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CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.2 65

Chapter 4 — Calculus of trigonometric functions

4
Exercise 4.2 – Review of the unit circle, symmetry 10
√51
and exact values
180 θ
1 a 5c = 5 × = 286.48°
𝜋 7
180
b 4.8c = 4.8 × = 275.02° a cos(𝜋 − 𝜃) = −cos(𝜃)
𝜋
180 −7
c 2.56c = 2.56 × = 146.68° =
𝜋 10
3𝜋 3 × 180
d = = 54° b sin(𝜋 − 𝜃) = sin(𝜃)
10 10
5𝜋 5 × 180 √51
e = = 150° =
6 6 10
5𝜋 5 × 180
f = = 225° c tan(2𝜋 − 𝜃) = −tan(𝜃)
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
2 a 15° = 15 × = −√51
180 12 =
𝜋 2𝜋 7
b 120° = 120 × =
180 3 d cos(3𝜋 + 𝜃) = −cos(𝜃)
𝜋 13𝜋
c 130° = 130 × = −7
180 18 =
𝜋 10
d 63.9° = 63.9 × = 1.12
180 e tan(𝜋 + 𝜃) = tan(𝜃)
𝜋
e 78.82° = 78.82 × = 1.38
180 √51
=
𝜋 31𝜋 7
f 310° = 310 × =
180 18
3 f cos(−𝜃) = cos(𝜃)
7
13 =
5 10
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
θ 5 a tan = tan (𝜋 − ) = − tan ( ) = −1
( 4 ) 4 4
12
5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 √3
b cos = cos (𝜋 − ) = − cos ( ) = −
a sin(𝜋 − 𝛼) = sin(𝛼) ( 6 ) 6 6 2
5 𝜋 𝜋 1
= c sin (− ) = − sin ( ) = −
13 4 4 √2
7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1
b cos(𝜋 + 𝛼) = −cos(𝛼) d cos = cos (2𝜋 + ) = cos ( ) =
( 3 ) 3 3 2
−12 𝜋 𝜋
= e tan (− ) = − tan ( ) = −√3
13 3 3
11𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1
c tan(2𝜋 − 𝛼) = −tan(𝛼) f sin = sin (2𝜋 − ) = − sin ( ) = −
( 6 ) 6 6 2
−5
= 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1
12 6 a tan = tan (𝜋 − ) = − tan ( ) = −
( 6 ) 6 6 √3
d sin(3𝜋 + 𝛼) = −sin(𝛼)
14𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1
−5 b cos = cos (5𝜋 − ) = − cos ( ) = −
= ( 3 ) 3 3 2
13
5𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
c tan − = −tan = − tan (𝜋 + )
e cos (2𝜋 − 𝛼) = cos(𝛼) ( 4 ) ( 4 ) 4
12 𝜋
= = −tan ( ) = −1
13 4

f tan(−𝛼) = −tan(𝛼) 3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
d cos − = cos = cos (𝜋 − ) = − cos ( )
( 4 ) ( 4 ) 4 4
−5
= 1
12 =−
√2

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
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66 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.2

2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 c Since the ratios are squared, there is no need to consider

e sin − = −sin = − sin (𝜋 − ) the quadrant for the angle.
( 3 ) ( 3 ) 3
𝜋
𝜋 √3 11 3 sin(2x) if x =
= −sin ( ) = − 12
3 2 𝜋
= 3 sin (2 × )
17𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1 12
f sin = sin = sin (𝜋 − ) = sin ( ) = 𝜋
( 6 ) ( 6 ) 6 6 2 = 3 sin ( )
7 a sin(𝜋 − 𝜃) = sin(𝜃) 6
b cos(6𝜋 − 𝜃) = cos(𝜃) 1
=3×
c tan(𝜋 + 𝜃) = tan(𝜃) 2
3
d cos(−𝜃) = cos(𝜃) =
2
e sin(180° + 𝜃) = − sin(𝜃)
f tan(720° − 𝜃) = − tan(𝜃) 7𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
12 a cos + cos = cos (𝜋 + ) + cos (𝜋 − )
𝜋 ( 6 ) ( 3 ) 6 3
8 a cos ( ) = 0 𝜋 𝜋
2 = −cos ( ) − cos ( )
b tan(270°) = undefined 6 3
c sin(−4𝜋) = 0
√3 1 (√3 + 1)
d tan(𝜋) = 0 =− − =−
e cos(−6𝜋) = 1 2 2 2
3𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
f sin = −1 b 2 sin + 4 sin = 2 sin (2𝜋 − ) + 4 sin (𝜋 − )
( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) 4 6
𝜋 𝜋
9 (90° – θ) = −2 sin ( ) + 4 sin ( )
13 4 6
5
θ
√2 1
= −2 × + 4 × = −√2 + 2
12 2 2
5 5𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a sin(𝜃) = c √3 tan − tan =√3 tan (𝜋 + ) − tan (2𝜋 − )
(4 ) (3 ) 4 3
13
5 𝜋 𝜋
b tan(𝜃) = =√3 tan ( ) + tan ( )
12 4 3
12 =√3 +√3 = 2√3
c cos(𝜃) =
13 8𝜋 9𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
12 d sin2 + sin = sin2 (3𝜋 − ) + sin (2𝜋 + )
d sin(90° − 𝜃) = ( 3 ) ( 4 ) 3 4
13
2 𝜋 𝜋
5 = sin ( ) + sin ( )
e cos(90° − 𝜃) = 3 4
13 2
12 √3 1
f tan(90° − 𝜃) = = +
5 ( 2 ) √2
10 3 + 2√2
6 =
5 4
x 5𝜋 5𝜋
e 2 cos2 − − 1 = 2 cos2 −1
√11 ( 4 ) ( 4 )
2
2 2 1
5 √11 =2 − −1
a sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = + ( √2 )
(6) ( 6 )
=1−1
25 11
= + =0
36 36
𝜋
36 tan(17𝜋
4 )
cos(−7𝜋) tan(4𝜋 + 4 )cos(−𝜋)
= f =
36 sin(− 11𝜋
6 ) −(− sin( 6 ))
𝜋

= 1 as required. 𝜋
tan( 4 ) × −1
2 1 =
b LHS = 1 + tan (x) RHS = 𝜋
cos2 (x) −(− sin( 6 ))
2 1
5 1 = (1 × −1) ÷ +
LHS = 1 + RHS = 2
2
(√11 ) √11 = −2
( 6 ) 𝜋t
25 36 36 13 a v = 12 + 3 sin ( )
LHS = 1 + = RHS = 3
11 11 11 Initially t = 0
LHS = RHS as required v = 12 + 3 sin(0) = 12 cm/s

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CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.3 67

b When t = 5 b tan(x) +√3 = 0 0 ≤ x ≤ 720°

5𝜋 tan(x) = −√3
v = 12 + 3 sin
( 3 )
𝜋 √3 suggests 𝜋 . Since tan is negative
v = 12 + 3 sin (2𝜋 − 3
3)
𝜋
v = 12 − 3 sin ( )
3
3√3
v = 12 − cm/s
2 x = 180° − 60°, 360° − 60°, 540° − 60° , 720° − 60°
c When t = 12 x = 120°, 300°, 480°, 660°
12𝜋
v = 12 + 3 sin c 2 cos(𝜃) = 1 −𝜋≤𝜃≤𝜋
( 3 )
1
v = 12 + 3 sin(4𝜋) = 12 cm/s cos(𝜃) =
2
𝜋t
14 h(t) = 0.5 cos ( ) + 1.0 1 𝜋
12 suggests . Since cos is positive
a At 6 am t = 0 2 3
3
h(0) = 0.5 cos(0) + 1.0 = 1.5 m or m
2
b At 2 pm t = 8
8𝜋
h(8) = 0.5 cos + 1.0
( 12 ) 𝜋 𝜋
𝜃=− ,
2𝜋 3 3
h(8) = 0.5 cos + 1.0
( 3 )
2 a 2 sin 𝜃 + 1 = 0
𝜋
h(8) = 0.5 cos (𝜋 − ) + 1.0 2 sin 𝜃 = −1
3
𝜋 −1
h(8) = −0.5 cos ( ) + 1.0 sin 𝜃 =
3 2
1 1 3 sin is negative in the 3rd & 4th quadrants
h(8) = × − + 1 = 0.75 m or m
2 2 4
c At 10 pm t = 16
16𝜋
h(16) = 0.5 cos + 1.0
( 12 )
4𝜋
h(16) = 0.5 cos
( 3 )
+ 1.0 sin−1 (𝜃) = 30°
𝜋 𝜃 = 180° + 30° = 210°
h(16) = 0.5 cos (𝜋 + ) + 1.0
3 𝜃 = 360° − 30° = 330°
𝜋 So, 𝜃° = 210°, 330°
h(16) = −0.5 cos ( ) + 1.0
3 b sin(x) = 1
1 1 3 3𝜋 𝜋
h(16) = − × + 1 = 0.75 m or m x = − , for −2𝜋 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋.
2 2 4 2 2
3 2 cos(3𝜃) −√2 = 0 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

Exercise 4.3 – Review of solving trigonometric √2

cos(3𝜃) = 0 ≤ 3𝜃 ≤ 6𝜋
equations with and without the use of technology 2
√2 𝜋
1 a 2 cos(𝜃) +√3 = 0 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 suggests . Since cos is positive
2 4
√3
cos(𝜃) = −
2
√3
suggests 𝜋 . Since cos is negative
2 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
3𝜃 = , 2𝜋 − , 2𝜋 + , 4𝜋 − , 4𝜋 + , 6𝜋 −
4 4 4 4 4 4
𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋 15𝜋 17𝜋 23𝜋
3𝜃 = , , , , ,
4 4 4 4 4 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 17𝜋 23𝜋
𝜃=𝜋− , 𝜋+ 𝜃= , , , , ,
6 6 12 12 4 4 12 12
5𝜋 7𝜋
𝜃= ,
6 6

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
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68 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.3

b 2 sin(2x + 𝜋) +√3 = 0 −𝜋≤x≤𝜋

√3
sin(2x + 𝜋) = − − 𝜋 ≤ 2x + 𝜋 ≤ 3𝜋
2
√3 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
suggests . Since sin is negative 𝜃= ,𝜋 +
2 3 4 4
𝜋 5𝜋
𝜃= ,
4 4
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
Therefore 𝜃 = , , ,
4 2 4 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2x + 𝜋 = −𝜋 + , − , 𝜋 + , 2𝜋 − 6 2 cos2 (𝜃) + 3 cos(𝜃) = −1 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
3 3 3 3
2𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 2 cos2 (𝜃) + 3 cos(𝜃) + 1 = 0 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
2x + 𝜋 = − , − , ,
3 3 3 3 (2 cos(𝜃) + 1)(cos(𝜃) + 1) = 0
2𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋 2 cos(𝜃) + 1 = 0 cos(𝜃) + 1 = 0
2x = − − 𝜋, − − 𝜋, − 𝜋, −𝜋 or
3 3 3 3
1
5𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 cos(𝜃) = − cos(𝜃) = −1 so 𝜃 = 𝜋
2x = − , − , , 2
3 3 3 3
1 𝜋
5𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 suggests . Since cos is negative
x = − ,− , , 2 3
6 3 6 3
𝜋
4 2 cos (3𝜃 − +√3 = 0 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
2)
𝜋 √3
cos (3𝜃 − =− 0 ≤ 3𝜃 ≤ 6𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2) 2 𝜃=𝜋−
3
,𝜋 +
3
𝜋 √3 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋
cos (3𝜃 − =− − ≤ 3𝜃 − ≤ 6𝜋 − 𝜃= ,
2) 2 2 2 2 3 3
√3 𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋
suggests , Since cos is negative Therefore 𝜃 = , 𝜋,
2 6 3 3
7 a √2 sin(𝜃) = −1 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
1
sin(𝜃) = −
√2
1 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 suggests . Since sin is negative
3𝜃 − = 𝜋 − , 𝜋 + , 3𝜋 − , 3𝜋 + , 5𝜋 − , 5𝜋 + √2 4
2 6 6 6 6 6 6
𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 17𝜋 19𝜋 29𝜋 31𝜋
3𝜃 − = , , , , ,
2 6 6 6 6 6 6
5𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋 17𝜋 3𝜋
3𝜃 = + , + , + , 𝜋 𝜋
6 6 6 6 6 6 𝜃=𝜋+ , 2𝜋 −
19𝜋 3𝜋 29𝜋 3𝜋 31𝜋 3𝜋 4 4
+ , + , + 5𝜋 7𝜋
6 6 6 6 6 6 𝜃= ,
4𝜋 5𝜋 10𝜋 11𝜋 16𝜋 17𝜋 4 4
3𝜃 = , , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 b 2 cos(𝜃) = 1 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
4𝜋 5𝜋 10𝜋 11𝜋 16𝜋 17𝜋
𝜃= , , , , , 1
9 9 9 9 9 9 cos(𝜃) =
2
5 cos2 (𝜃) − sin(𝜃) cos(𝜃) = 0 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 1 𝜋
cos(𝜃)(cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃)) = 0 suggests . Since cos is positive
2 3
cos(𝜃) = 0 or cos(𝜃) − sin(𝜃) = 0
𝜋 3𝜋 cos(𝜃) = sin(𝜃)
𝜃= ,
2 2 cos(𝜃) sin(𝜃)
=
cos(𝜃) cos(𝜃)
𝜋 𝜋
1 = tan(𝜃) 𝜃= , 2𝜋 −
3 3
𝜋
1 suggests . Since tan is positive 𝜋 5𝜋
4 𝜃= ,
3 3

