answers to parts (a) and (c) support the student’s claim? Explain.

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PAGE FOR ANSWERING QUESTION 6

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-23-
 Solution X 100 mL of 0.10 M NaOH(aq) is mixed with 100 mL of 0.10 M HBr(aq)
Solution Y 100 mL of 0.10 M NaBr(aq) is mixed with 100 mL of 0.10 M HBr(aq)

Solution Z 100 mL of 0.10 M HC2H3O2(aq) is mixed with 100 mL of 0.10 M NaC2H3O2(aq)

7. A student prepares three solutions, X, Y, and Z, as described in the table above. The values of Ka for
the acidic species in the solutions are given in the table below.

Species Ka

HBr(aq) >>1 (very large)

−5
HC2H3O2(aq) 1.8 × 10

(a) Using the information above, write the letters of the solutions in the boxes below to rank the
solutions in order of increasing pH. Explain your reasoning for the ranking.

Lowest pH Highest pH
< <

(b) Does the pH of solution Y increase, decrease, or remain the same when 100 mL of water is
added? Justify your answer.

(c) The student adds 0.0010 mol of NaOH(s) to solution Y, and adds 0.0010 mol of NaOH(s) to solution Z
. Assume that the volume of each solution does not change when the NaOH(s) is added. The pH of solution
Y changes much more than the pH of solution Z changes. Explain this observation.

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ADDITIONAL PAGE FOR ANSWERING QUESTION 7

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 STOP

END OF EXAM

IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED,

YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION.

________________________________

THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS APPLY TO THE COVERS OF

THE SECTION II BOOKLET.

• MAKE SURE YOU HAVE COMPLETED THE IDENTIFICATION

INFORMATION AS REQUESTED ON THE FRONT AND BACK COVERS OF THE
SECTION II BOOKLET.

• CHECK TO SEE THAT YOUR AP NUMBER LABEL APPEARS IN THE BOX

ON THE FRONT COVER.

• MAKE SURE YOU HAVE USED THE SAME SET OF AP NUMBER LABELS
ON ALL AP EXAMS YOU HAVE TAKEN THIS YEAR.

-26-
Multiple-Choice Answer Key

The following contains the answers to

the multiple-choice questions in this exam.
 Answer Key for AP Chemistry
Practice Exam, Section I

Question 1: D Question 26: D

Question 2: B Question 27: A
Question 3: D Question 28: D
Question 4: D Question 29: A
Question 5: C Question 30: A
Question 6: D Question 31: D
Question 7: C Question 32: D
Question 8: D Question 33: B
Question 9: C Question 34: C
Question 10: D Question 35: C
Question 11: D Question 36: B
Question 12: C Question 37: C
Question 13: A Question 38: D
Question 14: D Question 39: D
Question 15: B Question 40: A
Question 16: A Question 41: C
Question 17: C Question 42: C
Question 18: B Question 43: D
Question 19: C Question 44: B
Question 20: A Question 45: D
Question 21: A Question 46: B
Question 22: B Question 47: D
Question 23: C Question 48: C
Question 24: D Question 49: D
Question 25: C Question 50: D
Free-Response Scoring Guidelines

The following contains the scoring guidelines

for the free-response questions in this exam.
 AP® CHEMISTRY
2018 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 1

Elemental sulfur can exist as molecules with the formula S 8 . The S8 molecule is represented by the
incomplete Lewis diagram above.

(a) The diagram of S8 shows only bonding pairs of electrons. How many lone pairs of electrons does each S
atom in the molecule have?

Two 1 point is earned for the correct answer.

(b) Based on your answer to part (a), determine the expected value of the S–S–S bond angles in the S 8
molecule.

109.5
1 point is earned for an angle
Acceptable range: 104 angle 110 .
in the acceptable range.
(The experimentally determined angle is 107.8 )

(c) Write the electron configuration for the S atom in its ground state.

2 2 6 2 4 2 4 1 point is earned for a correct configuration.

