Shaft Alignment
Shaft Alignment
Types of Couplings
Preparation on Alignment
How to Do Alignment
2
1- What is shaft alignment
A- Shimming
B- Moving a machine component.
Its objective is to obtain a common axis of rotation at
operating equilibrium for two coupled shafts or a train of
coupled shafts.
3
Why it is important to make shaft alignment?
Shafts must be aligned as perfectly as possible
to maximize equipment reliability and life,
particularly for high-speed
It is important because misalignment can introduce
Proper alignment
1 -Rigid Couplings :
It is a metal to metal contact (%100 collinear)
2 -Flexible Couplings
6
It is collinear of two center lines
Motor Equipment
Coupling
7
Pump Grouting
8
Special grouting concrete
9
1 -Rigid Couplings
Equipment Driver
2 –Flexible Couplings
Equipment Driver
10
*Spacer with shims
11
*Spacer with shims
Equipment Driver
12
*Gear
Equipment Driver
13
*Grid
Equipment Driver
14
Torque
converter Stationary
Guide wheel
Turbine Liquid
Secondary
Shaft
Cooling water
Pump Primary
Impeller Shaft
Packing
15
Pumps Turbine
MOTION
MOTION
HYDRAULIC HYDRAULIC
ENERGY 16 ENERGY
Higher speed Lower speed Normal speed
17
Conversion Diversion Normal
Guide Blades Guide Blades Guide Blades
18
Guide
Vanes
19
3- Alignment
Preparation
check list
20
Alignment Preparation check list
out →
Description Pu
mp
11 Confirm that alignment procedures, dimensional
cou
offsets and tolerances are dictated by
plin
manufacturer and adhered to the standard
g
2 Confirm the foundation grouting& anchor bolts hub
are prepared correctly for specific equipment. run
Confirm soft foot under driver checked & out
3 corrected. →
4 Confirm coupling gap checked prior to final Pu
alignment mp
Shaft & Coupling Run outs Complete. (refer to cou
vendor manual for acceptable limits): plin
g
5 Motor shaft run out → hub
face
Pump shaft run out →
run
21
OK N/A Commen
ts
22
Description OK N/A Comments
23
Confirm the dial indicator is rotated from the top
11
position to the bottom position during the
alignment procedure.
12 Confirm the proper dial indicators position
during the reversal alignment procedure .
24
Alignment
Handing over
check list
25
Handing over check list OK N/A Comments
Confirm driver has been installed and initial alignment completed and
13 accepted.
14 Confirm suction and discharge nozzles are installed as per design and
alignment is correct and stress free.
Confirm pipe strain checked and corrected.
16 Confirm bearings and seals are clean and free from damage
17 Confirm coupling hubs are clean damage free and match marked.
Organization
26
Sign
Date
27
Parallel misalignment
Vertical
Driver
Equipment
OR
Horizontal
28
Angular Misalignment
Vertical
Equipment
OR
Horizontal
29
CORRECTING OF MISALIGNMENT
I- VERTICAL PLANE
A- Parallel Misalignment
Equipment
30
Shims
I- VERTICAL PLANE
B- Angular Misalignment
Equipment
31
Shims
II- HORIZONTAL PLANE
A- Parallel Misalignment
32
26
33
II- HORIZONTAL PLANE
A- Parallel Misalignment
1 3
34
2 4 27
35
II- HORIZONTAL PLANE
B- Angular Misalignment
1 3
36
2 4 28
37
Dial indicators Types and Functions
1- Balanced-Type
40 4
-50 05
0
38
• 2 - Continuous Type
Small needle
10
190 20
180
30
170
160 40
50
150
140 60
130 70
120 80
110 90
39
100
40
Preparation on Alignment
The following preparatory steps should be taken before
attempting to align a machine train:
41
3. Check the motor supports shims (2mm)under legs.
42
Preparation on Alignment
4. Use only clean shims that have not been "kinked"
or that have burrs.
43
8. Determine the amount of indicator sag before
starting the alignment procedure.