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
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 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.3 69

c tan(3𝜃) −√3 = 0 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 9 a 3 sin(𝜃) − 2 = 0 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋

tan(3𝜃) = √3 0 ≤ 3𝜃 ≤ 6𝜋 2
𝜋 sin(𝜃) =
√3 suggests . Since tan is positive 3
3 2
suggests 0.7297c . Since sin is positive
3

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
3𝜃 = , 𝜋 + , 2𝜋 + , 3𝜋 + , 4𝜋 + , 5𝜋 +
3 3 3 3 3 3
𝜃 = 0.7297, 𝜋 − 0.7297
𝜋 4𝜋 7𝜋 10𝜋 13𝜋 16𝜋
3𝜃 = , , , , , 𝜃 = 0.73, 2.41
3 3 3 3 3 3
or solve on CAS
𝜋 4𝜋 7𝜋 10𝜋 13𝜋 16𝜋
𝜃= , , , , , b 7 cos(x) − 2 = 0 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°
9 9 9 9 9 9
𝜋 2
d tan (𝜃 − ) + 1 = 0 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 cos(x) =
2 7
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2
tan (𝜃 − ) = −1 − ≤ 𝜃 − ≤ 2𝜋 − suggests 73.3985°. Since cos is positive
2 2 2 2 7
𝜋
1 suggests . Since tan is negative
4

x = 73.3985°, 360° − 73.3985°

x = 73.40°, 286.60°
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜃− = − ,𝜋 − 10 a 2 sin(2𝜃) +√3 = 0 −𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
2 4 4
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 √3
𝜃− =− , sin(2𝜃) = − −2𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
2 4 4 2
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
𝜃=− + , + √3 𝜋
4 2 4 2 suggests . Since sin is negative
𝜋 5𝜋 2 3
𝜃= ,
4 4
8 a 2 cos(x) + 1 = 0 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°
2 cos(x) = −1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1 2𝜃 = −𝜋 + , − , 𝜋 + , 2𝜋 −
cos(x) = − 3 3 3 3
2
2𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋
1 2𝜃 = − , − , ,
suggests 60°. Since cos is negative 3 3 3 3
2
𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋
𝜃 = − ,− , ,
3 6 3 6
b √2 cos(3𝜃) = 1 −𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
1
x = 180° − 60°, 180° + 60° cos(3𝜃) = −3𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 3𝜋
√2
x = 120°, 240°
1 𝜋
b 2 sin(2x) +√2 = 0 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° suggests . Since cos is positive
√2 4
√2
sin(2x) = − 0° ≤ 2x ≤ 720°
2
√2
suggests 45°. Since sin is negative
2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
3𝜃 = −2𝜋 − , −2𝜋 + , − , , 2𝜋 − , 2𝜋 +
4 4 4 4 4 4
9𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋
3𝜃 = − , − , − , , ,
4 4 4 4 4 4
3𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋
2x = 180° + 45°, 360° − 45°, 540° + 45°, 720° − 45° 𝜃 = − ,− ,− , , ,
4 12 12 12 12 4
2x = 225°, 315°, 585°, 675°
x = 112.5°, 157.5°, 292.5°, 337.5°

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70 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.3

𝜋
c tan(2𝜃) + 1 = 0 −𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 1 suggests . Since tan is negative
4
tan(2𝜃) = −1 −2𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
𝜋
1 suggests . Since tan is negative
4

𝜋 𝜋
x − 𝜋 = −𝜋 − ,−
4 4
5𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 x−𝜋 = − ,−
2𝜃 = −𝜋 − , − , 𝜋 − , 2𝜋 − 4 4
4 4 4 4
5𝜋 𝜋
5𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 x=− + 𝜋, − + 𝜋
2𝜃 = − , − , , 4 4
4 4 4 4
𝜋 3𝜋
5𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 x=− ,
𝜃 = − ,− , , 4 4
8 8 8 8
𝜋 12 a tan(𝜃) = 1 or tan(𝜃) = −1
11 a 2 sin (2x + ) =√2, −𝜋 ≤ x ≤ 𝜋 𝜋
4 1 suggests and tan is positive & negative in all quadrants
4
𝜋 √2
sin (2x + = , −2𝜋 ≤ 2x ≤ 2𝜋
4) 2
𝜋 √2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin (2x + ) = , −2𝜋 + ≤ 2x + ≤ 2𝜋 +
4 2 4 4 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
√2 𝜋 𝜃= , 𝜋 − , 𝜋 + , 2𝜋 −
suggests . Since sin is positive 4 4 4 4
2 4
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
∴𝜃 = , , ,
4 4 4 4
b 4 sin2 (𝜃) − (2 + 2√3) sin(𝜃) +√3 = 0, 0≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
Let A = sin (𝜃)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 4 A2 − (2 + 2√3) A +√3 = 0
2x + = −2𝜋 + , −𝜋 − , , 𝜋 − , 2𝜋 +
4 4 4 4 4 4
(2 A − 1) (2 A −√3) = 0
𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 9𝜋
2x + = − , − , , ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 2A = 1 or 2 A = √3
3𝜋 𝜋
2x = −2𝜋, − , 0, , 2𝜋 1 √3
2 2 A= or A=
2 2
3𝜋 𝜋
x = −𝜋, − , 0, , 𝜋 √3
4 4 1
∴ sin(𝜃) = sin(𝜃) =
2 2
b 2 cos(x + 𝜋) = √3 −𝜋 ≤ x ≤ 𝜋
√3 𝜋 1 𝜋
√3 suggests and suggests
cos(x + 𝜋) = 0 ≤ x + 𝜋 ≤ 2𝜋 2 3 2 6
2
Since sin is positive
√3 𝜋
suggests . Since cos is positive
2 6

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜃= ,𝜋 − 𝜃 = ,𝜋 −
3 3 6 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
x+𝜋= , 2𝜋 − 𝜃= , 𝜃= ,
6 6 3 3 6 6
𝜋 11𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋
x+𝜋= , 𝜃= , , ,
6 6 6 3 3 6
𝜋 11𝜋
x = − 𝜋, −𝜋
6 6
5𝜋 5𝜋
x=− ,
6 6
c tan(x − 𝜋) = −1, −𝜋 ≤ x ≤ 𝜋
tan(x − 𝜋) = −1, −2𝜋 ≤ x − 𝜋 ≤ 0

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
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CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.3 71

13 a sin(𝛼) − cos2 (𝛼) sin(𝛼) = 0, −𝜋 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 𝜋 d 4 cos2 (𝛼) − 1 = 0, − 𝜋 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 𝜋

sin(𝛼)(1 − cos2 (𝛼)) = 0 (2 cos(𝛼))2 − 12 = 0 or 2 cos(𝛼) + 1 = 0
sin(𝛼)(1 − cos(𝛼))(1 + cos(𝛼)) = 0 (2 cos(𝛼) − 1)(2 cos(𝛼) + 1) = 0 1
cos(𝛼) = −
1 − cos(𝛼) = 0 1 + cos(𝛼) = 0 2 cos(𝛼) − 1 = 0 2
sin(𝛼) = 0 or cos(𝛼) = 1 or cos(𝛼) = −1 1
cos(𝛼) =
𝛼 = −𝜋, 0, 𝜋 𝛼 = 0 𝛼 = −𝜋, 𝜋 2
Thus 𝛼 = −𝜋, 0, 𝜋. 1 𝜋
suggests . Since sin is both positive and negative, all
2 3
b sin(2𝛼) =√3 cos(2𝛼), −𝜋 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 𝜋 four quadrants.
sin(2𝛼) cos(2𝛼)
=√3 , −2𝜋 ≤2𝛼 ≤ 2𝜋
cos(2𝛼) cos(2𝛼)
tan(2𝛼) =√3
𝜋
√3 suggests . Since tan is positive
3 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝛼 = −𝜋 + ,− , ,𝜋 −
3 3 3 3
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
𝛼 = − ,− , ,
3 3 3 3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 14 a x = 3 + 4 sin(2t)
2𝛼 = −2𝜋 + ,− 𝜋 + , ,𝜋 + When t = 0:
3 3 3 3
5𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋 x = 3 + 4 sin(0)
2𝛼 = − , − , , x = 3 metres
3 3 3 3
5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 b when x = 0:
𝛼 = − ,− , , 3 + 4 sin (2t) = 0
6 3 6 3
4 sin (2t) = −3
c sin2 (𝛼) = cos2 (𝛼), − 𝜋 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 𝜋
sin2 (𝛼) 3
=1 sin (2t) = −
cos2 (𝛼) 4
tan2 𝛼 = 1 3
suggests 0.8481. Since sin is negative
4
tan 𝛼 = ±1
𝜋
1 suggests in all quadrants
4

2t = 𝜋 + 0.8481, 2𝜋 − 0.8481
For first time:
−𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 2t = 3.98965
𝛼= , −𝜋 + , , 𝜋 −
4 4 4 4 t = 1.9948
𝜋 −3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 Time taken is 1.99 seconds (2 decimal places)
∴𝛼 = − , , , 15 a See figure at foot of the page.*
4 4 4 4
𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
b For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋: x = , , ⋍ 0.52, 2.62, 4.71
6 6 2
c The trigonometric ratios involved different angles, so
could not be combined to solve.

15a*
y
1
y = sin(x) (5π—6 , 0.5) (—
13π , 0.5
6 )
(–π6 , 0.5)
2π x
— 5π 7π
0 — 4π
— 3π
— 5π
— 11π
— 2π 13π
— 7π
π
– π
– π
– π
— —
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6 6 3
–1
y = cos(2x)
(3π—2 , –1)

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
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72 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.4

y
Exercise 4.4 – Review of graphs of trigonometric
functions of the form = sin( ( + )) + and 3
( )
3π , 3
—
2
y = 2 – sin(x)
= cos( ( + )) + (0, 2)
2
(π, 2) y=2 (2π, 2)
1 a period: 2𝜋
amplitude: 1 1
y ( )
π,1
–
2

1
( )
π,1
–
2 0 π
–
4
π
–
2
3π
—
4
π 5π
—
4
3π
—
2
7π
—
4
2π
x

(0, 0) y = sin(x)
(2π, 0) 2 a period: 2𝜋
0 3π 5π 3π x
π
– π
– — π — — 7π — 2π amplitude: 1
–1 4 2 4 4 2 4
y
(3π , –1
—
2 ) (–2π, 1)
( )
π
––, 0
2
2
( )
3π , 0
—
2
(0, 1)
2𝜋 1
b period:
2
= 𝜋 ( 3π
–—, 0
2 ) ( )
π,0
–
2
(2π, 1)

amplitude: 1 – 2π – 3π –π π 0 3π x
— –– π
– π — 2π
y 2 2 –1 2 2

1
( ) ( )
π,1
–
4
π,0
–
2 ( )
5π , 1
—
4
(–π, –1)
–2
(π, –1) y = cos(x)

(0, 0)
y = sin(2x)
(π, 0)
( )
3π , 0
—
2 (2π, 0)
0 3π 5π 3π 7π x 2𝜋
π
– π
– — π — — — 2π b period: = 4𝜋
–1 4 2 4 4 2 4 1/2

(3π , –1
—
4 ) ( 7π , –1
—
4 ) amplitude: 1
y
c period: 2𝜋 2
amplitude: 2
x
y = cos –
2 () 1
(0, 1)
y
(–π, 0) (π, 0)
2 π 0 x
– 2π – 3π
— –π –– π
– π 3π
— 2π
1 ( )
π,2
–
2 y = 2 sin(x)
(–2π, –1)
2 2 –1 2 2
(2π, –1)
(0, 0) (π, 0) (2π, 0) –2
0 3π 5π 3π 7π x
π
– π
– — π — — — 2π
–1 4 2 4 4 2 4 c period: 2𝜋
amplitude: 3
–2
(3π , –2
—
2 ) (–2π, 3) 4
y

3π , 0 (2π, 3)
d period: 2𝜋 y = 3 cos(x)
(0, 3) —
2( )
amplitude: 1
vertical translation of +2, giving line of oscillation: y = 2
(3π
–—, 0
2 ) ( )π
–– , 0
2
2 π
–
2
, 0
( )
0 x
y – 2π – 3π
— –π –– π π
– π 3π
— 2π

3
( )
π,3
–
2
2 2 –2 2 2

(–π, –3) (π, –3)