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p OR [Ne]3s 3p

(d) The complete photoelectron spectrum for the element chlorine is represented below. Peak X in the
spectrum corresponds to the binding energy of electrons in a certain orbital of chlorine atoms. The electrons
in this orbital of chlorine have a binding energy of 273 MJ/mol, while the electrons in the same orbital of
sulfur atoms have a binding energy of 239 MJ/mol.

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Question 1 (continued)

(i) Identify the orbital and explain the difference between the binding energies in terms of Coulombic
forces.

Peak X represents electrons in a 1s orbital. A Cl atom has

1 point is earned for identifying
one more proton in its nucleus than does a S atom; therefore,
the orbital as 1s.
the electrons in Cl are more strongly attracted to the nucleus,
and the binding energy of the 1s electrons in the Cl atom is
1 point is earned for a valid explanation.
greater than that of the 1s electrons in the S atom.

(ii) Peak Y corresponds to the electrons in certain orbitals of chlorine atoms. On the spectrum shown,
carefully draw the peak that would correspond to the electrons in the same orbitals of sulfur atoms.

See example of a correct response 1 point is earned for a peak that is to the right
(dashed peak) above. of peak Y and that has the correct height.

3S8+8OH 8S3 +4HOOH

In an experiment, a student studies the kinetics of the reaction represented above and obtains the data shown
in the following table.

Initial
Initial [S8] Initial [OH ]
Experiment Reaction Rate
(M) (M)
(M/s)

Trial 1 0.100 0.0100 0.699

Trial 2 0.300 0.0100 2.10

Trial 3 0.300 ? 4.19

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Question 1 (continued)

(e) Use the data in the table to do the following.

(i) Determine the order of the reaction with respect to S8 . Justify your answer.

The reaction is first order with respect to S8 . Comparing trials 1 and

‒
2, tripling [S8] while keeping [OH ] constant results in the tripling of
the initial reaction rate.
OR
1 point is earned for the correct
x y
rate2 k[S8 ] [OH ] 2 order and a valid justification.
x y
rate1 k[S8 ] [OH ]
1
x y
2.10 M /s k(0.300) (0.0100)
x
3.00 = 3.00 x = 1
x y
0.699 M /s k(0.100) (0.0100)

(ii) Determine the value of [OH ] that was used in trial 3, considering that the reaction is first order
with respect to OH . Justify your answer.

Comparing trials 2 and 3, [S8] is kept constant and the

initial reaction rate doubles. Since the reaction is first 1 point is earned for the correct concentration
order with respect to OH , the concentration of OH in of OH and a valid justification.
trial 3 must be 2 0.0100 M = 0.0200 M.

The next day the student conducts trial 4 using the same concentrations of S 8 and OH as in trial 1, but the
reaction occurs at a much slower rate than the reaction in trial 1. The student observes that the temperature
in the lab is lower than it was the day before.

(f) Using particle-level reasoning, provide TWO explanations that help to account for the fact that the
reaction rate is slower in trial 4.

The temperature was lower on the second day so the

1 point is earned for a valid
average kinetic energy of the reactant particles was lower.
explanation that addresses the effect
Therefore, there were fewer collisions between particles
on energy of collisions.
with sufficient energy to react.
1 point is earned for a valid
Since the temperature was lower, the kinetic energy was
explanation that addresses the effect
lower and the average speed of the particles was lower. At the
on frequency of collisions.
lower speeds, the reactant particles collided less frequently.

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Question 2

Answer the following questions relating to HCl, CH3Cl, and CH3Br.

(a) HCl(g) can be prepared by the reaction of concentrated H2SO4(aq) with NaCl(s), as represented by the
following equation.
H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaCl(s) 2 HCl(g) + Na2SO4(aq)

(i) A student claims that the reaction is a redox reaction. Is the student correct? Justify your answer.

1 point is earned for indicating the

No, the student is not correct. None of the oxidation numbers of
student is incorrect and for
the elements change (H = +1, S = +6, O = 2, Na = +1, Cl = 1). providing a valid justification.

(ii) Calculate the mass, in grams, of NaCl(s) needed to react with excess H2SO4(aq) to produce 3.00 g
of HCl(g). Assume that the reaction goes to completion.

