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Module 4. Part2 Analyzing and Interpreting Data 1

The document covers Integrated Science Process Skills, focusing on analyzing and interpreting data, specifically measures of variability such as range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation. It explains how to calculate these measures and their significance in understanding data dispersion. The document also includes examples to illustrate the concepts and calculations involved.

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ANGELICA SARMIENTO
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4 views

Module 4. Part2 Analyzing and Interpreting Data 1

The document covers Integrated Science Process Skills, focusing on analyzing and interpreting data, specifically measures of variability such as range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation. It explains how to calculate these measures and their significance in understanding data dispersion. The document also includes examples to illustrate the concepts and calculations involved.

Uploaded by

ANGELICA SARMIENTO
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integrated Science Process Skills (Part II)

– 3rd Quarter

Research I
Ms. Marielle P. Eslabon
S u b j e c t Te a c h e r
Content
Module 4. Analyzing and
Interpreting Data

Descriptive Analysis
Lesson 1. Frequency Distribution
Lesson 2. Measure of Central Tendency
Lesson 3. Measure of Variability
Learning Competency
6. use appropriate measuring and
observation tools in gathering data
SSP_RS7-IPS-III-p-20
7. evaluate gathered data
SSP_RS7-IPS-III-q-r21
Lesson 3.
Measure of
Variability
Measure of Variability
• describe the spread or dispersion of a
dataset.
• They tell you how much the data points
differ from each other and from the center
of the distribution.
• Essentially, they answer the question: How
scattered or clustered is the data?
Measure of Variability
A. Range
B. Interquartile Range
C. Standard Deviation
D.Variance
Lesson 3.
Measure of Variability

A. Range
Range
• The simplest measure.
• It's the difference between the
highest and lowest values in a
dataset.
R = Maximum Value – Minimum Value
Example
Let's say you have these test scores:
65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90
1. Identify the highest value: 90
2. Identify the lowest value: 65
3.Subtract: 90 - 65 = 25
The range of these test scores is 25. This means the
scores span 25 points on the grading scale.
Example
Imagine you're measuring the heights of some
plants in your garden: 12 inches, 15 inches,
18 inches, 20 inches, 30 inches

1. Highest value: 30 inches


2. Lowest value: 12 inches
3. Subtract: 30 - 12 = 18 inches
The range of plant heights is 18 inches.
Why the Range Matters

•Quick Overview: The range gives you a very


quick sense of how much your data varies.

•Easy to Understand: It's simple to calculate


and explain, even to people who aren't familiar
with statistics.
However, the range
has a major weakness:
Sensitive to Outliers: It's greatly affected by
extreme values (outliers). A single very high or
very low value can make the range seem much
larger than it really is.
Example with an Outlier
Let's add an outlier to our plant height data:
12, 15, 18, 20, 30, 45

Now the range is 45 - 12 = 33 inches!

That one outlier makes it seem like the heights


are much more variable than they actually are.
Lesson 3.
Measure of Variability
B. Interquartile
Range (IQR)
Interquartile Range (IQR)
it describes how spread out the middle
50% of your data is. It's calculated as the
difference between the 75th percentile
(Q3) and the 25th percentile (Q1) of
the data.
Interquartile Range (IQR)
In simpler terms: Imagine you line up all
your data points from smallest to largest. The
IQR tells you the range of values that contain
the "typical" or "middle" data points, excluding
the extreme high and low values.
Example of IQR
Dataset of plant heights (in inches):
12, 15, 18, 20, 30, 14, 17, 22, 16
1. Arrange the data in ascending order:
12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 30
2. Find the median (Q2):
The middle value is 17.
12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 30
3. Find the first quartile (Q1):
This is the median of the lower half of the data
(excluding the overall median if the dataset has
an odd number of values).
The lower half is: 12, 14, 15, 16.
The median of this lower half is (14+15)/2 =
14.5. So, Q1 = 14.5
12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 30
4. Find the third quartile (Q3): This is the
median of the upper half of the data. The upper
half is: 18, 20, 22, 30.
The median of this upper half is (20+22)/2 =
21. So, Q3 = 21
5. Calculate the IQR:
IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 21 - 14.5 = 6.5
Uses and Importance of IQR
The IQR is not significantly affected by
extreme values or outliers.
(This makes it a more reliable measure of spread
when dealing with data that might have some
unusually high or low values.)
Lesson 3.
Measure of Variability
C. Variance
Variance
• It quantifies how spread out the data points
are around the average value.
• Calculates the average of the squared
differences from the mean.
• A low variance means the data is clustered
closer to the mean, while a high variance
indicates the data is more dispersed.
Low Variance
50,52,51,49,50
• The numbers are close to the mean, so
variance is low.
High Variance
30,70,20,90,10
• The numbers are far from the mean,
so variance is high.
Lesson 3.
Measure of Variability
D. Standard
Deviation
Standard Deviation
• a measure of how spread-out numbers are.
• It is the square root of variance to bring it
back to the original units.
• A low standard deviation means the data
points are clustered close to the mean, while a
high standard deviation means the data is
more spread out.
Low Standard Deviation
85,87,86,88,85
Mean = 86.2
• All values are close to the mean.
• Standard deviation is low because
students scored similarly.
High Standard Deviation
65,90,75,95,50
Mean = 75
• The scores vary significantly from the
mean.
• Standard deviation is high because
students’ scores are widely different.
Standard Deviation
Standard Deviation and Variance
Feature Standard Deviation Variance

Average distance from the Average of squared


Definition
mean differences from the mean

Units Same as original data Squared units

Interpretability Easy to understand Less intuitive

Average of squared
Calculation Square root of variance
differences
While variance is important for
calculations, standard deviation is
often preferred due to its easier
interpretability.
Being in the same units as the original
data makes it more intuitive to
understand and compare.
Summary
• Standard deviation is the square root of the
variance.
• Standard deviation is easier to interpret
because it's in the same units as the original
data.
• Variance is a crucial step in calculating the
standard deviation and is also used in various
statistical calculations.
Standard Deviation
Formula

• The population standard deviation (σ) is the square


root of the sum of the squared differences between
each data point (xi) and the population mean (μ),
divided by the total number of data points (N)
Example 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
Step 1. Calculate the mean:
(4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12) / 5 = 8
x μ x-μ (x-μ) 2

4
6
8
10
12
Example 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
Step 1. Calculate the mean:
(4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12) / 5 = 8
x μ x-μ (x-μ) 2

4 8
6 8
8 8
10 8
12 8
Example 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
Step 2. Find the difference between each data
point and the mean:
x μ x-μ (x-μ)2

4 8 -4
6 8 -2
8 8 0
10 8 2
12 8 4
Example 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
Step 3. Square each difference:
x μ x-μ (x-μ)2

4 8 -4 16
6 8 -2 4
8 8 0 0
10 8 2 4
12 8 4 16
Example 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
Step 4. Calculate the average of the
squared differences (this is the variance):
x μ x-μ (x-μ)2

4 8 -4 16
(16 + 4 + 0 +
6 8 -2 4
8 8 0 0
4 + 16) / 5 =
10 8 2 4 40 / 5 = 8
12 8 4 16
Example 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
Step 5. Take the square root of the
variance (this is the standard
deviation):

√8 ≈ 2.83
Example 3, 5, 7
x μ x-μ (x-μ)2

3
5
7
Example 2, 5, 9, 12
x μ x-μ (x-μ)2

2
5
9
12
Exercise
7, 11, 8, 8, 19, 15,
7, 9, 9, 20, 17, 14

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