(π, 2) –4
y=2
2
(0, 2) (2π, 2)
y = sin(x) + 2 d period: 2𝜋
1
( )
3π , 1
—
2
amplitude: 1
vertical translation of +3, giving line of oscillation: y = 3
0 3π 5π 3π 7π x
π
– π
– — π — — — 2π reflection in x-axis.
4 2 4 4 2 4
y
e period: 2𝜋
amplitude: 1 ( 3π
–—, 3
2 ) (–π, 4)
4 ( )
π , 3 (π, 4)
–
2 ( )
3π , 3
—
2
vertical translation of +2, giving line of oscillation: y = 2
reflection in the x-axis. (–2π, 2) y = 3 ( ) π,3
––
2
2
(0, 2)
y = 3 – cos(x)
(2π, 2)

0 x
– 2π – 3π
— –π π
–– π
– π 3π
— 2π
2 2 2 2

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.4 73

e period: 2𝜋 For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋
amplitude: 1 then 0 ≤ 3x ≤ 6𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
vertical translation of −3, giving line of oscillation: y = −3 (3x) = , 𝜋 − , 2𝜋 + , 3𝜋 − , 4𝜋 + , 5𝜋 −
6 6 6 6 6 6
y
𝜋 5𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋 25𝜋 29𝜋
(3x) = , , , , ,
2 6 6 6 6 6 6
𝜋 5𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋 25𝜋 29𝜋
x= , , , , ,
π 0 x 18 18 18 18 18 18
– 2π – 3π
— –π –– π
– π 3π
— 2π
2 2 –2 2 π 2 See figure at foot of the page.*
(–2π, –2) (–π, –4) – , –3
2 ( )
(2π, –2) 5 y = −7 cos(4x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 𝜋
y = –3 3π
(
– — , –3
2 ) –4 (0, –2)
(π, –4)
3π , –3
—
2 ( ) Period:
2𝜋
4
=
𝜋
2
– π
–
2
, –3
( ) y = cos(x) – 3 Amplitude: 7
Reflection in the x-axis
3 y = 2 cos(4x) − 3, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋
Range: [−7, 7]
2𝜋 𝜋
Period = x-intercepts: y = 0
4 2
Amplitude: 2 −7 cos (4x) = 0
Mean position y = −3 cos (4x) = 0
Range [−3 − 2, −3 + 2] = [−5, −1] For 0 ≤ x ≤ 𝜋
No x-intercepts then 0 ≤ 4x ≤ 4𝜋
y 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
(4x) = , , 2𝜋 + , 2𝜋 +
(0, –1) 2 2 2 2
0 3π 5π 3π 7π 2π x 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
π
– π
– — π — — — 4x = , , ,
4 2 4 4 2 4 (2π, –1) 2 2 2 2
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
y = –3 x= , , ,
8 8 8 8
–5 y
y = 2 cos(4x) – 3
4 y = 2 − 4 sin(3x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋 10

Period:
2𝜋
3
( )
π,7
–
4 ( )
3π , 7
—
4

Amplitude: 4 y = –7 cos(4x)
5
Line of oscillation (mean position): y = 2
Reflection in the x-axis
Range: [2 − 4, 2 + 4] = [−2, 6]
x-intercepts: y = 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
π,0
–
8
3π , 0
—
8
5π , 0
—
8
7π , 0
—
8
0 3π 5π 3π 7π x
2 − 4 sin (3x) = 0 π
– π
– — π
– — — — π
8 4 8 2 8 4 8
1
sin (3x) =
2 –5
1 𝜋
suggests and since sin positive, in the first and second (0, –7)
2
quadrants.
6
( )
π , –7
–
2
(π, –7)

–10

4*
y
( )
π,6
–
2 ( )
7π , 6
—
6 (
11π , 6
—
6 )
6 y = 2 – 4 sin(3x) ( ) 5π , 2
—
3
4

y=2 2
( ) ( )
π,2
–
3
2π , 2
—
3
π
–
2 ( )
4π , 2
—
3 y=2
(2π, 2)
(0, 2)
( ) ( )
π ,0
–
18 ( 5π , 0
—
18
17π , 0
—
18 ) ( 29π , 0
—
18 )
0 π 2π π 4π 5π 2π x
– – – –
–2 3 3 3 3
( )
π , –2
– ( 5π , –2
—
6 ) ( 3π , –2
— )
6
(
13π , 0
—
18 ) ( 25π , 0
—
18 ) 2

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
74 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.4

1
6 y= cos(2x) + 3 for −𝜋 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋 y = 5 ⇒ k = 5.
2 The range is [−3, 13] which means the amplitude is 8.
2𝜋
Period: = 𝜋 As the graph has an inverted sine shape, a = −8
2
1 The equation is y = −8 sin(𝜋x) + 5.
Amplitude: 9 Let equation be y = a cos(nx) + k.
2
Line of oscillation (or mean position): y = 3 range: [−2, 4]
1 1 5 7 Line of oscillation is mid point of range: y = 1
Range: 3 − , 3 + = , Amplitude from line of oscillation to largest y value:
[ 2 2] [ 2 2]
No x-intercepts amplitude = 3
y One complete curve in 𝜋: period = 𝜋
(–π, 3.5) 4 1
y = – cos(2x) + 3
2𝜋
2 ∴ =𝜋
(0, 3.5) (π, 3.5) n
(2π, 3.5)
n=2
Equation: y = 1 + 3 cos(2x)
(π , 2.5
––
2 ) 2 ( ) (
π , 2.5
–
2
3π , 2.5
—
2 ) y=3

10 a f∶ 0,
3𝜋
→ R, f(x) = −6 sin 3x −
3𝜋
[ 2 ] ( 4 )
3𝜋
y = f(x) = −6 sin 3x −
0 x ( 4 )
–π π π π 3π
— 2π
––
2
–
2 2
𝜋
∴y = −6 sin (3 (x − ))
4
3x 𝜋
7 f∶[0, 2𝜋] → R, f(x) = 1 − 2 sin Horizontal translation units to the right.
(2)
4
3x 2𝜋
y = f(x) = 1 − 2 sin Period
(2) 3
3 4𝜋 Amplitude 6, graph is reflected in the x-axis
Period: 2𝜋 ÷ = Mean position y = 0 so range is [−6, 6].
2 3
Amplitude 2, reflection in the x-axis Endpoints:
Mean position y = 1 3𝜋
Range [−1, 3] f(0) = −6 sin −
( 4 )
x-intercepts: Let y = 0
−√2
3x = −6 ×
0 = 1 − 2 sin , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋 2
(2)
3x 1 3x = 3√2
∴ sin = ,0 ≤ ≤ 3𝜋
(2) 2 2 3𝜋 15𝜋
f = −6 sin
3x 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 ( 2 ) ( 4 )
∴ = , 𝜋 − , 2𝜋 + , 3𝜋 −
2 6 6 6 6
−√2
3x 𝜋 5𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋 = −6 ×
∴ = , , , 2
2 6 6 6 6
𝜋 5𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋 = 3√2
∴3x = , , ,
3 3 3 3 3𝜋
Endpoints are (0, 3√2) and , 3√2 .
𝜋 5𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋 ( 2 )
∴x = , , , x-intercepts: Either translate those of y = −6 sin(3x)
9 9 9 9 𝜋
y-intercepts: Let x = 0 units to the right or solve
4
y = 1 − 2 sin(0) = 1 3𝜋
(0, 1) −6 sin 3x − =0
( 4 )
3x
3
y ( )
f(x) = 1 – 2 sin —
2
Solving the equation:
3𝜋
sin 3x − =0
y=1 (2π, 1) ( 4 )
1 (0, 1)
3𝜋
0 π x ∴ 3x − = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋
5π 13π –– 2π
17π 4
–1 –9
–
9
––
9 9 3𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 15𝜋
8 Let the equation be y = a sin(nx) + k. ∴ 3x = , , ,
4 4 4 4
The period of the graph is 2. 𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 5𝜋
2𝜋 ∴x = , , ,
∴ =2 4 12 12 4
n
∴n = 𝜋
The mean position is 5.

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CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.4 75

y
3𝜋 7𝜋
For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋: x = ,
6 4 4
y
(0, 3 2) ( )
π,2
–
4
(3π
— , 3 2)
2
2
( ) π
y = 2 sin x + –
4 (2π, √ 2 )
(0, √ 2 )

0 x
( ) ( )
3π , 0
—
4
7π , 0
—
4
π
– 7π
— 11π
— 5π
— 3π 0 x
— π π 3π 5π 3π 7π 2π
4 12 12 4 2 – – — π — — —
4 2 4 4 2 4

–2
–6 (5π , –2
—
4 )
(
f(x) = –6 sin 3x – 3π
—
4 ) 𝜋
b y = 2 sin (x + − 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋
4)
3𝜋 3𝜋 This is the curve in part a. translated vertically down by
b g∶ 0, → R, g (x) = 7 − 6 sin 3x −
[ 2 ] ( 4 ) 1 unit, oscillating around y = −1, with the same period and
g(x) is f(x) translated vertically up by 7, oscillating around amplitude.
y = 7 with same period and amplitude. Range: [−1 − 2, −1 + 2] = [−3, 1]
Range: [7 − 6, 7 + 6 = 1, 13] Endpoints are: (0, −1 +√2) and (2𝜋, −1 +√2)
No x-intercepts For x-intercepts: y = 0
3𝜋 𝜋
Endpoints: (0, 7 + 3√2 ) and , 7 + 3√2 2 sin (x + ) − 1 = 0
( 2 ) 4
𝜋
y ( 3π
y = 7 – 6 sin 3x – —
4 ) sin (x + ) =
4
1
2

( ) ( ) ( )
3π 17π , 13 1 𝜋
15
π , 13
– — , 13 — suggests an angle of in the first and second quadrants
12 4 12
2 6
(0, 11.243)
10 ( 3π , 11.243
—
2 ) 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(x + 4 ) = 6 , 𝜋 − 6 , 2𝜋 + 6
5 −𝜋 7𝜋 23𝜋
( )
5π , 1
—
12 ( )
13π , 1
—
12
y=7 x= , ,
12 12 12
0 π π 3π 5π 3π x 7𝜋 23𝜋
– – — π — — For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋: x = ,
4 2 4 4 2 12 12
𝜋 y
11 a y = 2 sin (x + , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋
4)
2
Period: 2𝜋
Amplitude: 2
( )π,1
–
4
Line of oscillation (or mean position): y = 0 (0, 0.414)
( )
7π , 0
—
12 (
23π
—, 0
12
(2π, 0.414)
)
Range: [−2, 2] 0 x
𝜋 3π 5π 3π
— 7π
Horizontal translation of to the left, or in the negative
π
– π
– — π — — 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
4 y = –1
x direction.
Endpoints: –2
at x = 0 at x = 2𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
( ) π –1
y = 2 sin x + –
4
y = 2 sin ( ) y = 2 sin ( 2𝜋 + )
4 4
–4
( 5π , –3
—
4 )
1 𝜋
y=2× y = 2 sin
√2 (4 )
1 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
y =√2 y=2× 12 a f∶ − , → R, f(x) = 4 cos (3x − )
[ 2 2 ] 2
√2
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
y =√2 f∶ − , → R, f (x) = 4 cos (3 (x − ))
[ 2 2 ] 6
Endpoints are: (0,√2) and (2𝜋, √2) 2𝜋
For x-intercepts: y = 0 Period:
3
𝜋 Amplitude: 4
2 sin (x + ) = 0
4 Line of oscillation (or mean position): y = 0
𝜋 Range: [−4, 4]
sin (x + ) = 0
4 𝜋
Horizontal translation of to the right, or in the positive
𝜋 6
(x + 4 ) = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋 x direction.
𝜋 3𝜋
−𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 Endpoints: x = − , x =
x= , , 2 2
4 4 4

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76 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.4

𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
f (− ) = 4 cos (3 ( − f = 4 cos 3 × − Endpoints are: (− , 0) and ,0
2 2 ) 2) ( 2 ) ( 2 2) 2 ( 2 )
𝜋 3𝜋 Axis intercepts:
f (− ) = 4 cos(−2𝜋) f = 4 cos(4𝜋) y-intercepts: x = 0
2 ( 2 )
𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋 g(0) = 4 − 4 cos (− )
f (− ) = 4 cos(0) f = 4 cos(0) 2
2 ( 2 )
g(0) = 4
3𝜋
𝜋 f =4 (0, 4)
f (− ) = 4 ( 2 )
2 x-intercepts: y = 0
𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋 0 = 4 − 4 cos (3x −
Endpoints are: (− , 4) and
( 2 )
,4 2)
2
𝜋
Axis intercepts: cos (3x − =1
2)
y-intercepts: x = 0
f (0) = 0 −𝜋 3𝜋 −3𝜋 9𝜋
For ≤ x≤ , then ≤ 3x ≤ and
(0, 0) 2 2 2 2
𝜋
x-intercepts∶ y = 0 −2𝜋 ≤ (3x − ) ≤ 4𝜋
2
𝜋 𝜋
( 3x − = −2𝜋, 0, 2𝜋, 4𝜋
0 = 4 cos (3x − )
2 2)
𝜋 −3𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋
cos (3x − ) = 0 3x = , , ,
2 2 2 2 2
−𝜋 3𝜋 −3𝜋 9𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
For ≤ x≤ , then ≤ 3x ≤ and x= , , ,
2 2 2 2 2 6 6 2
𝜋
−2𝜋 ≤ (3x − ) ≤ 4𝜋
2 8
y
(
y = 4 – 4 cos 3x – π
2 )
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 −𝜋 −3𝜋
( 3x − = , , , , ,
2) 2 2 2 2 2 2 6
3x = 𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋, 4𝜋, 0, −𝜋 (0, 4) y=4
4
𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋
x = − , 0, , , 𝜋,
3 3 3 3
2
( )
π,4
––
2
y
(
y = 4 cos 3x – 3π
—
2 ) ( )
3π , 4
—
( π
–— , 0
2 ) (–π6 , 0) (–2 )
3π , 0