1 point is earned for determining

the number of moles of HCl(g)
1 mol HCl 2 mol NaCl 58.44 g NaCl (may be implicit).
3.00 g HCl
36.46 g HCl 2 mol HCl 1 mol NaCl 1 point is earned for calculating a mass
= 4.81 g NaCl of NaCl based on the number of moles
of HCl(g).

HCl(g) can react with methanol vapor, CH3OH(g), to produce CH3Cl(g), as represented by the following
equation.
3
CH3OH(g) + HCl(g) CH3Cl(g) + H2O(g) Kp = 4.7 10 at 400 K

(b) CH3OH(g) and HCl(g) are combined in a 10.00 L sealed reaction vessel and allowed to reach
equilibrium at 400 K. The initial partial pressure of CH3OH(g) in the vessel is 0.250 atm and that of HCl(g)
is 0.600 atm.
(i) Does the total pressure in the vessel increase, decrease, or remain the same as equilibrium is
approached? Justify your answer in terms of the reaction stoichiometry.

The pressure will remain the same. The reaction

stoichiometry shows that two moles of gaseous
1 point is earned for the correct
reactants produce two moles of gaseous products.
answer and a valid justification.
Because the number of moles of gas does not
change, the pressure does not change.

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Question 2 (continued)

(ii) Considering the value of Kp , calculate the final partial pressure of HCl(g) after the system inside the
vessel reaches equilibrium at 400 K.

The value of Kp is large, so the reaction will proceed to the right until the limiting
reactant is essentially used up. Thus practically all of the CH 3OH(g) will react and
the final pressure of HCl(g) is 0.600 0.250 = 0.350 atm.

OR
1 point is earned
CH3OH(g) HCl(g) CH3Cl(g) H2O(g) for the correct

answer.
I 0.250 atm 0.600 atm 0 0

C x x +x +x
E 0.250 x 0 0.600 x 0.350 +x 0.250 +x 0.250

The final pressure of HCl(g) is 0.350 atm at equilibrium.

(iii) The student claims that the final partial pressure of CH3OH(g) at equilibrium is very small but not
exactly zero. Do you agree or disagree with the student’s claim? Justify your answer.

Agree. The large value of Kp means that the partial pressure of the limiting
reactant at equilibrium will be extremely small, but some CH 3OH molecules must
exist for the system to be in dynamic equilibrium.
1 point is earned for
OR the correct choice and

p p a valid justification.
CH3Cl H 2O (0.250)(0.250)
3 5
K = = 4.7 10 = p = 3.8 10 atm
p p
p CH OH HCl ( pCH OH )(0.350) CH3OH
3 3

The partial pressure of CH3OH(g) is very small but is not zero.

(c) The table below shows some data for the compounds CH3Cl and CH3Br.

Molar Mass Dipole Boiling Point DH

Compound vaporization
(g/mol) Moment (K) (kJ/mol)
(D)
CH3Cl 50.5 1.87 249 18.9
CH3Br 94.9 1.81 277 22.8
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Question 2 (continued)

(i) Identify all the types of intermolecular forces that exist among molecules in CH 3Cl(l).

London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole forces 1 point is earned for identifying both types of forces.

(ii) In terms of intermolecular forces, explain why the boiling point of CH 3Br(l) is greater than that of
CH3Cl(l).

The electron cloud in CH3Br is larger and more polarizable than that
of CH3Cl. As a result the London dispersion forces are stronger in CH 3Br 1 point is earned for a
compared to those in CH3Cl and consequently the boiling point of CH 3Br valid explanation.
is higher than that of CH3Cl.

(d) A 2.00 mL sealed glass vial containing a 1.00 g sample of CH3Cl(l) is stored in a freezer at 233 K.
(i) Calculate the pressure in the vial at 298 K assuming that all the CH 3Cl(l) vaporizes.

PV = nRT
1.00 g CH3Cl
n= = 0.0198 mol
50.5 g/mol CH3Cl 1 point is earned for the correct
P 1 1
nRT (0.0198 mol)(0.0821 L atm mol K )(298 K) pressure with the correct units.
V0.00200 L
= 242 atm

(ii) Explain why it would be unsafe to remove the vial from the freezer and leave it on a lab bench at 298 K.