44
Preparation on Alignment
46
* Pipe strain Maximum 0.002 in
EQUIPMENT
PLANT LINE
47
* Soft foot One driver leg is not
settled on the base
48
Maximum 0.002 “
49
Correcting for Soft-foot
51
Consequences
Placing a piece of machinery in service with
uncorrected soft-foot may result in the following:
• The nuts securing the feet to the base may loosen, resulting
in either machine looseness and/or misalignment. Either of
these conditions can cause vibration.
52
• If the nuts do not loosen, metal fatigue may occur at the
source of Soft-foot. Cracks can develop in the support
base/frame and, in extreme cases, the soft-foot may actually
break off.
• Initial Soft-foot Correction the following steps should be
taken to check for and correct soft-foot.
• Before setting the machine in place, remove all dirt, rust,
and burrs from the bottom of the machine's feet, the shims to
be used for leveling, and the base at the areas where the
machine's feet will rest.
53
Final Soft-foot Correction
55
• Retighten the hold-down nut and repeat the entire process
once again to ensure that no movement occurs.
• Move the dial indicator and holder to the next foot to be
checked and repeat the process. Note: The nuts on all of the
other feet must remain securely tightened when a foot is
being checked for a soft-foot condition.
• Repeat the above process on all of the feet.
58
Indicator Sag
60
• Indicator sag is best determined by mounting the dial
indicator on a piece of straight pipe of the same length as
in the actual application. Zero the dial indicator at the 12
o'clock, or upright, position and then rotate 180 degrees to
the 6 o'clock position.
• The reading obtained, which will be a negative number, is
the measure of the mounting-bracket indicator sag for 180
degrees of rotation and is called the sag factor.
• All bottom or 6 o'clock readings should be corrected by
subtracting the sag factor.
• When two shafts are perfectly aligned, the mounting rod
should be parallel to the axis of rotation of the shafts.
However, the rod bends or sags by an amount usually
measured in mils (thousandths of an inch)
61
* Run out
Maximum 0.002 “
EQUIPMENT
SHAFT
62
63
Growth factors (Expansion factor) (mil/in./F)
for common materials are as follows:
Aluminum 0.0126
Bronze 0.0100
Cast iron, gray 0.0059
Stainless steel 0.0074
Mild steel, ductile iron 0.0063
65
* Thermal growth for hot liquid pumps
1- Apply the alignment procedure for the pump at ambient Temp.
2- Heat up the pump by opening the start up bypass for ½ hrs.
3- Put the dial indicator on the shaft and adjust to zero reading
4- close the bypass
5- Take the dial indicator reading after 24 hrs.
6- This reading is the shaft thermal growth thermal growth
7- Add the center line thermal growth reading under the driver legs
Equipment Driver
66
* Thermal growth for Compressors
1- Apply the alignment procedure for the compressor at ambient Temp.
2- Go to catalogue and read the center line thermal growth amount.
3- Add the center line thermal growth reading under the driver legs
4- If the equipment manual gives the hale equipment thermal growth
The center line thermal growth = The hale equipment thermal growth /2
After minutes
of Starting
Driver
Equipment
67
X = The center line Thermal growth
68
This design is to avoid As thermal expansion
any thermal growth will be in all directions
Equipment
Cooling
water
69
48
70
*Magnetic centre.
Electrical motors have no thrust bearings
as they have instead a magnetic center
Magnet
71
Magnetic centre 49
72
Measurement of bar sag.