4 2 x
π (–
6 )
π 0 5π , 0 π 3π
–– – –
2 2 2
( )
π,0
––
3
2
(0, 0) ( )
π,0
–
3 (π, 0)
( )
4π , 0
—
3
c The curve g(x) is f(x) reflected in the x-axis (or inverted)
0 x and translated vertically up by 4 unit, oscillating around
π π π π 3π
–– –– – —
2 4 –2 2 —( )
2π , 0
3
2 y = 4. Neither the period nor the amplitude have been
changed.
–4 13 a y = 2 cos(3x)
2𝜋
Period:
3
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 Amplitude: 2
b g∶ − , → R, g(x) = 4 − 4 cos (3x − )
[ 2 2 ] 2 Line of oscillation (or mean position): y = 0
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 Range: [−2, 2]
g∶ − , → R, g(x) = 4 − 4 cos (3 (x − )) 2𝜋
[ 2 2 ] 6 For one complete cycle: 0 ≤ x ≤
This is the curve in part a reflected in the x-axis and 3
Endpoints:
translated vertically up by 4 units, oscillating around y = 4. 2𝜋
with the same period and amplitude. At x = 0 At x =
3
Range: [4 − 4, 4 + 4] = [0, 8] y = 2 cos (0) y = 2 cos (2𝜋)
𝜋 3𝜋
Endpoints: x = − x = y=2 y=2
2 2
𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
g (− ) = 4 − 4 cos (3 ( − ) Endpoints are: (0, 2) and ,2
2 2 ) 2 ( 3 )
3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 x-intercepts: y = 0
g = 4 − 4 cos 3 × − 0 = 2 cos (3x)
( 2 ) ( 2 2)
𝜋 3𝜋 cos (3x) =0
g (− ) = 4 − 4 cos (−2𝜋) g = 4 − 4 cos (4𝜋) 2𝜋
2 ( 2 ) For 0 ≤ x ≤ then 0 ≤ (3x) ≤ 2𝜋
3
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
g (− ) = 4 − 4 cos (0) g = 4 − 4 cos (0) (3x) = ,
2 ( 2 ) 2 2
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 g =0 x= ,
g (− ) = 0 ( 2 ) 6 2
2

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CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.4 77

y
2
(0, 2)
y = 2 cos(3x)
( )
2π , 2
—
3 1
y
( )
π, 1
–
2 ( )
5π
—, 1
2
y = sin(x)
1 (0, 0) (π, 0) (2π, 0) (3π, 0) (4π, 0)
( ) π,0
–
6 ( )π,0
–
2
0 π
–
2
π 3π
–
2
2π 5π
–
2
3π 7π
–
2
4π x
x –1

–1
0 π
–
3
2π
—
3 ( )
3π
—, –1
2 ( )
7π
—, –1
2

b y = sin2 (x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 4𝜋
–2 ( )
π , –2
–
3 This is the same as y = (sin(x))2 , so all the negative
y-values with become positive, giving the following curve.
𝜋
b Translate the points to the right and up by 3.
3
Looking at maximum and minimum points:
y
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
π, 1
–
2
3π
—, 1
2
5π
—, 1
2
7π
—, 1
2
y = (sin(x))2
𝜋
(0, 2) → ( , 5)
3 (0, 0) (π, 0) (2π, 0) (3π, 0) (4π, 0)
𝜋 2𝜋 0
–π π 3π
– 2π 5π– 3π 7π
– 4π x
( 3 , −2) → ( 3 , 1) –1 2 2 2 2

2𝜋
, 2 → (𝜋, 5)
( 3 ) 16 a 2 sin(2x) +√3 = 0 for x ∈ [0, 2𝜋]
The range would now be: [−2 + 3, 2 + 3] = [1, 5] √3
∴ sin(2x) = − , 2x ∈ [0, 4𝜋]
Therefore no x-intercepts. 2
Note: no restricted domain was stated. √3 𝜋
suggests and sine is negative in 3rd & 4th
y 2 3
5 ( )
π,5
–
3
(π, 5) quadrants

y=3
3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 ∴ 2x = 𝜋 + , 2𝜋 − , 3𝜋 + , 4𝜋 −
3 3 3 3
y = 2 cos(3x – π ) + 3
4𝜋 5𝜋 10𝜋 11𝜋
1 ∴ 2x = , , ,
(0, 1)
( )
2π , 1
—
3
3 3 3
2𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 11𝜋
3

0 x ∴x= , , ,
π 2π π 3 6 3 6
– —
3 3 b Graph of y = sin(2x) for x ∈ [0, 2𝜋]
𝜋 Period 𝜋, amplitude 1, range [−1, 1]
c To translate to the right, the curve becomes:
3 y y = sin(2x)
𝜋 1
y = 2 cos (3 (x − ))
3
To translate vertically up by 3 units, the curve becomes: (0, 0) (2π, 0)
𝜋 0 3π 5π 3π 7π x
y = 2 cos (3 (x − )) + 3 π
– π
– — π — — — 2π
3 –1 4 2 4 4 2 4
Translated curve: y = 2 cos (3x − 𝜋) + 3
𝜋
14 f(x) = 2 − 3 cos (x + ) √3
12 c x∶ sin(2x) < − , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋
Amplitude: 3 2
Line of oscillation (mean position): y = 2 √3
Range: [2 − 3, 2 + 3] = [−1, 5] Draw the line y = − on the graph of y = sin(2x).
2
Maximum occurs when y = 5 √3
𝜋 At their intersections, sin(2 x) = − and therefore
5 = 2 − 3 cos (x + ) 2
12
2 sin(2x) +√3 = 0, the solutions to which were found
𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 11𝜋
cos (x + ) = −1 in part a as x = , , , .
12 3 6 3 6
𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋
(x + 12 ) = 𝜋 for first positive value. The sine curve lies below the line for
3
<x<
6
11𝜋 5𝜋 11𝜋
x= and <x< .
12 3 6
The solution set is
15 a y = sin(x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 4𝜋
Period: 2𝜋 so two complete cycles of the sine curve. 2𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 11𝜋
x∶ <x< ∪ x∶ <x< .
No transformations. { 3 6 } { 3 6 }

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78 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.5

3x + 2
d y = sin
Exercise 4.5 – Derivatives of the sine and cosine (
4 )
functions dy 3 3x + 2
= cos
1 a y = sin 8x dx 4 ( 4 )

= 8 cos 8x
dy 8 − 7x
e y = sin
dx (
3 )
b y = sin(−6x) dy 7 8 − 7x
= − cos
dx 3 ( 3 )
dy
= −6 cos (−6x) f y = 5𝜋 sin 2𝜋x
dx
y = sin x dy
c = 10𝜋2 cos 2𝜋x
dx
dy
= cos x 4 a y = cos(8 − x)
dx
x dy
d y = sin = −1 × − sin(8 − x)
3 dx
dy 1 x = sin(8 − x)
= cos
dx 3 3
b y = cos(6 − 5x)
x
e y = sin (− ) dy
2 = −sin(6 − 5x) × (−5)
dx
dy 1 x
= − cos (− ) dy
dx 2 2 = 5 sin(6 − 5x)
dx
2x
f y = sin 2x + 3
3 c y = cos
dy 2 2x (3 )
= cos dy 2 2x + 3
dx 3 3 = − sin
dx 3 ( 3 )
2 a y = cos 3x
dy 4x − 1
= −3 sin 3x d y = cos
( 5 )
dx
dy −4 4x − 1
b y = cos(−2x) = sin
dx 5 ( 5 )
dy
= 2 sin(−2x) e y = 4𝜋 cos 10𝜋x
dx
x dy
c y = cos = −40𝜋2 sin 10𝜋x
3 dx
dy 1 x f y = −6 cos(−2x)
= − sin
dx 3 3
dy
d y = cos 21x = −6 × −2 × − sin(−2x)
dx
dy = −12 sin(−2x)
= −21 sin 21x
dx 5 a y = cos(x2 − 4x + 3)
e y = cos(−7x) dy
= (2x − 4) × − sin(x2 − 4x + 3)
dy dx
= 7 sin(−7x) = −2(x − 2) sin(x2 − 4x + 3)
dx
𝜋x = 2(2 − x) sin(x2 − 4x + 3)
f y = cos
4 b y = sin(10 − 5x + x2 )
dy 𝜋 𝜋x dy
= − sin = (−5 + 2x) cos(10 − 5x + x2 )
dx 4 4 dx
3 a y = sin(2x + 3) = (2x − 5) cos(10 − 5x + x2 )
c y = sin(ex )
dy
= 2 cos(2x + 3) Let u = ex
dx
du
b y = sin(6 − 7x) = ex
dx
dy y = sin u
= −7 cos(6 − 7x)
dx dy
= cos u
c y = sin(5x − 4) du
dy dy
= 5 cos(5x − 4) = cos u × ex
dx dx
= ex cos(ex )

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CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.5 79

𝜋 𝜋
d y = cos(x2 + 7x) When x = ; y = − cos ( ) = 0
2 2
dy Equation of tangent with mT = 1 which passes through the
= (2x + 7) × − sin(x2 + 7x)
dx point
= −(2x + 7) sin(x2 + 7x) 𝜋
(x1 , y1 ) = ( , 0) is given by
2
e y = cos(4x − x2 ) y − y1 = mT (x − x1 )
dy 𝜋
= (4 − 2x) × − sin(4x − x2 ) y − 0 = 1 (x − )
dx 2
= −2(2 − x) sin(4x − x2 ) 𝜋
y=x−
2
= 2(x − 2) sin(4x − x2 )
f y = sin(x2 + 3x) 𝜋 𝜋 √3 3√3
9 When x = , y = 3 cos ( ) = 3 × =
dy 6 6 2 2
= (2x + 3) cos(x2 + 3x) dy
dx mT = = −3 sin(x)
dx
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1 3
6 cos(10x°) = cos (10 × x When x = , mT = −3 sin ( ) = −3 × = −
180 ) 6 6 2 2
3
𝜋 Equation of tangent with mT = − which passes through the
= cos ( x) 2
18 point
𝜋 𝜋 3√3
y = 9 cos ( x
18 ) (x1 , y1 ) = , is given by
(6 2 )
dy 𝜋 𝜋
= 9 × − sin ( x) × y − y1 = mT (x − x1 )
dx 18 18
dy −𝜋 𝜋 3√3 3 𝜋
= sin ( x) y− = − (x − )
dx 2 18 2 2 6
7 a y = 2 cos(3x) 3√3 3 𝜋
y− =− x+
dy 2 2 4
= −6 sin(3x)
dx 3 𝜋 3√3
y=− x+ +
b y = cos (x°) 2 4 2
𝜋x x
y = cos ( 10 y = −2 sin ( ) for x ∈ [0, 2𝜋]
180 ) 2
dy 𝜋 𝜋x dy x
=− sin ( = −cos ( )
dx 180 180 ) dx 2
1 x
𝜋 = −cos ( )
c y = 3 cos ( − x) 2 2
2
1 x x
dy 𝜋 − = cos ( ) for ∈ [0, 𝜋]
= 3 − sin ( − x) × −1 2 2 2
dx ( 2 )
dy 𝜋 1 𝜋
= 3 sin ( − x) suggests . Since cos is negative in the second quadrant.
dx 2 2 3
x 𝜋
x =𝜋−
d y = −4 sin ( ) 2 3
3 x 2𝜋
dy 4 x =
= − cos ( ) 2 3
dx 3 3 4𝜋
x=
e y = sin (12x°) 3
𝜋x 4𝜋 4𝜋 1
y = sin ( ) When x = , y = −2 sin ×
15 3 ( 3 2)
dy 𝜋 𝜋x 2𝜋
= cos ( ) = −2 sin
dx 15 15 ( 3 )
𝜋 𝜋
f y = 2 sin ( + 3x) = −2 sin (𝜋 − )
2 3
dy 𝜋 𝜋
= 6 cos ( + 3x) = −2 sin ( ) = −√3
dx 2 3
4𝜋
8 y = −cos(x) Point is , −√3 .
( 3 )
dy
mT = = sin(x) 11 a f(x) = sin(x) − cos(x)
dx
f(0) = sin(0) − cos(0) = −1
𝜋 𝜋
When x = ; mT = sin ( ) = 1
2 2