At room temperature the liquid will vaporize. Consequently the glass 1 point is earned for
vial may not be strong enough to withstand the increase in pressure. a valid explanation.

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Question 3
+ 3+ 2+
3 Cu (aq) + Au (aq) 3 Cu (aq) + Au(s)

A student studying the reaction represented above constructs a voltaic cell as shown in the diagram below. The
cell contains an Au(s) electrode in a beaker containing 1.00 M Au(NO3) 3(aq) and a Pt(s) electrode in a
beaker containing 1.00 M CuNO3(aq) and 1.00 M Cu(NO3)2(aq).

The standard reduction potentials associated with the cell are given in the following table.

Half-reaction E (V)
2+ +
Cu (aq) + eCu (aq)
3+
Au (aq) + 3 eAu(s)

(a) Calculate the value of the standard cell potential, E .

E = 1.50V–0.16V=1.34V 1 point is earned for the correct answer.

(b) Does the mass of the Pt(s) electrode increase, decrease, or remain the same as the cell operates? Justify
your answer.

The mass of the Pt(s) electrode remains the same

1 point is earned for the correct
because the Pt does not react and no Cu atoms will be
answer and a valid justification.
deposited on the Pt electrode.

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Question 3 (continued)

An expanded view of the Au half-cell before the reaction occurs is shown in box A below. An expanded
view of the Au electrode after the cell operates for a period of time is shown in box B below.

(c) Assuming that the representation in box A is accurate, explain what is wrong with the stoichiometry
represented in box B.

In a redox reaction, the number of electrons lost must

equal the number gained, so the net charge must be
1 point is earned for a valid explanation.
zero. The total charge of the cations is less than the
total charge of the anions.

(d) After the cell has operated for 30.0 minutes, 0.185 g of Au(s) is deposited on the Au electrode.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of Au(s) deposited.

1 mol Au 4 1 point is earned for the correct

0.185 g Au 196.97 g Au = 9.39 10 mol Au calculation of the number of moles.

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Question 3 (continued)

(ii) Calculate the average current that passed through the cell during the deposition of Au(s).

1 point is earned for the correct

3 mol e C
4 number of electrons transferred (may
9.39 10 mol Au 96,485 be implicit).
q 1 mol Au mol e
I= t = 60 sec 1 point is earned for the correct
30.0 min calculation of the current.
1 min
= 0.151 C/s = 0.151 A
+ 2+
The student adds some NaCl(s) to the half-cell that contains Cu (aq) and Cu (aq), and a precipitate forms.
(e) Based on the information in the following table, determine the identity of the precipitate. Justify your
answer with a calculation.
K
Compound Solubility (mol/L) sp
7
CuCl ? 1.7 10
CuCl2 5.2 ?

For CuCl:
+
CuCl(s)Cu (aq) + Cl (aq) 1 point is earned for a correct
+
Ksp = [Cu ][Cl ] calculation of the solubility of CuCl.
7 2
1.7 10 = x
4
x = 4.1 10 M = solubility of CuCl
1 point is earned for identifying the
precipitate with the lower solubility.
CuCl has a lower solubility compared to CuCl2 and will
precipitate first.

(f) Write the net ionic equation for the formation of the precipitate.

+ 1 point is earned for the equation

Cu (aq) + Cl (aq) CuCl(s) consistent with the answer to part (e).

(g) The student predicts that the cell voltage will increase after the precipitate forms. Do you agree with the
student’s prediction? Justify your answer.

Disagree.
1 point is earned for
+ a correct choice and a
The precipitate will decrease [Cu ], which will cause Q to increase and
become closer to the value of K. Therefore, the voltage of the cell will valid justification.
decrease.

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Question 4

To spectrophotometrically determine the mass percent of cobalt in an ore containing cobalt and some inert
2+
materials, solutions with known [Co ] are prepared and the absorbance of each of the solutions is measured at
the wavelength of optimum absorbance. The data are used to create a calibration plot, shown below.

A 0.630 g sample of the ore is completely dissolved in concentrated HNO 3(aq). The mixture is diluted with
2+
water to a final volume of 50.00 mL. Assume that all the cobalt in the ore sample is converted to Co (aq).
2+
(a) What is the [Co ] in the solution if the absorbance of a sample of the solution is 0.74 ?

