EE 3113 : Power System Engineering

Jeesun Patra Papon

Lecturer
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Khulna-9203,
Bangladesh.
One Line Diagram
• Definition: The simplified diagram composed of a single line and standard symbols of the
transmission lines and associated apparatus of an electric system is called online diagram.
• Examples:
Apparatus Symbol
One Line Diagram of Bangladesh Power System
Impedance Diagram
Definition: The impedance diagram is the equivalent circuit of power system in which the
various components of power system are represented by their approximate or simplified
equivalent circuits.

➢ The impedance diagram is used for load flow studies.

Approximations
• The neutral reactances are neglected.
• The shunt branches in equivalent circuit of transformers are neglected
Impedance Diagram Ctd.
Equivalent Circuit of Transformer Equivalent Circuit of Transmission Line

Equivalent Circuit of Generator Equivalent Circuit of Load

Impedance Diagram Ctd.
Impedance Diagram Drawing Practice

Please, explore different examples from books or online sources to get used to drawing impedance diagram of
any provided one-line diagram.
Remember, practice makes the difference.
Reactance Diagram
Definition: The reactance diagram is the simplified equivalent circuit of power system in
which the various components of power system are represented by their reactances.

➢ he reactance diagram can be obtained from impedance diagram if all the resistive
components are neglected.

Approximations
• The neutral reactances are neglected.
• The shunt branches in equivalent circuit of transformers are neglected.
• All of the resistances are neglected.
• All static loads are neglected.
• The capacitance of transmission lines are neglected.
Reactance Diagram Ctd.
Reactive Diagram Drawing Practice
Reactance Diagram Ctd.
More Practice
(Here, we will try to draw to draw the reactance diagram from the one-line diagram directly)
Reactance Diagram Ctd.
More and More
Per Unit Quantities
• Definition: The per unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of the actual
quantity to its base value expressed as a decimal.

𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
Per Unit Quantity =
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

• For Example, the value of voltage of a bus is 11 KV, and if the base value of voltage is 33 KV, the
pu voltage of that bus will be:
𝟏𝟏
• Per unit voltage = 𝟑𝟑
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒑𝒖

When bases are specified properly for the various parts of a circuit connected by a transformer, he
pu values of impedances determined in their own part of the system are the same when viewed from
another part.
So the great advantage of using the per unit values is that no computations are necessary to refer
an impedance from one side of a transformer to the other.
Per Unit Quantities Ctd.
Before we dive into the details of per unit quantity, won’t we know what are the other advantages of
using per unit values? If yes, then let us look at the following advantages of pu computations:

Advantages of Per Unit (pu) Values

❑ Manufacturers usually specify the impedance of a piece of apparatus in percent or per unit on the base of the
nameplate rating.
❑ The per unit impedance of machines of the same type and widely different rating usually lie within a narrow
range, although the ohmic values differ materially for machines of different ratings. For this reason, when the
impedance is not known definitely, it is possible to select from tabulated average values of per unit impedance,
which will be reasonably correct.
❑ The per unit impedance, once it is expressed on the proper base, it is same referred to either side of any
transformer, although actual impedance will be multiplied by the square of the ratio.
❑ Irrespective of the way, in which the transformers are connected in three phase circuits, does not affect the per
unit impedances of the equivalent circuit.
Per Unit Quantities Ctd.
Selection of Base
• Voltage, current, KVA and impedance are so related that selection of base values for
any two of them determines the base values of the remaining two. Usually base volt-
ampere ( in MVA ) and base voltage ( in kV ) are the quantities selected to specify
the base.
• Remember: Once we select the base (Base MVA and Base KV), the selection of
base of the other circuits will abide by two following rules.

❑ The base MVA will be same for all the circuits

❑ The base voltage will be determined by the line-to-line voltage ratio of
the transformers.
Per Unit Quantities Ctd.
Selection of Base Ctd.
3-phase, 500 3-phase, 600 3-phase, 50
3-phase, 400 MVA, 15/132 KV MVA, 132/33 KV MVA, 33 KV
MVA, 15 KV

In this ckt,
base MVA will be 300
Let, in this ckt, we are Hence in this ckt, MVA and
choosing the base of 300 base MVA will be 300 base KVA will be
MVA, and 20 KV MVA and 176*(33/132)= 44 KV
base KVA will be
20*(132/15)=176 KV
Per Unit Quantities Ctd.
Formula for Different Base Values Practice

In 3-phase system, Assume, the chosen base of a system:

Base MVA: 500 MVA
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑲𝑽𝑨
❖ Base Current = A Base Voltage: 66 KV, then:
𝟑 ∗𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑲𝑽𝑳−𝑳

𝟓𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
❖ Base Current = = 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟑. 𝟖𝟕 𝑨
(𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑲𝑽𝑳−𝑳 )𝟐 𝟑 ∗𝟔𝟔
❖ Base Impedance = ohm (𝟔𝟔)𝟐
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑴𝑽𝑨 ❖ Base Impedance = = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟏𝟐 𝒐𝒉𝒎
𝟓𝟎𝟎
 Per Unit Quantities Ctd.
Changing the P.U Impedance of Any Component in Terms of New Base
Sometimes the p.u impedance of a component of a system is expressed on a base other than
the chosen/selected base for the part of the system in which the component is located.

Since all impedance in any one point of a system must be expressed on the same impedance
base when making computation it is mandatory to convert the provided old p.u impedance to
new one in terms of new base.
𝑵𝒆𝒘 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑴𝑽𝑨 𝑶𝒍𝒅 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑲𝑽 𝟐
𝒁𝒑𝒖 𝑵𝒆𝒘 = 𝒁𝒑𝒖 𝑶𝒍𝒅 ∗ ∗
𝑶𝒍𝒅 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑴𝑽𝑨 𝑵𝒆𝒘 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑲𝑽 𝟐
Practice:
Provided that, reactance of a 3-phase, 500 MVA, 15/132 KV x-former is 0.7 p.u. If your chosen base on that
part of the system where x-former is located is 100 MVA, 20 KV and 300 MVA , what is the new p.u value of
reactance ?
Answer:
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟓 𝟐
𝒁𝒑𝒖 (𝑵𝒆𝒘) = 𝟎. 𝟕 ∗ ∗ 𝟐
𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎
 Per Unit Quantities Ctd.
Prove that: The p.u impedance of x-former is same regardless of whether it is determined from ohmic value referred to
H.T or L.T sides of the X-former provided bases one selected properly.

Proof:
𝑵𝟐
Let, the transfer ratio of the transformer is, 𝒌 =
𝑵𝟏
the impedance of the x-former referred to primary and secondary winding are 𝒁𝟏 and 𝒁𝟐 respectively
the pu impedance of them are, 𝒁𝟏(𝒑𝒖) and 𝒁𝟐(𝒑𝒖) respectively

𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟏 ∗ 𝒌𝟐 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝟐
𝒁𝟏(𝒑𝒖) = = 𝟐
= 𝟐
= 𝟐
= 𝟐
= = 𝒁𝟐(𝒑𝒖)
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟏 𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟏 ∗ 𝒌 (𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑲𝑽𝟏) 𝟐 (𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑲𝑽𝟏 ∗ 𝒌) (𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑲𝑽𝟐) 𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝟐
∗𝒌
(𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑴𝑽𝑨) (𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑴𝑽𝑨) (𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑴𝑽𝑨)
 Per Unit Quantities Ctd.
Understanding the Rating of a 3-phase X-former Formed Combining 3 Single-Phase X-formers

Total MVA rating will be equal to 𝟑 ∗ (𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝑽𝑨)

If Y-connected,
line voltage will be 𝟑 ∗ (𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒅. 𝑿𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒔)

If delta-connected,
line voltage will be same as 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒅. 𝑿𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒔
 Per Unit Quantities Ctd.
The p.u impedance of 3-winding x-former:
Three impedances may be measured by standard short circuit test as follows:
𝒁𝒑𝒔 = Leakage impedance measured in primary with secondary short circuited and tertiary open circuited.
𝒁𝒑𝒕 = Leakage impedance measured in primary with tertiary short circuited and secondary open circuited.
𝒁𝒔𝒕 = Leakage impedance measured in secondary with tertiary short circuited and primary open circuited.
𝒁𝒑𝒔 = 𝒁𝒑 + 𝒁𝒔
𝒁𝒑𝒕 = 𝒁𝒑 + 𝒁𝒕
𝒁𝒔𝒕 = 𝒁𝒔 + 𝒁𝒕
𝒁𝒑 , 𝒁𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒁𝒕 are the impedances of the primary, secondary and tertiary windings referred to the primary ckt
if 𝒁𝒑𝒔 , 𝒁𝒑𝒕 ,and 𝒁𝒔𝒕 are the measured impedances referred to the primary ckt.

𝟏
𝒁𝒑 = ∗ (𝒁𝒑𝒔 + 𝒁𝒑𝒕 − 𝒁𝒔𝒕 )
𝟐
𝟏
𝒁𝒔 = ∗ 𝒁𝒑𝒔 + 𝒁𝒔𝒕 − 𝒁𝒑𝒕
𝟐
𝟏
𝒁𝒕 = ∗ (𝒁𝒔𝒕 + 𝒁𝒑𝒕 − 𝒁𝒑𝒔 )
𝟐
 Per Unit Quantities Ctd.
Example:
The three phase ratings of a three-winding transformer are:
▪ Primary Y connected 15MVA, 66 kV
▪ Secondary Y connected 10MVA, 13.2 kV
▪ Tertiary Δ connected 5MVA, 2.3 kV.
Neglecting the resistance, the leakage impedances measured are:
𝒁𝒑𝒔 = 𝟕% 𝒐𝒏 𝟏𝟓𝑴𝑽𝑨, 𝟔𝟔𝑲𝑽 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝒁𝒑𝒕 = 𝟗% 𝒐𝒏 𝟏𝟓 𝑴𝑽𝑨, 𝟔𝟔 𝑲𝑽 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝒁𝒔𝒕 = 𝟖% 𝒐𝒏 𝟏𝟎 𝑴𝑽𝑨 𝟏𝟑. 𝟐 𝑲𝑽 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆, Find the pu impedances of the star-connected equivalent circuit for a base of 15 MVA, 66 KV in the
primary circuit.

Solution:
Base value at primary circuit
𝟏𝟓
𝒁𝒔𝒕 = 𝟖% ∗ = 𝟏𝟐%
𝟏𝟎
𝟏
𝒁𝒑 = ∗ 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒑𝒖
𝟐
𝟏
𝒁𝒔 = ∗ 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒑𝒖
𝟐
𝟏
𝒁𝒕 = ∗ 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 𝒑𝒖
𝟐
 Per Unit Quantities Ctd.
Example:
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Example:
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Assignment:
 THANKS FOR
YOUR ATTENTION