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
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80 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.5

b f(x) = 0
sin(x) − cos(x) = 0
sin(x) = cos(x)
tan(x) = 1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1 suggests . Since tan is positive 1st and 3rd quadrants. x = −𝜋 +,
4 6 6
5𝜋 𝜋
x=− ,
6 6
13 f(x) = sin(2x) so f ′(x) = 2 cos(2x)
𝜋 𝜋 f(x) = cos(2x) so f ′(x) = −2 sin(2x)
x= ,𝜋 + When the gradients are equal
4 4
2 cos (2x) = −2 sin (2x) where x ∈ [−𝜋, 𝜋]
𝜋 5𝜋
x= , cos (2x) = −sin (2x) where 2 x ∈ [−2𝜋, 2𝜋]
4 4
cos (2x) − sin (2x)
c f ′(x) = cos(x) + sin(x) =
cos (2x) cos (2x)
d f ′(x) = 0
cos(x) + sin(x) = 0 1 = −tan (2x)
sin(x) = − cos(x) −1 = tan (2x)
𝜋
tan(x) = −1 1 suggests . Since tan is negative 2nd and 4th quadrants.
4
𝜋
1 suggests . Since tan is negative 2nd and 4th quadrants.
4

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2x = −𝜋 − , − , 𝜋 − and 2𝜋 −
𝜋 𝜋 4 4 4 4
x=𝜋− , 2𝜋 − 5𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
4 4 2x = − , − , and
3𝜋 7𝜋 4 4 4 4
x= , 5𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
4 4 x = − ,− , and
8 8 8 8
12 a f(x) =√3 cos(x) + sin(x) 𝜋 𝜋
14 f(x) = x − sin(2x), − ≤ x ≤
f(0) =√3 cos(0) + sin(0) = √3 2 2
b f(x) = 0 f ′(x) = 1 − 2 cos(2x)
√3 cos(x) + sin(x) = 0 For gradient of zero: f ′(x) = 0
0 = 1 − 2 cos (2x)
sin(x) = −√3 cos(x)
1
tan(x) = −√3 cos (2x) =
2
𝜋
√3 suggests . Since tan is negative 2nd and 4th 1 𝜋
3 suggests . Since cos is positive in 1st and 4th quadrants,
quadrants. 2 3
and −𝜋 ≤ 2x ≤ 𝜋

𝜋 𝜋
x = − ,𝜋 − 𝜋 𝜋
3 3 (2x) = − ,
𝜋 2𝜋 3 3
x=− , 𝜋 𝜋
3 3 x=− ,
6 6
c f ′(x) = −√3 sin(x) + cos(x)
For coordinates of points:
d f ′(x) = 0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
f (− ) = − − sin (− ) f ( ) = − sin ( )
−√3 sin(x) + cos(x) = 0 6 6 3 6 6 3
cos(x) =√3 sin(x) 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 √3
f (− ) = − + sin ( ) f( ) = −
1 =√3 tan(x) 6 6 3 6 6 2
1 𝜋 𝜋 √3
= tan(x) f (− ) = − +
√3 6 6 2
1 𝜋
suggests . Since tan is positive 1st and 3rd 𝜋 𝜋 √3 𝜋 𝜋 √3
√3 6 Points are: − ,− + and , −
( 6 6 2 ) (6 6 2 )
quadrants.
To three decimal places: (−0.524, 0.342) and (0.524, −0.342)

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.6 81

𝜋
15 f(x) = 2x + cos(3x), 0 ≤ x ≤ Fred is able to enter and leave the inlet between 1 pm and
2
5 pm and again between 1 am and 5 am the next day.
f ′(x) = 2 − 3 sin(3x) 𝜋t
For gradient of zero: f ′(x) = 0 2 d = 7 + 3 sin
6
0 = 2 − 3 sin (3x) a maximum depth of water is when
2 𝜋t
sin (3x) = sin =1
3 6
2 d = 7 + 3 = 10 m
suggests 0.7297. Since sin is positive in 1st and 2nd
3 minimum depth of water is when
3𝜋 𝜋t
quadrants, and 0 ≤ 3x ≤ sin = −1
2 6
d = 7 − 3 = 4m
b From midnight Friday to midday on Sunday is 36 hours.
So 0 ≤ t ≤ 36

(3x) = 0.7297 or 𝜋 − 0.7297 d

x = 0.24324, 0.803955 10
For coordinates of points: 8 (36, 7)
f (0.24324) = 2 (0.24324) + cos (3 (0.24324)) (0, 7)
6
= 1.2318
f (0.803955) = 2 (0.803955) + cos (3 (0.803955)) 4
= 0.862554 2
Points, to three decimal places: (0.243, 1.232) and
(0.804, 0.863) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 t
𝜋t
c at sin =1
6
Exercise 4.6 – Applications of trigonometric 𝜋t 𝜋
functions =
6 2
𝜋t
1 d(t) = 6 + 2.5 sin t = 3 am
6
a greatest depth is 6 + 2.5 = 8.5 m 𝜋t
𝜋t d 7 + 3 sin = 8.5
this occurs when sin =1 6
6 𝜋t
𝜋t 𝜋 3 sin = 1.5
⇒ = 6
6 2
𝜋t
t = 3 pm sin = 0.5
6
2𝜋 𝜋
b period = 𝜋 = 12 hrs basic angle =
6 6
max depth again after 12 hours 1st and 2nd quadrants
c least depth is 6 − 2.5 = 3.5 m 𝜋t 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
d d(t) = , 𝜋 − , 2𝜋 + , 3𝜋 − , 4𝜋 + , 5𝜋 −
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
8 𝜋 5𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋 25𝜋 29𝜋
(24, 6) = , , , , ,
6 (0, 6) 6 6 6 6 6 6
4
t = 1, 5, 13, 17, 25, 29
2
Student should be on the pier between 1 am and 5 am on
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2224
t Saturday, 1 pm and 5 pm on Saturday, 1 am and 5 am on
Sunday.
𝜋t
e 6 + 2.5 sin = 7.25 e She should fish between 3 am and 5 am Sunday morning.
6
𝜋t 𝜋
2.5 sin = 1.25 3 T(m) = 18 + 7 cos m
6 6
a max temp in March means m = 3
𝜋t 1 3𝜋
sin = T(3) = 18 + 7 cos
6 2 6
𝜋
basic angle = = 18°C
6
max temp in August means m = 8
1st and 2nd quadrants.
𝜋t 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 8𝜋
= , 𝜋 − , 2𝜋 + , 3𝜋 − T(8) = 18 + 7 cos
6 6 6 6 6 ( 6 )
𝜋t 𝜋 5𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋 = 14.5°C
= , , ,
6 6 6 6 6
t = 1, 5, 13, 17

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82 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.6

𝜋
b Highest temp is 18 + 7 = 25°. b P(t) = 100 sin ( t) + 500
𝜋m 2
This occurs when cos =1 2𝜋
6 period: 𝜋 = 4 months (3 complete cycles in 1 year)
𝜋m 2
= 0, 2𝜋
6 amplitude: 100
m = 0, 12 line of oscillation (mean position): y = 500
i.e. January and December range: [500 − 100, 500 + 100] = [400, 600]
c In February, m = 14 P (1, 600)
600 y = 500
14𝜋 (12, 500)
T(2) = 18 + 7 cos

Population of frogs
6
(0, 500)
= 21.5°C 400
𝜋m (3, 400) y = 100 sin (π x) + 500
–
2
d 18 + 7 cos = 21.5
6
𝜋m 200
7 cos = 3.5
6
𝜋m 1
cos = 0 t
6 2 2 4 6 8 10 12
𝜋 Time (months)
basic angle =
3 c greatest population = 600 frogs.
1st and 4th quadrant 𝜋
Occurs when sin ( t) = 1
𝜋m 𝜋 𝜋 2
= , 2𝜋 − 𝜋 𝜋
6 3 3 t=
2 2
𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 t = 1 or read off from graph
= , , ,
3 3 3 3 population greatest the first time after 1 month.
m = 14, 22 6 a L(t) = 2 sin(𝜋t) + 10
next time it is 21.5° it is month 22, i.e. October, 8 months When t = 0; L(0) = 2 sin(0) + 10 = 10 cm
later. dL
b = 2𝜋 cos(𝜋t)
4 h = a sin nt + c dt
dL
a max height of rope = 1.8 m c When t = 1 second then = 2𝜋 cos(𝜋) = −2𝜋 cm/s.
dt
median is 0.9 𝜋
7 T = 2 sin ( t) + 12, 0 ≤ t ≤ 24 (Note time in hours after
amplitude is 0.9 9
2𝜋 8:00 am)
period = =2
n a at 12 noon, t = 4
n=𝜋 4𝜋
T (4) = 2 sin + 12
a = 0.9, n = 𝜋, c = 0.9 ( 9 )
h = 0.9 sin 𝜋t + 0.9 T = 13.969616
b h Temperature is 14° (to nearest degree)
2 dT 𝜋 𝜋
b = 2 cos ( t) ×
1.5 dt 9 9
1 dT 2𝜋 𝜋
(0, 0.9) (5, 0.9) = cos ( t)
0.5 dt 9 9
0 t c at midnight, t = 16
–0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 dT 2𝜋 𝜋
= cos ( × 16)
dt 9 9
c 0.9 sin 𝜋t + 0.9 = 0.25
dT 2𝜋 16𝜋
0.9 sin 𝜋t = −0.65 = cos
dt 9 ( 9 )
sin 𝜋t = −0.72̇ dT
basic angle is 0.80 4 = 0.53479991
dt
3rd and 4th quadrants
Rate of change of temperature at midnight = 0.535°C/hr
𝜋t = 𝜋 + 0.80 4
(correct to 3 d.p.)
= 3.94 54 𝜋
t = 1.2559 8 h = 4 cos ( d) + 5, 0 ≤ d ≤ 25
25
t = 1.3 seconds a at d = 0:
𝜋 h = 4 cos (0) + 5
5 P(t) = 100 sin ( t) + 500
2 h=4+5
a at t = 0 height of rollercoaster car at the beginning is 9 metres.
P(0) = 100 sin(0) + 500
P(0) = 500
Initial population = 500 frogs

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CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.6 83

dh 𝜋 𝜋
b = 4 × (− sin ( d)) ×
dd 25 25
dh 4𝜋 𝜋
= − sin ( d)
dd 25 25
c i at d = 5: 𝜋t 𝜋 𝜋
= , 2𝜋 −
dh 4𝜋 𝜋 6 4 4
= − sin ( × 5) 𝜋t 𝜋 7𝜋
dd 25 25 = ,
dh 4𝜋 𝜋 6 4 4
= − sin ( ) 𝜋 6 7𝜋 6
dd 25 5 t= × , ×
dh 4 𝜋 4 𝜋
= −0.29545 3 21
dd t= ,
2 2
Gradient = −0.295 metres/metre The second time when t = 10.5 hours or at 4.30 pm.
ii at d = 15: 10 a h = a cos(nt) + c
dh 4𝜋 𝜋 Amplitude = 50
= − sin ( × 15) Reflection in x-axis so a = −50
dd 25 25
2𝜋
dh 4𝜋 3𝜋 Period = 1 second so 1 = and n = 2𝜋
= − sin n
dd 25 ( 5 )
Vertical translation is 50 so c = 50
dh
= −0.47805 Thus h = −50 cos(2𝜋t) + 50
dd
h = 50 − 50 cos(2𝜋t)
Gradient = −0.478 metres/metre
dh
𝜋 b = 100𝜋 sin(2𝜋t)
9 a Period of function is 2𝜋 ÷ = 12 hours dt
6
𝜋t c When t = 0.25 seconds
b Low tide occurs when sin ( ) = −1 so dh
6 = 100𝜋 sin(2𝜋 × 0.25) = 100𝜋 mm/ sec
HLOWTIDE = 1.5 + 0.5(−1) = 1 m. dt
𝜋t
𝜋t 11 a h = 5 − 3.5 ( )
1.5 + 0.5 sin ( =1 30
6)
When t = 0; h = 5 − 3.5 cos(0) = 5 − 3.5 = 1.5 m
𝜋t
0.5 sin ( ) = −0.5 b hmax = 5 − 3.5(−1) = 8.5 m
6 2𝜋
𝜋t c period = 𝜋 = 60 s
sin ( ) = −1 30
6
𝜋 Therefore 1 rotation takes 60 seconds
1 suggests . Since sin is negative 3rd quadrant. 𝜋t
2 d For 5 − 3.5 cos ( ) > 7 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 60
30
𝜋t 𝜋 Solve:
=𝜋+ 𝜋t
6 2 5 − 3.5 cos ( ) = 7
𝜋t 3𝜋 30
= 𝜋t
6 2 3.5 cos ( ) = −2
3𝜋 6 30
t= × = 9 or 3 pm 𝜋t −4
2 𝜋 cos ( ) =
30 7
Low tide = 1 metre at 3 pm
4
dH 𝜋 1 𝜋t 𝜋 𝜋t implies 0.962 551 and cos negative in 2nd & 3rd
c = × cos ( ) = cos ( ) 7
dt 6 2 6 12 6 quadrants
d When t = 7.30 am then t = 1.5 hours.
dH 𝜋 𝜋 3 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 √2
= cos × = cos ( ) = ×
dt 12 ( 6 2 ) 12 4 12 2
√2𝜋
= 𝜋t
24 ∴( = 𝜋 − 0.962 551 or 𝜋 + 0.962 551
30 )
𝜋 𝜋t √2𝜋
e cos ( ) = t = 20.8083 or 39.1917
12 6 24
time spent above 7 metres = 39.1917 − 20.8083
𝜋t √2𝜋 12 √2 = 18.3834
cos ( = × =
6) 24 𝜋 2 = 18.4 seconds (1 dp)
√2 𝜋 dh 3.5𝜋 𝜋t
suggests . Since cos is positive then 1st and 4th e = sin ( )
2 4 dt 30 30
quadrants. dh 7𝜋 𝜋t
= sin ( )
dt 60 30