1 point is earned for a concentration

An absorbance of 0.74 corresponds to a
that is consistent with an absorbance
concentration of 0.0130 M (0.0125 M to 0.0135 M).
of 0.74 on the graph.

2+
(b) Calculate the number of moles of Co (aq) in the 50.00 mL solution.
0.0130 mol Co2
0.05000 L 6.50 10 4 mol 2+ 1 point is earned for the correct
1.00 L Co calculation of the number of moles.

(c) Calculate the mass percent of Co in the 0.630 g sample of the ore.

1 point is earned for a correct calculation of

58.93 g the number of grams of Co that is consistent
2+
4 Co with the number of moles of Co in part (b).
6.50 10 mol 1.00 mol 0.0383 g Co (may be implicit)
0.0383 g Co
100% 6.08% Co
0.630 g ore 1 point is earned for a correct calculation
of the mass percent that is consistent
with the number of grams of Co.

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Question 5

3 Ag(s) + 4 HNO3(aq) 3 AgNO3(aq) + NO(g) + 2 H2O(l)

A student investigates the reaction between Ag(s) and HNO3(aq) represented by the equation above.

(a) Predict the sign of the entropy change, S , for the reaction. Justify your answer.

The entropy change is positive because the reaction has 1 point is earned for the correct
one mole of gas in the products and none in the answer and a valid justification.
reactants.

(b) Use the information in the table below to calculate the value of DHrxn , the standard enthalpy change for
the reaction, in kJ/molrxn .

Substance HNO3(aq) AgNO3(aq) NO(g) H2O(l)

Standard Heat of Formation,

207 101 90. 286
DH f (kJ/mol)

DH
= 3( 101) + 90. +2( 286) 4( 207) 1 point is earned for the correct
rxn

(c) Based on your answers to parts (a) and (b), is the reaction more likely to be thermodynamically favorable
at 25 C, or at 95 C? Justify your answer.

G=H TS
1 point is earned for the
The reaction is more likely to be favorable at 95 C. At the higher temperature, correct answer and a
the term T S is larger and positive; thus, when subtracted from H , the value of valid justification.
G is more likely to be negative.

(d) The student runs the reaction using a 3 to 4 mole ratio of Ag(s) to HNO3(aq). Suggest a method the
student can use to isolate solid AgNO3 from the other products of the reaction.

The student can evaporate the water, leaving behind

1 point is earned for a valid method.
solid silver nitrate.

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Question 6

A student is asked to determine what mass of butane, C4H10(g), needs to burn in order to raise the
temperature of a 1650 g beaker of sand by 180. C. The student is provided with the equipment shown below.

(a) Calculate the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of the beaker of sand by 180. C.
Assume that all the heat energy from the burner is transferred to the beaker of sand and that the
specific heat capacity of the beaker and sand together is 0.810 J/(g C).

q = mc T
1 point is earned for the correct
J
calculation of the energy.
q = 1650 g 0.810 180. C = 241,000 J = 241 kJ

g C
The student runs the experiment and collects the data shown in the table below.

Mass of the beaker and sand 1650 g

Mass of butane burner before combustion 225.26 g
Mass of butane burner after combustion 218.20 g
Initial temperature of the beaker of sand 20. C
Final temperature of the beaker of sand 200. C

(b) Calculate the number of moles of butane that was used in the experiment. Report your answer to the
appropriate number of significant figures.

225.26 g 218.20 g = 7.06 g butane 1 point is earned for the correct calculation
1 mol of the number of moles with the correct
7.06 g 58.12 g butane = 0.121 mol butane number of significant figures.

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Question 6 (continued)

The combustion of butane is represented by the equation below.

13 DHrxn = 2659 kJ/molrxn

C4H10(g) + 2 O2(g) 5 H2O(g) + 4 CO2(g)
(c) Using the balanced equation for the combustion of butane and DHrxn , determine the amount of heat
energy produced by the combustion of butane in the experiment.