The attachment that will be used
SAG
Steel block
Dial indicator
Piece of Pipe
SAG
Sag factor
SAG
75
How To Do Alignment
Gauge Pointer
does not move around the rim
Equipment Driver
76
Rotate in the same time 52
77
Driver
Equipment
The same
Misalignment
Driver
Equipment
78
VERTICAL READINGS
Parallel actual x
misalignment
79
HORIZONTAL READINGS
Parallel actual
misalignment
If : x
- Both shafts rotate
Or - One shaft rotates
80
2x
81
1-Reversal Alignment
Equipment Driver
83
F
84
F M
86
F M
87
F M
88
F M
89
PARALELL READINGS
Fixed Movable
12 Ock 12 Ock
0 64
0 0
36 0
90
62
6 Ock 6 Ock
91
PARALELL READINGS
Fixed Movable
12 Ock
12 Ock
20 0 40
0
0
92
6 Ock 6 Ock
93
1-Reversal
Alignment
Calculation
Method
94
F M
D1 = 0 64
D2 =
D3 = 20 0 0 40
Sag = (0)
36 0
/2 /2
/2 /2
VERTICALLY
D2
INBOARD = { MV - FV } D 1 + FV
{ } D3
OUTBOARD = MV - FV + FV
D1 10 FH MH +20
HORIZONTALLY
{ } D2 FV 18 MV +32
INBOARD = MH - FH + FH
D1
95
{ } D3
OUTBOARD = MH - FH + FH
D1 Mils
96
VERTICALLY
X D2
INBOARD = X + FV =
MV- FV D1
INBOARD = { MV - FV } D
D1
2
+ FV X = MV- FV }
D2
D1
MV- FV
X
Inboard
FV MV FV
F M
D1
D2
97
66
98
VERTICALLY
Y D3
OUTBOARD = Y + FV =
MV- FV D1
D3 D3
OUTBOARD = { MV - FV } D 1 + FV Y = MV- FV }
D1
MV- FV
Y
Out board
FV MV FV
F M
D
1
99
D3 67
100
D1 = 4 in F M
D2 = 8 in 0 64
D3 = 16 in
Sag = ( 0) 20 0 0 40
F = 0
M = 0 36 0
/2 /2
/2 /2
VERTICALLY
8
INBOARD = { 32 -18 } 4 + 18 = + 46
16
OUTBOARD = { 32 - 18 } 4
+ 18 = + 74
MH +20
10 FH
HORIZONTALLY
102
D1 = 4 in F M
D2 = 8 in 0 66
D3 = 16 in
Sag = ( 1 ) 20 0 0 40
F = +1 34 0
M = -1
/2 /2
/2 /2
VERTICALLY
8
INBOARD = { 33 -17 } 4 + 17 = + 49
16
OUTBOARD = { 33 - 17 } 4
+ 17 = + 81
FH MH +20
10
HORIZONTALLY
103
OUTBOARD = { 20 - 10 } 164 + 10 = + 50 Mils
104
Reversal
Alignment
Graphical Method
105
Vertically
106
71
107
Vertically
FV = 18 mils
MV = 32 mils
Inboard Outboard
32 mils
18 mils
Remove shims
F M Add shims
4 in
8 in
16 in
108
Horizontally
D3
D2
D1
Outboard
Inboard
F M
MH
FH
109
73
5/3/2006
110
EXAMPLE
FH = 10 mils
MH = 20mils
Inboard Outboard
20 mils
10 mils
F M
4 in
8 in
16 in
111
3-Reversal Alignment Software
Sag Factor
D1 D2 D3 Factor(F) (M)
2 4 8 0 0
0 40
20 F 0 0 M 40
30 0
112
Inboard (Horiz.) 30 0 Move towards 9
113
Optical Alignment
Transducer Reflector
F M
Equipment
Driver
Bracket Bracket
115
Chain Shaft
SIDE VIEW
116
HRIZONTAL 0
ANGLE 90 PRISM
ADJUSTTMENT
Bracket
117
Shaft Chain
VERTICAL
POSITION
ADJUSTTMENT
118
Transducer
GREEN LED:
INDICATES BEAM
ADJUSTEMENT
RED LED:
LASER ON
WARNING
HOUSING MARK
= CENTER OF
BRACKET POSTS
LOCKING
KNOB
SCRATCH-RESISTANCE
LENS
POEWR
119
DATA CABLE
120
REFLECTOR
1- PRESS M and remove transducer cap.
-The laser beam now is on.
-Leave the reflector cap on for now.
-Beam strikes the cap, it should be visible.
- Hold a sheet of paper to locate the beam
121
REFLECTOR
HORIZONTAL
ADJUSTMENT
VERTICAL
ADJUSTMENT
122
OFF Beam misses detector
Red Blinks quickly
Green Is OFF
OFF
123
1- PREPARING FOR ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE
d- Thermal growth
124
HORIZONTAL MACHINE ALIGNMENT
1-Transducer to reflector
3-Coupling diameter
4-RPM
125
6- Front feet to rear feet
126
DIM CONFIRM EACH
1 ENTERY WITH
ENT
2
4 RPM
5 6
127
DIM
1-Transducer to reflector
120 mm
128
DIM
3- Coupling diameter D
129
DIM
BEAM
DEFLECTOR
130
DIM
131
M 5-Laser beam adjusting
1- PRESS M and remove transducer cap.
-The laser beam now is on.
-Leave the reflector cap on for now.
-Beam strikes the cap, it should be visible.
- Hold a sheet of paper to locate the beam
132
CHAPTER 7
• Case Studies
For Alignment Failure
133
RADIAL BEARING THRUST BEARING
ball Bearings
roller Bearings
135
HANGED BEAM
IMPELLER
136
Thrust Ball
Bearings
137
MECHANICAL SEAL
BEARING HOUSING
138
Thrust Load
139
Thrust Pad Bearings
DRIVE END
NON-DRIVE END
Equipment
141
THRUST PAD BEARING
142
THRUST SHOES THRUST COLLAR THRUST SHOES
143
THRUST LEVEL BASE
SHOES PLATES RING
CASING
SHAFT
144
THRUST
COLLAR
145
146
147
Titan 130 Thrust Bearing
148
149
150
Radial Tilt-Pad Bearing
151
RADIAL TILTING PAD
BEARING
CASING
SHAFT
Radial
152
Load
Oil Wedge Oil Ring
Due to
Oil
Surface
Tension,
And high
speed,
The Oil
adhere to
the shaft
Forming
an
153
Oil
squeeze
between
shaft and
bearing
pad
forming a
solid
oil wedge
154
Oil Wedge
156
RADIAL TILTING PAD
BEARING
TILTING PAD
SHAFT
PIN
OIL
CASING
157
3/30/2024 BY- H. Hassan 110
158
B- Pumps Cavitation
Failure
CAVITATION
OCCURS
CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS
AND
160
Examples of Cavitation Damage
▪ Increase of noise and vibration, resulting in shorter seal
and bearing life.
▪ Erosion of surfaces, especially when pumping water-based
liquids.
161
Failure Modes
162
Cavitation on Pump Impeller
163
Cavitation
164
Cavitation
165
166
167
Cavitations effect on an impeller, indicated by the cavities
appearance of cavitated regions on the surface
168
Damage to the pressure side of the vane from discharge recirculation
169
170
171
INDUCER
172
Gearbox M. Seal
Pump M. Seal
173
Vertical
Inline
Centrifugal
Pumps
Driver
Coupling
Gearbox
Pump
174
WHAT IS CAVITATIONS
PHENOMENON
P
Kg/Cm2
80
Liquid
Add
Temp
60
Lower Pressure
40
Vapor
Va por
20
14.7 Psi
212
178
B
Liquid
Flow
179
Vapor Pressure Graph through
pump the impeller
P
Kg/Cm2
Cavitations
start
Vapor
pressure
limit
180
Impeller length
181
182
FLUID VAPOR
BUBBLES
cavities
CAST IRON
STIANLESS STEEL
BRONZ
184
INC
C
A
R
B
O
N
Z
185
1- centrifugal pumps
•
deterioration
• Decrease discharge
pressure
• Decrease pump f ow
rate
• ncrease vibration
eve
186
• Bearings & M/S
187
2- reciprocating pumps
• Suction va ve
• deteriorations
Spring Rupture
• Decrease discharge
• pressure pump f ow
Decrease
• rateinder Head Damage
Cy
188
• Piston Damage
189
NPSH
1- net positive suction head Required
You can get from pump manual
192
How to improve NPSHA
194
PVS
NET POSITIVE (+)
SUCTION HEAD
PS v Z
196
NPSHA Is Not
Ps
The suction
Gauge pressure
Or
Pvs
Liquid level in
The suction vessel
Z
197
PVS
1
General Equation
Z
V
Z + V2 { Pssava – Vp } 2.31
NPSHA =
2g
+ Sp.gr
- hL
199
2
If The Suction pressure is known
PS
v
V 2
{ Psa – Vp } 2.31
NPSHA = + ( ft )
2g Sp.gr
200
Boiled
water
Positive
Reading
PS Z
Z < hL
201
PS
PVS
Negative
Pressure
PS
Z < 6m
ATMS
202
PS
- Z = 6 mt of water
ATMS
204
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
SPACE
76 Cm 10,033 mt
MERCURY OF WATER
ATMS ATMS
205
Pump Eff.= 100%
VACUUM PS
v
PS
10,033 mt v
OF WATER PS
ATMS
206
v PS
PS
6 mt v
WAT
ER PS
207
Centrifugal
Friction loss
Eddy loss
Leak loss
H ft Theoretical Heat loss
Curve
ACTUAL
CURVE
Q g.p.m.
100 200 300 400 500
208
VAPOR PRESSURE
1
1 P
T P T
FIG-1 FIG-2
210
Closed
Cool Down
T P Gauge
P Absolute P gauge + 1
211
(bar)
212
Vapor Pressure P Gauge + 1
( bar ) absolute
Temp C 100 95 90 80 70 15
P Gauge 0 - 0.1 - 0.3 - 0.5 - 0.7 - 0.98
Liquid vapor
Liquid
214
T = CONSTANT
215
Examples
Crude oil level is 8 feet above center line
of a pump , Vessel pressure is Atmospheric
Vp is 4 psia
Sp gr. is 0.8
Friction loss : 12 ft of liquid ( Neglect velocity head )
Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia
Solution
217
Crude oil level is 8 feet above center line of a pump ,
Vessel pressure is Atmospheric
Vp is 14 psia
Sp gr. is 0.85
Friction loss : 2 ft of liquid
Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia ( Neglect velocity head )
Solution
NPSHA = Z + { (Psv+ Pa) – Vp } 2.31 - hL
Sp.gr
{ (0 +14.7) – 14 } 2.31
= 8 + - 2
0.85
= 8 + 2 - 2
218
= + 8 ( ft )
Compare with NPSHR
219
negative
If the liquid level Z= - 12 ft
Friction loss is 1 ft of liquid
Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 Psia. at 150 F
water sp gr. is 0 . 982 ( Neglect velocity head )
Vp = 3.7 psia FIND NPSHA
Solution
NPSHA
( Pa – Vp ) 2.31
= Z + hL ( ft )
S.p gr
220
Compare with NPSHR
221
Crude pump
Suction pressure is – 5 psig
Vp. is 4 psia ( Neglect velocity head )
Sp gr. is 0.8 ,
Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia. FIND NPSHA
Solution
{ (Ps + Pa) – Vp } 2.31 ( ft )
NPSHA =
Sp.gr
{ (( 0 +14.7) - 5 )) – 4 } 2.31 ( ft )
=
0.8
= + 16 . 46 ( ft )
222
223
If the liquid is butane and level is Z = - 8 ft
System pressure is 60 psia.
Temperature is 90 F
Vp = 44 psia at 90 F, butane sp.gr is 0.58 ( Neglect velocity head )
Friction loss : 12 ft of liquid, FIND NPSHA
Solution
NPSHA
Z ( Psva – Vp ) 2.31 hL
= + ( ft )
S.p gr
( 60 – 44 ) 2.31 hL
= -8 + ( ft )
0..58
= + 43.7 ft
224
Compare with NPSHR
225
Examples
If crude pump
suction pressure is +1 psig ( Neglect velocity head )
Vp. is 13 psia
Sp gr. is 0.85, Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia. FIND NPSHA
Solution
{ Psa – Vp } 2.31
NPSHA = ( ft )
Sp.gr
= { (1 + 14.7 ) – 13 } 2.31
Compare with
0.85
NPSHR
= + 7.33 ( ft )
226
( ft )
227