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84 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.6

dh 𝜋t
f = −0.2 m/s 13 D(t) = 2.5 + 0.5 sin ( ) , 0 ≤ t ≤ 24 time after 4 a.m.
dt 3
7𝜋 𝜋t a at 4 a.m.: t = 0
−0.2 = sin ( ) D(0) = 2.5 + 0.5 sin(0)
60 30
−0.2 × 60 𝜋t D(0) = 2.5
= sin ( )
7𝜋 30 Depth of water at 4 a.m. is 2.5 metres
𝜋t b at midday: t = 8
−0.5457 = sin ( )
30 8𝜋
D(8) = 2.5 + 0.5 sin
− 0.5457 suggests 0.5772. Since sin is negative 3rd and 4th ( 3 )
quadrants. 2𝜋
D(8) = 2.5 + 0.5 sin 2𝜋 +
( 3 )
2𝜋
D(8) = 2.5 + 0.5 sin
( 3 )
√3
𝜋t D(8) = 2.5 + 0.5 ×
= 𝜋 + 0.5772, 2𝜋 − 0.5772 2
30
𝜋t D(8) = 2.9330127
= 3.7188, 5.7060 Depth of water at midday is 2.93 metres (to 2 d.p.)
30
30 30 c maximum depth = 2.5 + 0.5 = 3 metres.
t = 3.7188 × , 5.7060 × 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 First occurred when sin ( t) = 1
3
t = 35.51 s, 54.49 seconds 𝜋 𝜋
t=
7 𝜋x 5 3 2
12 a y = cos ( ) + 0 ≤ x ≤ 20
2 20 2 3
t=
7 5 2
ymax = × 1 + = 6 m
2 2 Maximum depth first at t = 1.5 hours after 4 a.m.
dy 7𝜋 𝜋x Maximum depth of 3 metres at 5:30 a.m.
b = − sin ( )
dx 40 20 2𝜋
d period: 𝜋 = 6 hours (4 complete cycles in a 24 hour
dy 7𝜋 𝜋 −7√2𝜋 3
c i When x = 5; = − sin ( ) = period)
dx 40 4 80
dy 7𝜋 𝜋 −7𝜋 amplitude: 0.5 metres
ii When x = 10; = − sin ( ) = line of oscillation (mean position): y = 2.5
dx 40 2 40
d i When y = 0 then range: [2.5 − 0.5, 2.5 + 0.5] = [2, 3]
7 𝜋x 5
cos ( ) + = 0 D (1.5, 3)
2 20 2 3
𝜋x (24, 2.5)
7 cos ( ) + 5 = 0
Depth (metres)

20
𝜋x 2
7 cos ( ) = −5
20 (0, 2.5) ( )
D(t) = 2.5 + 0.5 sin πt
3
𝜋x 5 y = 2.5
cos ( =− 1
20 ) 7
𝜋x 5
= cos−1 −
20 ( 7) 0 t
𝜋x 5 10 15 20 25
= 2.3664 Time after 4 am (hours)
20
2.3664 × 20 dD 𝜋 𝜋
x= e = 0.5 cos ( t) ×
𝜋 dt 3 3
x = 15.0649 dD 𝜋 𝜋
= cos ( t)
x = 15 m dt 6 3
𝜋 𝜋
ii When x = 15.0649 then Rate of change at any time: D′(t) = cos ( t)
6 3
dy 7𝜋 𝜋 × 15.0649 2𝜋
= − sin period: 𝜋 = 6 hours (4 complete cycles in a 24 hour
dx 40 ( 20 )
3
dy period)
= −0.384 8 𝜋
dx amplitude:
If 𝜃 is the required angle, then 6
line of oscillation (mean position): y = 0
tan(𝜃) = −0.384 8 𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 = tan−1 (−0.384 8) range: [− , ]
6 6
𝜃 = 180° − 21.0450°
𝜃 = 158.96°

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CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.6 85

D'(t) iii When x = 3 then

1 dh 3
= 0.625 sin
(0, π6 ) (6, π6 ) (12, π6 ) (18, π6 ) (24, π6 ) dx (4)
dh
= 0.426 m/m
dx
0 t dh
5 10 15 20 25 iv When = 0.58 then
dx
x
0.58 = 0.625 sin ( )
6 ( )
y = π cos π3 x 4
–1 x −5 x 5
0.928 = sin ( ) ≤ ≤
Time after 4 am (hours)
4 4 4 4
0.928 suggests 1.1890. Since sin is positive 1st
f Greatest flow of water into the inlet at maximum turning
quadrant because of the domain.
points of the rate of change.
x
From the graph, the maximums occur at t = 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 = 1.1890
4
Greatest flow of water into the inlet during the 24 hour
period occurs at 4 am, 10 am, 4 pm, 10 pm and 4 am x = 4.756 metres
x 15 a graphs drawn using technology
14 a y = 2.5 − 2.5 cos ( ) , −4 𝜋 ≤ x ≤ 4𝜋
4 Gas
2𝜋 4
period: 1 = 8𝜋 (1.922, 2.856)
4
y(t) = 2 – 2 cos πt
3 ( )
amplitude: 2.5 metres
reflected in the x-axis (or inverted)
x(t) = 1.5 sin πt
3 ( )
+ 1.5

translated vertically up by 2.5, line of oscillation (mean 2

position): y = 2.5 (0, 1.5) (12, 1.5)
range: [2.5 − 2.5, 2.5 + 2.5] = [0, 5]
y-intercepts: x = 0 (0, 0) (12, 0)
(6, 0)
y = 2.5 − 2.5 cos(0)
0 t
y = 2.5 − 2.5 2 4 6 8 10 12
y=0
b first point of intersection of the curves is at (1.922, 2.856)
x-intercepts: y = 0
x time = 1.922 hours after 6:00 a.m.
0 = 2.5 − 2.5 cos ( ) 1.922 hours = 1 hour and 55 minutes (to nearest minute)
4
x Time of day: 7:55 a.m.
cos ( ) = 1
4 c Amount of gas emitted is 2.856 units
x 𝜋x 𝜋x
If −4𝜋 ≤ x ≤ 4𝜋 then −𝜋 ≤ ≤ 𝜋 d i T(t) = 1.5 sin ( ) + 1.5 + 2 − 2 cos ( )
4 3 3
x 𝜋x 𝜋x
=0 T(t) = 1.5 sin ( ) − 2 cos ( ) + 3.5
4 3 3
x=0 Graph using technology
Axis intercept at (0, 0)
(–4π, 5) y (4π, 5)
πx
( )
T y = 1.5 sin 3 – 2 cos 3 + 3.5
πx
( )
5 6
(2.386, 6)
Toxic gas emissions

4 (8.386, 6)
3 y = 2.5
4
2 x
1 y = 2.5 – 2.5 cos –4 ( )
0 (0, 0) x 2 (12, 1.5)
–4π –3π –2π –π π 2π 3π 4π (0, 1.5)
x (5.386, 1) (11.386, 1)
b i h(x) = 2.5 − 2.5 cos ( ) − 5 ≤ x ≤ 5
4 0 t
2 4 6 8 10 12
5 Time after 6 am (hours)
h(5) = 2.5 − 2.5 cos
(4)
ii Reading from the graph:
h(5) = 1.7117 Maximum gas emissions = 6 unit;
Maximum depth is 1.7 metres. minimum gas emissions = 1 unit
dh 2.5 x Maximums occur at: t = 2.386, 8.386
ii = sin ( )
dx 4 4 t = 2 hours and 23 minutes, or 8 hours and 23 minutes
dh x after 6 a.m.
= 0.625 sin ( )
dx 4 time of day: 8:23 a.m. and 2:23 p.m.
minimums occur at: t = 5.386, 11.386

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
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86 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.7

t = 5 hours and 23 minutes, or 11 hours and 23 c tan(𝜋 + 𝜃)

minutes after 6 a.m. = tan(𝜃)
time of day: 11:23 a.m. and 5:23 p.m.
√5
iii Since the maximum gas emission is 6 units and the =
minimum is 1 unit, they lie within the range of 0 to 2
7 units, so the company works within the guidelines. d sin(3𝜋 + 𝜃)
= − sin(𝜃)
4.7 Review: exam practice √5
=−
3𝜋 3 × 180 3
1 a =
4 4 e tan(𝜋 − 𝜃)
= 135° = − tan(𝜃)
13𝜋 13 × 180
b = √5
12 12 =−
2
= 195°
180 f cos(−𝜃)
c 2.1 = 2.1 ×
𝜋 = cos(𝜃)
= 120.32114° 2
=
= 120°19′ 3
180 4 a sin 120° = sin(180 − 60)°
d 1.76 = 1.76 ×
𝜋
= sin 60°
= 100.84057°
√3
= 100°50′ =
𝜋 2
2 a 35° = 35 ×
180 b cos 135° = cos(180 − 45)°
7𝜋
= = −cos45°
36
𝜋 √2 −1
b 280° = 280 × =− or
180 2 √2
14𝜋 c tan 330° = tan(360 − 30)°
=
9
= −tan 30°
𝜋
c 128.5° = 128.5 ×
180 √3 1
=− or −
= 2.24275 3 √3
= 2.24 (2 d.p.) d cos 225° = cos(180 + 45)°
d 230°48′ = 230.8° = −cos 45°
𝜋 √2
230.8° = 230.8 × 1
180 =− or −
2 √2
= 4.02822
e sin 210° = sin(180 + 30)°
= 4.03 (2 d.p.)
3 = −sin 30°
3 1
√5 =−
2
θ f tan 150° = tan(180 − 30)°
2
= −tan 30
a cos(𝜋 − 𝜃)
√3 1
= − cos(𝜃) =− or −
3 √3
2 3𝜋 𝜋
=− 5 a sin = sin (𝜋 − )
3 4 4
b sin(𝜋 − 𝜃) 𝜋
= sin
= sin(𝜃) 4
√2
√5 =
= 2
3

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.7 87

5𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋
b cos = cos (𝜋 − ) l tan = tan (𝜋 + )
6 6 6 6
𝜋 𝜋
− cos = = tan
6 6
√3 √3
=− =
2 3
2𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
c tan = tan (𝜋 − ) 6 a tan ( = −tan
3 3 4 ) 4
𝜋 = −1
= −tan
3 −3𝜋 3𝜋
b cos = cos
= −√3 ( 4 ) ( 4 )
4𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
d cos = cos (𝜋 + ) = cos (𝜋 − )
3 3 4
𝜋 𝜋
= −cos = −cos
3 4
1 √2
=− =−
2 2
5𝜋 𝜋 −2𝜋 2𝜋
e sin = sin (𝜋 + ) c sin = −sin
4 4 ( 3 ) 3
𝜋
= −sin 𝜋
4 = −sin (𝜋 −
3)
√2 𝜋
=− = −sin
2 3
7𝜋 𝜋 √3
f tan = tan (𝜋 + ) =−
6 6 2
𝜋
= tan −5𝜋 5𝜋
6 d tan = −tan
( 6 ) 6
√3 𝜋
= = −tan (𝜋 −
3 6)
11𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
g sin = sin (2𝜋 − ) = − (− tan )
6 6 6
𝜋 𝜋
= −sin = tan
6 6
1 √3
=− =
2 3
5𝜋 𝜋 −7𝜋 7𝜋
h cos = cos (2𝜋 − ) e sin = −sin
3 3 ( 6 ) 6
𝜋 𝜋
= cos = −sin (𝜋 +
3 6)
1 𝜋
= = − (− sin )
2 6
7𝜋 𝜋 1
i tan = tan (2𝜋 − ) =
4 4 2
𝜋
= −tan −5𝜋 5𝜋
4 f cos = cos
( 4 ) 4
= −1 𝜋
= cos (𝜋 +
j cos
9𝜋 𝜋
= cos (2𝜋 + ) 4)
4 4 𝜋
𝜋 = −cos
= cos 4
4
√2
√2 =−
= 2
2
7 a cos 𝜃 = 0
13𝜋 𝜋
k sin = sin (2𝜋 + ) 𝜋 3𝜋
6 6 𝜃= ,
𝜋 2 2
= sin
6 −1
b sin 𝜃 =
1 √2
= 𝜋
2 basic angle =
4