2659 kJ produced 1 point is earned for the correct determination of

0.121 mol butane = 322 kJ the amount of heat produced.
1 mol butane

(d) The student claims that some of the heat energy produced by the combustion of butane was lost to the
air surrounding the system. Do your answers to parts (a) and (c) support the student’s claim? Explain

Yes, the answers to parts (a) and (c) support the hypothesis. The
amount of heat generated from the combustion of the butane is
1 point is earned for a correct choice
greater than the amount of heat required to cause the
and a valid explanation.
temperature change of the sand, indicating that some of the heat
from the combustion of butane was lost.

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Question 7

Solution X 100 mL of 0.10 M NaOH(aq) is mixed with 100 mL of 0.10 M HBr(aq)

Solution Y 100 mL of 0.10 M NaBr(aq) is mixed with 100 mL of 0.10 M HBr(aq)

Solution Z 100 mL of 0.10 M HC2H3O2(aq) is mixed with 100 mL of 0.10 M NaC2H3O2(aq)

A student prepares three solutions, X, Y, and Z, as described in the table above. The values of Ka for the
acidic species in the solutions are given in the table below.

Species Ka

HBr(aq) >>1 (very large)

5
HC2H3O2(aq) 1.8 10

(a) Using the information above, write the letters of the solutions in the boxes below to rank the solutions in
order of increasing pH. Explain your reasoning for the ranking.

Lowest pH Highest pH
Y < Z < X

Solution Y is a strong acid solution with a very low pH.

1 point is earned for the correct ordering.
Solution Z is a buffer solution with pKa = 4.74 = pH.
Solution X is a neutral solution created from equimolar 1 point is earned for a valid
amounts of a strong acid and a strong base that react in explanation of the ranking.
a 1:1 ratio.

(b) Does the pH of solution Y increase, decrease, or remain the same when 100 mL of water is added? Justify
your answer.

The pH of the solution increases. The addition of water will 1 point is earned for the correct
+ choice and a valid justification.
decrease [H ]; therefore, the pH will increase.

(c) The student adds 0.0010 mol of NaOH(s) to solution Y, and adds 0.0010 mol of NaOH(s) to solution Z .
Assume that the volume of each solution does not change when the NaOH(s) is added. The pH of solution Y
changes much more than the pH of solution Z changes. Explain this observation

Solution Z is a buffer system (composed of a weak acid 1 point is earned for a valid explanation.
and its conjugate base), whereas solution Y is not a buffer.

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Scoring Worksheet

The following provides a scoring worksheet and conversion table

used for calculating a composite score of the exam.
 2018 AP Chemistry Scoring Worksheet

Section I: Multiple Choice

× 1.0000 =
Number Correct Weighted Section I Score
(out of 50) (Do not round)

Section II: Free Response

Question 1 × 1.0869 =
(out of 10) (Do not round)

Question 2 × 1.0869 =
(out of 10) (Do not round)

Question 3 × 1.0869 =
(out of 10) (Do not round)

Question 4 × 1.0869 =
(out of 4) (Do not round)

Question 5 × 1.0869 =
(out of 4) (Do not round)

Question 6 × 1.0869 =
(out of 4) (Do not round)

Question 7 × 1.0869 =
(out of 4) (Do not round)

Sum =
Weighted
Section II
Score
(Do not round)

Composite Score

+ =
Weighted Weighted Composite Score
Section I Score Section II Score (Round to nearest
whole number)

AP Score Conversion Chart

Chemistry
Composite
Score Range AP Score
75-100 5
60-74 4
44-59 3
30-43 2
0-29 1
Question Descriptors and Performance Data

The following contains tables showing the content assessed,

the correct answer, and how AP students performed on each question.
 2018 AP Chemistry
Question Descriptors and Performance Data

Multiple-Choice Questions

Question Learning Objective(s) Essential Knowledge Science Practice(s) Key % Correct

