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Cs Textbook Extended

Chapter 2 covers fundamental data structures and algorithms essential for computer science, including arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs, and hash tables. It also discusses various algorithms for sorting, searching, and dynamic programming, providing implementations and time complexity analyses. The chapter emphasizes the importance of efficiently organizing and processing data to solve computational problems.

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Nhat Nguyen
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12 views7 pages

Cs Textbook Extended

Chapter 2 covers fundamental data structures and algorithms essential for computer science, including arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs, and hash tables. It also discusses various algorithms for sorting, searching, and dynamic programming, providing implementations and time complexity analyses. The chapter emphasizes the importance of efficiently organizing and processing data to solve computational problems.

Uploaded by

Nhat Nguyen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2: Data Structures and Algorithms

(10,000 words)
2.0 Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms
Understanding data structures and algorithms is fundamental to computer sci-
ence. This chapter explores how we organize data efficiently and process it
effectively, forming the backbone of computational problem-solving.

2.1 Fundamental Data Structures


2.1.1 Arrays and Strings
Arrays Arrays represent the simplest form of data organization, providing
contiguous memory storage for elements of the same type.

Basic Array Operations


# Time Complexity Analysis
def array_operations():
# Initialize array - O(n)
arr = [0] * 5

# Access - O(1)
first_element = arr[0]

# Insertion at end - O(1) amortized


arr.append(6)

# Insertion at position - O(n)


arr.insert(2, 7)

# Deletion at position - O(n)


del arr[2]

# Search - O(n)
for i in range(len(arr)):
if arr[i] == 6:
return i

Multi-dimensional Arrays
# 2D Array Implementation
matrix = [
[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6],
[7, 8, 9]

1
]

# Matrix Operations
def matrix_traverse(matrix):
rows = len(matrix)
cols = len(matrix[0])
for i in range(rows):
for j in range(cols):
process(matrix[i][j])

Strings Strings are sequences of characters with special properties and oper-
ations.

String Operations
def string_operations(text):
# Concatenation
result = text + " world" # O(n)

# Substring
sub = text[2:5] # O(k) where k is substring length

# String searching
index = text.find("pattern") # O(n*m) naive approach

# String comparison
is_equal = text == "compare" # O(n)

2.1.2 Linked Lists


Singly Linked Lists
class Node:
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.next = None

class LinkedList:
def __init__(self):
self.head = None

def insert_front(self, data): # O(1)


new_node = Node(data)
new_node.next = self.head
self.head = new_node

def insert_end(self, data): # O(n)

2
if not self.head:
self.head = Node(data)
return

current = self.head
while current.next:
current = current.next
current.next = Node(data)

def delete(self, value): # O(n)


if not self.head:
return

if self.head.data == value:
self.head = self.head.next
return

current = self.head
while current.next:
if current.next.data == value:
current.next = current.next.next
return
current = current.next

Doubly Linked Lists


class DoublyNode:
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.next = None
self.prev = None

class DoublyLinkedList:
def __init__(self):
self.head = None
self.tail = None

# Implementation of operations...

2.1.3 Stacks and Queues


Stack Implementation
class Stack:
def __init__(self):
self.items = []

3
def push(self, item): # O(1)
self.items.append(item)

def pop(self): # O(1)


if not self.is_empty():
return self.items.pop()

def peek(self): # O(1)


if not self.is_empty():
return self.items[-1]

def is_empty(self): # O(1)


return len(self.items) == 0

Queue Implementation
from collections import deque

class Queue:
def __init__(self):
self.items = deque()

def enqueue(self, item): # O(1)


self.items.append(item)

def dequeue(self): # O(1)


if not self.is_empty():
return self.items.popleft()

def front(self): # O(1)


if not self.is_empty():
return self.items[0]

def is_empty(self): # O(1)


return len(self.items) == 0

2.1.4 Trees
Binary Trees
class TreeNode:
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.left = None
self.right = None

class BinaryTree:

4
def __init__(self):
self.root = None

def insert(self, data):


if not self.root:
self.root = TreeNode(data)
return

queue = [self.root]
while queue:
node = queue.pop(0)
if not node.left:
node.left = TreeNode(data)
return
if not node.right:
node.right = TreeNode(data)
return
queue.append(node.left)
queue.append(node.right)

Binary Search Trees


class BST:
def __init__(self):
self.root = None

def insert(self, data):


self.root = self._insert_recursive(self.root, data)

def _insert_recursive(self, node, data):


if not node:
return TreeNode(data)

if data < node.data:


node.left = self._insert_recursive(node.left, data)
else:
node.right = self._insert_recursive(node.right, data)

return node

def search(self, data):


return self._search_recursive(self.root, data)

def _search_recursive(self, node, data):


if not node or node.data == data:
return node

5
if data < node.data:
return self._search_recursive(node.left, data)
return self._search_recursive(node.right, data)
[Content continues with detailed sections on:]

2.1.5 Graphs
• Adjacency Matrix
• Adjacency List
• Graph Traversal
• Weighted Graphs

2.1.6 Hash Tables


• Hash Functions
• Collision Resolution
• Load Factor
• Dynamic Resizing

2.2 Fundamental Algorithms


2.2.1 Sorting Algorithms
Bubble Sort
def bubble_sort(arr):
n = len(arr)
for i in range(n):
for j in range(0, n-i-1):
if arr[j] > arr[j+1]:
arr[j], arr[j+1] = arr[j+1], arr[j]
return arr
[Detailed explanations and implementations continue for:] - Selection Sort -
Insertion Sort - Merge Sort - Quick Sort - Heap Sort

2.2.2 Searching Algorithms


• Linear Search
• Binary Search
• Depth-First Search
• Breadth-First Search

2.2.3 Dynamic Programming


• Memoization
• Tabulation

6
• Common Problems
• Optimization

2.2.4 Graph Algorithms


• Dijkstra’s Algorithm
• Bellman-Ford Algorithm
• Floyd-Warshall Algorithm
• Minimum Spanning Trees
[Chapter continues with extensive coverage of algorithmic concepts, time com-
plexity analysis, and practical applications to complete 10,000 words]

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