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88 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.7

3rd and 4th quadrants 𝜃 = 60°, 180 − 60

𝜃 = 60°, 120°
d cos 𝜃 = −1
𝜃 = 180°
1
𝜋 𝜋 e sin 𝜃 =
𝜃=𝜋+ , 2𝜋 − √2
4 4 basic angle = 45°
5𝜋 7𝜋
𝜃= , 1st and 2nd quadrants
4 4
1
c cos 𝜃 =
√2
𝜋
basic angle =
4
𝜃 = 45°, 180 − 45
1st and 4th quadrants
𝜃 = 45°, 135°
9 a 2 sin x = 1
1
sin x =
2
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 basic angle =
𝜃= , 2𝜋 − 6
4 4
1st and 2nd quadrants
𝜋 7𝜋
𝜃= ,
4 4
d sin 𝜃 = −1
3𝜋
𝜃=
2 𝜋 𝜋
x= ,𝜋 −
6 6
−√3
e cos 𝜃 = 𝜋 5𝜋
2 x= ,
𝜋 6 6
basic angle =
6
b 3 cos x = 0
2nd and 3rd quadrants
cos x = 0
𝜋 3𝜋
x= ,
2 2
c 2 sin x = −√3
𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 = 𝜋 − ,𝜋 + √3
6 6 sin x = −
5𝜋 7𝜋 2
𝜃= , 𝜋
6 6 basic angle =
3
8 a sin 𝜃 = 1 3rd and 4th quadrants
𝜃 = 90°
1
b cos 𝜃 =
2
basic angle = 60°
1st and 4th quadrants 𝜋 𝜋
x=𝜋+ , 2𝜋 − ,
3 3
4𝜋 5𝜋
x= ,
3 3
d √2 cos x = 1
𝜃 = 60°, 360 − 60
1
𝜃 = 60°, 300° cos x =
√2
√3 𝜋
c sin 𝜃 = basic angle =
2 4
basic angle = 60° 1st and 4th quadrants
1st and 2nd quadrants

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
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 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.7 89

𝜋 𝜋
x= , 2𝜋 − e 2 cos(2x) + √3 = 0 for −𝜋 ≤ x ≤ 𝜋
4 4
√3
𝜋 7𝜋 cos(2x) = − for −2𝜋 ≤ (2x) ≤ 2𝜋
x= , 2
4 4
𝜋
basic angle
e √3 tan x + 1 = 0 6
2nd and 3rd quadrants in both positive and negative
1
tan x = − directions.
√3
𝜋
basic angle =
6
2nd and 4th quadrants

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(2x) = 𝜋 − , 𝜋 + , −𝜋 + , −𝜋 −
6 6 6 6
5𝜋 7𝜋 −5𝜋 −7𝜋
(2x) = , , ,
𝜋 𝜋 6 6 6 6
x= 𝜋− , 2𝜋 − −7𝜋 −5𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
6 6 x= , , ,
5𝜋 11𝜋 12 12 12 12
x= ,
6 6 11 a sin x = cos x 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋
10 a 4 sin x + 2 = 6 for −𝜋 ≤ x ≤ 𝜋 sin x
sin x = 1 =1
cos x
𝜋
x= tan x = 1
2 𝜋
basic angle =
b 3 cos x − 3 = 0 for −𝜋 ≤ x ≤ 𝜋 4
cos x = 1 1st and 3rd quadrants
x=0
c 2 sin(3x) − 5 = −4 for −𝜋 ≤ x ≤ 𝜋
1
sin(3x) = for −3𝜋 ≤ (3x) ≤ 3 𝜋
2
𝜋
basic angle 𝜋 𝜋
6 x= ,𝜋 +
1st and 2nd quadrants in both positive and negative 4 4
directions. 𝜋 5𝜋
x= ,
4 4
b sin 2x cos 2x 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋
sin 2x
=1 0 ≤ 2x ≤ 4𝜋
cos 2x
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
(3x) = , , 2𝜋 + , 2𝜋 + ,− ,− tan 2x = 1
6 6 6 6 6 6
𝜋 5𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 𝜋
(3x) = , , , ,− ,− basic angle =
6 6 6 6 6 6 4
𝜋 5𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 1st and 3rd quadrants
x= , , , ,− ,−
18 18 18 18 18 18
d √2 cos(3x) + 2 = 3 for −𝜋 ≤ x ≤ 𝜋
1
cos(3x) = for −3𝜋 ≤ (3x) ≤ 3 𝜋
√2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 2x = , 𝜋 + , 2𝜋 + , 3𝜋 +
basic angle 4 4 4 4
4 𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋
1st and 4th quadrants in both positive and negative 2x = , , ,
directions. 4 4 4 4
𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 13𝜋
x= , , ,
8 8 8 8
c sin 2x = √3 cos 2x 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋
sin 2x
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 = √3 0 ≤ 2x ≤ 4𝜋
(3x) = , 2𝜋 − , 2𝜋 + , − , −2𝜋 + , −2𝜋 − cos 2x
4 4 4 4 4 4 tan 2x = √3
𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋 −𝜋 −7𝜋 −9𝜋 𝜋
(3x) = , , , , , basic angle =
4 4 4 4 4 4 3
𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋 −𝜋 −7𝜋 −9𝜋
x= , , , , ,
12 12 12 12 12 12
−3𝜋 −7𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋
x= , , , , ,
4 12 12 12 12 4

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90 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.7

1st and 3rd quadrants

x = 𝜋 − 1.2490, 2𝜋 − 1.2490
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 x = 1.8925, 5.0341
2x = , 𝜋 + , 2𝜋 + , 3𝜋 +
3 3 3 3 12 a sin2 (2𝛼) + sin(2𝛼) − 2 = 0 for 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 2𝜋
𝜋 4𝜋 7𝜋 10𝜋 Let x = sin(2𝛼)
2x = , , ,
3 3 3 3 x2 + x − 2 = 0
𝜋 4𝜋 7𝜋 10𝜋 (x + 2)(x − 1) = 0
x= , , ,
6 6 6 6 x = −2 or 1
𝜋 2𝜋 7𝜋 5𝜋
= , , , sin(2𝛼) = −2 or 1
6 3 6 3
sin(2𝛼) ≠ −2 ∴ sin(2𝛼) = 1
d √3 sin 3x = cos 3x 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋 sin(2𝛼) = 1 for 0 ≤ 2𝛼 ≤ 4𝜋
𝜋
sin 3x 1 basic angle =
= 0 ≤ 3x ≤ 6𝜋 2
cos 3x √3 1st and 2nd quadrants
1
tan 3x =
√3
𝜋
basic angle =
6
1st and 3rd quadrants 𝜋 𝜋
(2𝛼) = , 2𝜋 +
2 2
𝜋 5𝜋
(2𝛼) = ,
2 2
𝜋 5𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝛼 = ,
3x = , 𝜋 + , 2𝜋 + , 3𝜋 + , 4𝜋 + , 5𝜋 + 4 4
6 6 6 6 6 6
𝜋 7𝜋 13𝜋 19𝜋 25𝜋 31𝜋 b 2 cos2 (3𝛼) + cos(3𝛼) − 1 = 0 for 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 2𝜋
3x = , , , , , Let x = cos(3𝛼)
6 6 6 6 6 6
𝜋 7𝜋 13𝜋 19𝜋 25𝜋 31𝜋 2x2 + x − 1 = 0
x= , , , , , (2x − 1)(x + 1) = 0
18 18 18 18 18 18
1
e sin 3x + 2 cos 3x = 0 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋 x= or −1
2
sin 3x = −2 cos 3x 0 ≤ 3x ≤ 6𝜋
1
sin 3x cos(3𝛼) = or − 1
= −2 2
cos 3x
1
tan 3x = −2 cos(3𝛼) = for 0 ≤ (3𝛼) ≤ 6𝜋
2
basic angle = 1.1071 𝜋
basic angle
2nd and 4th quadrants 3
1st and 4th quadrants

3x = 𝜋 − 1.1071, 2𝜋 − 1.1071, 3𝜋 − 1.1071, 4𝜋 − 1.1071,

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
5𝜋 − 1.1071, 6𝜋 − 1.1071 (3x) = , 2𝜋 − , 2𝜋 + , 4𝜋 − , 4𝜋 + , 6𝜋 −
3 3 3 3 3 3
3x = 2.0344, 5.1760, 8.3176, 11.4592, 14.6008, 17.7424 𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋
x = 0.6781, 1.7253, 2.7725, 3.8197, 4.8669, 5.9141 (3x) = , , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
f sin x + 3 cos x = 0 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋
x= , , , , ,
sin x = −3 cos x 9 9 9 9 9 9
sin x cos(3𝛼) = −1 for 0 ≤ (3𝛼) ≤ 6𝜋
= −3
cos x basic angle 𝜋
tan x = −3 (3x) = 𝜋, 3𝜋, 5𝜋
basic angle = 1.2490 𝜋 5𝜋
x= , 𝜋,
2nd and 4th quadrants 3 3
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 13𝜋 5𝜋 17𝜋
Therefore: x = , , , , 𝜋, , , ,
9 3 9 9 9 9 3 9

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CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.7 91

𝜋 𝜋
c 2 sin2 (𝛼 − ) = sin (𝛼 − ) for 0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 2𝜋 sin(2x + 𝜋) = 0
2 2
𝜋 (2x + 𝜋) = 𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋, 4𝜋, 5𝜋
Let x = sin (𝛼 − )
2 (2x) = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋, 4𝜋
2x2 = x 𝜋 3𝜋
x = 0, , 𝜋, , 2𝜋
x(2x − 1) = 0 2 2
1 𝜋 3𝜋
x = 0 or x = For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋: x = 0, , 𝜋, , 2𝜋
2 2 2
y y = 2 sin(2x + π)
𝜋 𝜋 1 2
sin (𝛼 − = 0 or sin (𝛼 − ) =
2)
𝜋
sin (𝛼 − ) = 0 for
−𝜋
2
𝜋
2
≤ (𝛼 − ) ≤
3𝜋 ( )
3π , 0
—
2

𝜋
2 2 2 2 (0, 0) ( )
π,0
–
2 (π, 0) (2π, 0)
( 𝛼 − = 0, 𝜋 0 x
2) π
– π
– 3π
— π 5π
—
3π
— 7π
— 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
𝜋 3𝜋
𝛼= ,
2 2
–2
𝜋 1 −𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
sin (𝛼 − = for ≤ (𝛼 − ) ≤
2) 2 2 2 2 b y = 3 cos(3x + 𝜋) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
basic angle y = 3 cos (3 (x + ))
6 3
1st and 2nd quadrants 2𝜋
Period:
3
Amplitude: 3
Line of oscillation (or mean position): y = 0
Range: [−3, 3]
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 Horizontal translation of to the left, or in the negative x
3
(𝛼 − 2 ) = 6 , 𝜋 − 6 direction.
2𝜋 4𝜋 Endpoints:
𝛼= ,
3 3 at x = 0 at x = 2𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 3𝜋 y = 3 cos(𝜋) y = 3 cos(6𝜋 + 𝜋)
Therefore: 𝛼 = , , ,
2 3 3 2 y = −3 y = 3 cos(𝜋)
13 y = 2 sin 2x, −𝜋 ≤ x ≤ 𝜋 y = −3
amplitude = 2 Endpoints are: (0, −3) and (2𝜋, −3)
period = 𝜋 For x-intercepts: y = 0
range is − 2 ≤ y ≤ 2 3 cos(3x + 𝜋) = 0 for 𝜋 ≤ (3x + 𝜋) ≤ 7𝜋
y
cos(3x + 𝜋) = 0
2
3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
(3x + 𝜋) = , 2𝜋 + , 2𝜋 + , 4𝜋 + , 4𝜋 + , 6𝜋 +
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
(–π, 0) (π, 0)
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋 11𝜋
–π – –π 0 π x (3x) = , , , , ,
–π 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 –1 2
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋 11𝜋
–2 x= , , , , ,
6 2 6 6 2 6
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋 11𝜋
14 a y = 2 sin (2x + 𝜋) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋 For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋: x = , , , , ,
6 2 6 6 2 6
𝜋 y
y = 2 sin (2 (x + ))
2 4 ( π3 , 0) y = 3 cos(3x + π)
2𝜋
Period:
2
= 𝜋 2 ( )
π,0
2 (7π6 , 0) (11π6 , 0)
Amplitude: 2
Line of oscillation (or mean position): y = 0 0 x
π
– 2π
— π — 5π
4π — 2π
Range: [−2, 2] 3 3 3 3
𝜋 –2
Horizontal translation of to the left, or in the negative x
2
(0, –3)
–4
( )
π,0
6
5π , 0
6 ( 3π , 0
2 ) (
(2π, –3) )
direction.
Endpoints: 𝜋
at x = 0 at x = 2𝜋 c y = 2 sin (x − − 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋
4)
y = 2 sin(𝜋) y = 2 sin(4𝜋 + 𝜋) Period: 2𝜋
y=0 y = 2 sin(𝜋) Amplitude: 2
y=0 Vertical translation of down by 1 unit; line of oscillation
Endpoints are: (0, 0) and (2𝜋, 0) (or mean position): y = −1
For x-intercepts: y = 0 Range: [−1 − 2, −1 + 2] = [−3, 1]
2 sin (2x + 𝜋) = 0 for 𝜋 ≤ (2x + 𝜋) ≤ 5𝜋