1 1.4, 1.18, 3.1 1A3, 1E2, 3 1.4, 1.5, 7.1 D 76
2 1.3 1A2 2.2, 6.1 B 82
3 2.22 2D 4.2, 6.4 D 75
4 2.1, 2.16 2B3 6.2, 6.4, 7.1 D 74
5 2.4 2A2 1.4, 6.4 C 63
6 2.9 2A3 1.1, 1.4 D 75
7 3.2 3A1 1.5, 7.1 C 59
8 3.12 3C3 2.2, 2.3, 6.4 D 68
9 1.11, 1.6 1C1, 1B1 3.1, 5.1 C 55
10 1.9 1C1 6.4 D 58
11 6.12 6C1 1.4, 6.4 D 25
12 4.4 4B1 7.1 C 62
13 2.4, 2.6 2A2 1.4, 2.2, 2.3, 6.4 A 64
14 3.10, 5.10 3C1, 5D2 1.4, 5.1, 6.1 D 52
15 6.5 6A3 2.2 B 72
16 2.6 2A2 2.2, 2.3 A 69
17 2.16 2B3 6.2 C 52
18 2.21 2C4 1.4 B 40
19 2.14 2B2 1.4, 6.4 C 28
20 6.8 6B1 1.4, 6.4 A 58
21 5.7 5B4 4.2, 5.1, 6.4 A 14
22 1.19 1E2 4.2, 5.1, 6.4 B 51
23 1.19 1E2 4.2, 5.1, 6.4 C 66
24 6.17 6C1 6.4 D 56
25 2.24 2D1 1.1, 6.2, 7.1 C 54
26 2.11 2B1 6.2, 6.4 D 55
27 5.2 5A1 1.1, 1.4, 7.1 A 54
28 6.23 6C3 5.1, 6.4 D 52
29 6.21 6C3 2.2, 2.3, 6.4 A 70
30 6.20 6C2 6.4 A 61
31 6.15 6C1 2.2, 2.3, 6.4 D 41
32 2.2 2 7.2 D 70
33 3.3 3A2 2.2, 5.1 B 47
34 3.8 3B3 6.1 C 41
35 5.18 5E5 1.3, 7.2 C 52
36 6.9 6B1 4.2 B 43
37 6.4 6A3 2.2, 6.4 C 61
38 6.2 6A2 2.2 D 57
39 6.16 6C1 2.2, 6.4 D 50
 2018 AP Chemistry
Question Descriptors and Performance Data

Question Learning Objective(s) Essential Knowledge Science Practice(s) Key % Correct

40 4.3 4A3 2.1, 2.2 A 60
41 5.8 5C2 2.3, 7.1, 7.2 C 72
42 6.2 6A2 2.2 C 64
43 1.16 1D3 4.2, 5.1 D 44
44 5.13 5E2 2.2, 2.3, 6.4 B 52
45 6.5, 1.4 6A3, 1A3 2.2, 7.1 D 19
46 6.8 6B1 1.4, 6.4 B 53
47 4.5 4B2 6.2 D 72
48 4.9 4D2 6.2, 7.2 C 75
49 5.12 5E1 1.4 D 86
50 5.5 5B1, 5B2 2.2 D 70

Free-Response Questions

Question Learning Objective(s) Essential Knowledge Science Practice(s) Mean Score

1 1.7, 1.10, 2.21, 4.1, 4.2 1B2, 1C1, 2C4, 4A1, 4A2 5.1, 6.2, 6.1, 1.4, 4.2, 6.4 5.25

2.2, 2.3, 6.2, 2.2, 5.1, 6.1,

2 2.6, 2.16, 3.3, 3.8, 6.6, 6.7 2A2, 2B3, 3A2, 3B3, 6A3, 6A4 4.88
6.4
3 3.1, 3.12, 3.13 2A2, 3C3 1.5, 7.1, 2.2, 2.3, 6.4, 5.1 3.35

4 1.1, 1.4, 1.16 1A1, 1A3, 1D3 6.1, 7.1, 4.2, 5.1 2.09

4.2, 5.1, 6.4, 2.3, 7.1, 7.2,

5 1.19, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13 1E2, 5C2, 5E1, 5E2 1.70
1.4, 2.2
6 3.3, 5.7 3A2, 5B4 2.2, 5.1, 4.2, 6.4 2.00

7 6.18, 6.19, 6.20 6C2 2.3, 4.2, 6.4, 5.1 0.82

 AP Chemistry

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