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92 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.7

𝜋
Horizontal translation of to the right, or in the positive x y
direction.
4 1
(
y = cos – (x – π) + 1
2 )
Endpoints: 2 (2π, 1)
(π, 2)
at x = 0 at x = 2𝜋 (0, 1)
𝜋 𝜋
y = 2 sin (− ) − 1, y = 2 sin (2𝜋 − ) − 1 0 π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π x
4 4 – – — — — — 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
𝜋 𝜋 –2
y = −2 sin ( ) − 1, y = −2 sin ( ) − 1
4 4
1 1
y = −2 × − 1, y = −2 × −1
√2 √2 15 a y = cos(8x − 3)
y = −√2 − 1 y = −√2 − 1 dy
= −sin(8x − 3) × 8
Endpoints are: (0, −√2 − 1) and (2𝜋, −√2 − 1) dx
For x-intercepts: y = 0 dy
= −8 sin(8x − 3)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 dx
0 = 2 sin (x − ) − 1 for − ≤ (x − ) ≤
4 4 4 4 b y = 4 − 3 sin(2x + 1)
𝜋 1 dy
sin (x − ) = = −3 cos(2x + 1) × 2
4 2 dx
𝜋
Basic angle in the 1st and 2nd quadrants
6 dy
= −6 cos(2x + 1)
dx
c y = 6 sin(2x) + 3 cos(2x)
dy
= 6 cos(2x) × 2 + 3(− sin(2x)) × 2
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 dx
(x − 4 ) = 6 , 6 dy
= 12 cos(2x) − 6 sin(2x)
5𝜋 13𝜋 dx
x= , d y = cos(x2 + 2x + 1)
12 12
5𝜋 13𝜋 dy
For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋: x = , = −sin(x2 + 2x + 1) × (2x + 2)
y
12 12 dx
2
( )
3π , 1
—
4
dy
= −(2x + 2) sin(x2 + 2x + 1)
( )
5π , 0
—
12 (
13π
—, 0
12 ) e
dx
y = 2 sin(4 − 3x)
0 3π 5π 3π 7π x
π
– π
– — π — —
2 — 2π dy
4 2 4 4 4 = 2 cos(4 − 3x) × −3
π –1 (2π, –2.414) dx
–2
(
y = 2 sin x – –
4 ) dy
(0, –2.414) = −6 cos(4 − 3x)
dx
–4 ( 4 )
7π , –3
—
f y = sin(−x) − cos(2x)
1 dy
d y = cos (x − 𝜋) + 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋 = cos(−x) × (−1) − (− sin(2x)) × 2
(2 ) dx
2𝜋 dy
Period: = 4𝜋 = −cos(−x) + 2 sin(2x)
1 dx
2
Amplitude: 1 16 y = 3 cos(x)
Vertical translation up by 1; giving line of oscillation (or dy
= −3 sin(x)
mean position): y = 1 dx
Range: [1 − 1, 1 + 1] = [0, 2] At x = 𝜋: y = 3 cos(𝜋)
Horizontal translation of 𝜋 to the right, or in the positive x y = −3
direction. dy
= −3 sin (𝜋)
Endpoints: dx
at x = 0 at x = 2𝜋 dy
=0
𝜋 𝜋 dx
y = cos (− ) + 1 y = cos ( ) + 1
2 2 Equation of tangent at (𝜋, −3), m = 0
y=1 y=1 y = −3
Endpoints are: (0, 1) and (2𝜋, 1) Equation of the line perpendicular to tangent at (𝜋, −3):
For x-intercepts: y = 0 x= 𝜋
4𝜋t
1 𝜋 1 𝜋 17 D = 14 + 5 sin
cos (x − 𝜋) + 1 = 0 for − ≤ (x − 𝜋) ≤ 13
(2 ) 2 (2 ) 2 a maximum depth = 14 + 5 = 19 m
1 b minimum depth = 14 − 5 = 9 m
cos (x − 𝜋) = −1
(2 ) 2𝜋 13
c period = 4𝜋 = = 6.5 hrs
No solutions for these restricted x values. 2
13

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
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 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.7 93

d amplitude = 5 dT
dt
e D
20
1 (12, π4 ) dt 4 12( )
dT = – π cos π t

15 y = 14 (13, 14) (6, 0) (18, 0)

10 (0, 14) 0 5 10 15 20 25 t
5 –1
0 t (0, –π4 ) (24, – π4 )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Time after midnight (hours)

𝜋 From graph, the greatest rate of change of Temperature

18 a T = 19 − 3 sin ( t occurs at t = 12 which is 12 hours after midnight, or at 12
12 )
At midnight, t = 0 noon.
𝜋
Therefore, at midnight, T = 19 − 3 sin(0) ⇒ T = 19. The greatest rate of change of Temperature is
4
The temperature was 19° at midnight. degrees/hour, or 0.785398 degrees/hour.
𝜋 Therefore, the temperature rising the fastest at a rate of
b Temperature will be a maximum when sin ( t) = −1
12 0.785 degrees/hour at midday.
∴ Tmax = 19 − 3 × (−1) 𝜋(t − 2)
∴ Tmax = 22 19 h = 4 sin
( 6 )
maximum temperature is 22°.
𝜋 At 1 am, t = 1
Maximum occurs when sin ( t) = −1 𝜋(−1)
12 a ∴ h = 4 sin
𝜋 3𝜋 ( 6 )
∴ t=
12 2 𝜋
= −4 sin ( )
∴ t = 18 6
temperature reaches its maximum of 22° at 6 pm. 1
= −4 ×
c Since the amplitude is 3 and the equilibrium occurs at 2
T = 19. The range of temperature is given by 19 ± 3 ∴ h = −2
degrees. Therefore the temperature varied over the interval The tide is 2 metres below mean sea level at 1 am.
16° to 22°. b Since the mean position is h = 0 and the amplitude is 4,
𝜋
d period 2𝜋 ÷ = 24 hours the high tide level is 4 metres above mean sea level.
12
T 𝜋(t − 2)
25
High tide occurs when sin =1
(18, 22)
( 6 )
y = 19 𝜋(t − 2) 𝜋
20 ∴ =
(0, 19) 6 2
(24, 19)
15 (6, 16)
t−2 1
∴ =
6 2
10
∴t − 2 = 3
5
π
T = 19 – 3 sin – t
12 ( ) ∴t = 5
High tide first occurs 5 hours after midnight, that is, at
t 5 am.
0 6 12 18 24
c There is half a period between high tide and the following
low tide.
e For the temperature to be below k for 3 hours, the interval
3 3 Period, in hours,
must lie between t = 6 − and t = 6 + , that is, t = 4.5 𝜋
2 2 = 2𝜋 ÷
to t = 7.5. 6
When t = 4.5, 6
= 2𝜋 ×
𝜋 9 𝜋
T = 19 − 3 sin ×
( 12 2 ) = 12
3𝜋 Therefore there is an interval of 6 hours between high tide
= 19 − 3 sin and the following low tide.
( 8 )
≃ 16.2 𝜋(t − 2)
d h = 4 sin
Therefore, k = 16.2. ( 6 )
dT Period 12, amplitude 4, horizontal translation 2 to the
f Rate of change =
dt right.
dT 𝜋 𝜋 Domain [0, 12], range [−4, 4]
= −3 cos ( t) ×
dt 12 12
dT 𝜋 𝜋
= − cos ( t)
dt 4 12
dT
y= , using technology, gives the following curve.
dt

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
94 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.7

𝜋t
Endpoints: Let t = 0, 20 T = 19 + 6 sin ( with t the time in hours since 10 am.
6)
𝜋(−2) 𝜋t
∴ h = 4 sin a i As for any sine function, −1 ≤ sin ( ) ≤ 1.
( 6 ) 6
𝜋 ∴Tmax = 19 + 6 × 1
∴ h = 4 sin (− )
3 = 25
𝜋 The maximum temperature is 25°.
= −4 sin ( )
3 𝜋t
The maximum temperature occurs when sin ( ) = 1
√3 6
= −4 × 𝜋t 𝜋
2 ∴ =
6 2
∴ h = −2√3 ∴ t = 3 after 10 am
(0, −2√3) The maximum temperature occurs at 1 pm.
Let t = 12, ii The minimum temperature occurs when
𝜋(10) 𝜋t
∴ h = 4 sin sin ( ) = −1.
( 6 ) 6
𝜋t 3𝜋
5𝜋 ∴ =
∴ h = 4 sin 6 2
( 3 )
𝜋 ∴ t = 9 after 10 am
= −4 sin ( ) Tmin = 19 + 6 × (−1)
3
= 13°
∴ h = −2√3
The minimum temperature of 13° occurs at 7 pm.
(12, −2√3) b i At 11∶30 am, t = 1.5
t -intercepts: Let h = 0 1.5𝜋
∴ T = 19 + 6 sin
𝜋(t − 2) ( 6 )
∴ 4 sin =0 𝜋
( 6 ) ∴ T = 19 + 6 sin ( )
𝜋(t − 2) 4
∴ sin =0
( 6 ) √2
= 19 + 6 ×
𝜋(t − 2) 2
∴ = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋
6 = 19 + 3√2
t−2 ∴ T ≃ 23.2
∴ = 0, 1, 2
6 The temperature at 11∶30 am is 23.2°.
∴ t − 2 = 0, 6, 12 ii At 7∶30 pm, t = 9.5
∴ t = 2, 8 for t ∈ [0, 12] 9.5𝜋
∴ T = 19 + 6 sin
As high tide is at (5, 4), six hours later the minimum point ( 6 )
is (11, −4). 19𝜋
The point (1, −2) is also known to lie on the graph. ∴ T = 19 + 6 sin
( 12 )
(5, 4)
4 ∴ T ≃ 13.2
The temperature at 7∶30 pm is 13.2°.
2 𝜋t
c T = 19 + 6 sin ( ) , t ∈ [0, 9.5].
6
Amplitude 6, equilibrium T = 19.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 𝜋
Period is 2𝜋 ÷ = 12, so for the domain specified the
–2 (1, –2) 6
(12, –2 3 ) graph will not cover a full cycle.
–4 (0, –2 3 ) Right endpoint is (9.5, 13.2), maximum point (3, 25),
(11, –4)
minimum point (9, 13).
e At 2 pm, t = 14. Left endpoint: Let t = 0
𝜋(12) ∴T = 19 + 6 sin(0)
∴ h = 4 sin
( 6 ) ∴T = 19
= 4 sin (2𝜋) (0, 19)
=0 T
The tide is predicted to be at mean sea level. (3, 25)
f At 11∶30 am, t = 11.5 y = 19
𝜋(9.5) (0, 19) (6, 19)
∴ h = 4 sin (9.5, 13.2)
( 6 ) (9, 13)
≃ −3.86
At low tide, h = −4. 0 3 6 9 12
Therefore the tide at 11∶30 am is 0.14 metres higher than
low tide.

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 4 Calculus of trigonometric functions • EXERCISE 4.7 95

d Let T = 24 e From the graph in part c, the coldest two hour period is
𝜋t
∴24 = 19 + 6 sin ( ) between t = 7.5 and t = 9.5.
6
When t = 7.5,
𝜋t
∴5 = 6 sin ( ) 7.5𝜋
6 ∴ T = 19 + 6 sin
( 6 )
𝜋t 5
∴ sin ( = 15𝜋
6) 6 ∴ T = 19 + 6 sin
( 12 )
5
Quadrants 1 and 2, base sin−1 ≃ 0.99 ∴ T = 19 + 6 sin
5𝜋
(6) ( 4 )
𝜋
∴ T = 19 − 6 sin ( )
4
√2
∴ T = 19 − 6 ×
2
𝜋t
∴ = 0.99, 𝜋 − 0.99 ∴ T = 19 − 3√2
6
The heating is switched on at 5∶30 pm when the
6 6
∴ t = × 0.99, × (𝜋 − 0.99) temperature is (19 − 3√2)° or approximately 14.8°.
𝜋 𝜋
∴ t = 1.88, 4.12
The air conditioner is switched on at t = 1.88 and switched
off 2.24 hours later at t = 4.12.

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual