SOLVE TICK MARK PROBLEMS COMPULSORY -- M N RAO

RED MARKED QUESTIONS COMPULSORY

1. FUNCTIONS PAPER 1(A) E.M
Q.NO: 1&2 IN I.P.E
1. i). if f(x) = 3x - 2, x t3 ii). if f(x) = x + 2, x >1
= x2 - 2, - 2 d x d 2. = 2, - 1 d x d 1.
= 2x + 1 x < - 3, then find = x - 1, - 3 < x < - 1, then find
f(4), f(2.5), f(- 2), f(- 4), f(0), f(- 7) f(3), f(0), f(-1.5), f(- 5), f(2) + f(- 2)
[March 2014]
Sol:- f(4) = 3(4)-2 = 12-2 = 10 Sol:- f(3) = 3+2 = 5
f(2.5) = not defined f(0) = 2
f(- 2) = (-2) - 2 = 4 - 2 = 2
2
f(-1.5) = -1.5-1 = -2.5
f(- 4) = 2(-4)+1 = -8+1 = -7 f(- 5) = not defined.
f(0) = (0) - 2 = 0-2 = -2
2
f(2) = 2+2 = 4, f(- 2) = -2-1 = -3
f(- 7) = 2(-7)+1 = -14+1= -13 f(2) + f(- 2) = 4 - 3 = 1.
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x2 $ x %1
iii). if A = 1, 2,3, 4 and f : A o R is a function defined by f(x) = then find the range
x %1
of f(x).
x2 $ x %1
Sol:- Given function f(x) =
x %1
The range of f(x) = f(A) = {f(1), f(2), f(3), f(4)}.
1$1%1 1 4 $ 2 %1 3 9 $ 3 %1 7 16 $ 4 % 1 13
f(1) = = f(2) = = =1. f(3) = = f(4) = =
1%1 2 2 %1 3 3 %1 4 4 %1 5
1 7 13
? The range of f(x) = { ,1, , }
2 4 5
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­ π π π π½
iv).if A = ®0, , , , ¾ and f : A o B is a surjection defined by f(x) = cos x then find B.
¯ 6 4 3 2¿
[May 2017AP 2017TS 2015AP 2015TS 2011 March 2017TS 2016AP 2011]
§ π· § π· § π·
Sol:- Given function f(x) = cos x is a surjection then B = f(A) = {f(0), f §¨ ·¸ , f ¨ 4 ¸ , f ¨ 3 ¸ , f ¨ 2 ¸ }.
π
©6¹ © ¹ © ¹ © ¹
f(0) = cos0 = 1,
π §π· π 1 § π· π 1 § π· π
f §¨ ·¸ = cos =
π 3
, f ¨ 4 ¸ = cos = , f ¨ 3 ¸ = cos = , f ¨ 2 ¸ = cos = 0.
©6¹ 6 2 © ¹ 4 2 © ¹ 3 2 © ¹ 2
1 1 3
? B = {0, , , ,1}
2 2 2
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v).If A = $2, $1, 0,1, 2 and f : A o B is a surjection defined by f(x) = x2 + x + 1, then find B.
[March 2017AP 2016TS May 2016AP 2016TS 2014]
2
Sol:- Given function f(x) = x + x + 1 is surjection then B = f(A) = {f(-2), f(-1), f(0), f(1), f(2)}
f(-2) = (-2)2- 2+1 = 4 - 2+1 = 3. f(-1) = (-1)2 -1+1 = 1. f(0) = (0)2+0+1 = 1.
2 2
f(1) = (1) +1+1 = 3 f(2) = (2) +2+1 = 7.
? B = {1,3,7}.
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1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 3 STUDY MATERIAL
 1. FUNCTIONS PAPER 1(A) E.M
2. if f = {(1,2),(2,- 3),(3,- 1)} then find i).2f [March 2012]
ii).f2 [March 2008] iii).2 + f [March 2012, May 2008] iv). f
Sol:- Given f = {(1,2),(2,- 3),(3,- 1)}
i).2f = {(1, 2(2)),(2, 2(- 3)),(3, 2(-1))} iii).2+f = {(1,2+2),(2, 2-3),(3, 2-1)}
= {(1,4),(2, -6),(3, -2)} = {(1,4),(2,- 1),(3,1)}
ii).f2 = {(1,22),(2, (-3)2),(3, (-1)2)} iv). f = {(1, 2 )}
= {(1,4),(2, 9),(3,1)}
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3. If f = {(4,5),(5,6),(6,- 4)} and g = {(4,-4),(6,5),(8,5)} then find
i).f + g [March 2017TS May 2018TS] ii).f - g
iii).2f + 4g [May 2018TS] iv).f+4 [May 2018TS]
v).f.g [March 2017TS] vi).f/g [May 2018TS]
vii). f [May 2018TS] viii). f [May 2018TS]
ix).f2 [May 2018TS] x).f3
Sol:- Given f = {(4, 5),(5, 6),(6, - 4)} and g = {(4, -4),(6, 5),(8, 5)}
i).f + g = {(4, 5-4),(6, - 4+5)} ii).f - g = {(4, 5+4),(6, - 4-5)}
= {(4,1),(6,1)} = {(4, 9),(6, - 9)}
iii).2f = {(4, 2(5)),(5, 2(6)),(6, 2(-4))} 4g = {(4, 4(-4)),(6, 4(5)),(8, 4(5))}
= {(4, 10),(5, 12),(6, -8)} = {(4, -16),(6, 20),(8, 20)}
? 2f + 4g = {(4, 10-16),(6, -8+20)} = {(4, -6),(6, 12)}
iv).f + 4 = {(4, 5+4),(5, 6+4),(6, - 4+4)} v).f.g = {(4, 5(-4)),(6, - 4(5))}
= {(4, 9),(5, 10),(6, 0)} = {(4, -20),(6, -20)}
vi).f/g = {(4, - 5/4),(6, - 4/5)} vii). f = {(4, 5),(5, 6),(6, 4)}

viii). f = {(4, 5 ),(5, 6 )}

ix).f2 = {(4, 52),(5, 62),(6, (-4)2)} x).f3 = {(4, 53),(5, 63),(6, (-4)3)}
= {(4, 25),(5, 36),(6, 16)} = {(4, 125),(5, 216),(6, -64)}
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4. If f = {(1,2),(2,3),(3,-1)}, g = {(1,-1),(3,2),(5,2)} then find
i).f + g ii).f - g iii).2f + 3g iv).3f - 2g v).f + 3
Sol:- Given f = {(1,2),(2,3),(3,-1)}, g = {(1,-1),(3,2),(5,2)}
i).f + g = {(1, 2-1),(3,-1+2)} ii).f - g = {(1, 2+1),(3, -1-2)}
= {(1,1),(3, 1)} = {(1,3),(3,-3)}
iii).2f = {(1,2(2)),(2,2(3)),(3,2(-1))} 3g = {(1,3(-1)),(3,3(2)),(5,3(2))}
= {(1,4),(2,6),(3,-2)} = {(1,-3),(3,6),(5,6)}
? 2f + 3g = {(1,4-3),(3,-2+6)} = {(1,1),(3,4)}
iv).3f = {(1, 3(2)),(2, 3(3)),(3, 3(-1))} 2g = {(1, 2(-1)),(3, 2(2)),(5, 2(2))}
= {(1,6),(2,9),(3,-3)} = {(1,-2),(3,4),(5,4)}
? 3f - 2g = {(1, 6+2),(3, -3-4)} = {(1,8),(3,-7)}
v).f + 3 = {(1,2+3),(2,3+3),(3,-1+3)} = {(1,5),(2,6),(3,2)}
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5. If f = {(1,4),(2,-1),(3,9)} then find i).f2, ii). f .
Sol:- Given f = {(1,4),(2,-1),(3,9)}
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 4 STUDY MATERIAL
RED MARKED QUESTIONS COMPULSORY
1. FUNCTIONS PAPER 1(A) E.M
2 2 2 2
i).f = {(1, 4 ),(2, (-1) ),(3, 9 )} ii). f = {(1, 4 ),(3, 9 )}
= {(1,16),(2,1),(3,81)} = {(1,2),(3,3)}
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6. If f(x) = 2, g(x) = x2, h(x) = 2x.then find (fogoh)(x). [March 2017TS]
2
Sol:- Given f(x) = 2, g(x) = x , h(x) = 2x.
(fogoh)(x) = f[g{h(x)}] = f[g(2x)] = f(4x2) = 2
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x !1
7. If f(x) = where x z 1 find i).(fofof)(x). ii).(fofofof)(x). [March 2005]
x "1
x !1
Sol:- Given f(x) =
x "1
x !1
!1
§ x ! 1· x "1 x !1! x "1 2x
(fof)(x) = f{f(x)} = f ¨ x " 1 ¸ = x !1 = = = x. ? (fof)(x) = x.
© ¹ "1 x !1" x !1 2
x "1
i).(fofof)(x) = f{(fof)(x)} = f(x).
ii).(fofofof)(x) = f [f{(fof)(x)}] = f(f(x)) = (fof)(x) = x.
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x !1
8. i).If f(x) = 2x -1,g(x) = , find (fog)(x)
2
x !1 § x ! 1· § x ! 1·
Sol :- Given f(x) = 2x -1, g(x) = 2 ? (fog)(x) = f{g(x)} = f ¨© 2 ¹¸ = 2 ¨© 2 ¹¸ -1 = x+1-1 = x
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ii).If f :R o R, g : R o R are defined by f(x) = 3x-2, g(x) = x2 + 1, then find (gof)(x - 1).
Sol :- Given f(x) = 3x - 2, g(x) = x2 + 1 [May 2006]
2 2
(gof)(x - 1) = g[f(x-1)] = g[3(x-1)-2] = g(3x-3-2) = g(3x-5) = (3x-5) +1 = 9x -30x+26
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9. if f and g are real valued functions defined by f(x) = 2x - 1 and g(x) = x2. then find
§ f ·
i).(3f-2g)(x) ii).(fg)(x) [March 2009] iii). ¨¨ g ¸¸ (x) iv).(f+g+2)(x) [March 2005]
© ¹
Sol :- Given f(x) = 2x - 1, g(x) = x2.
i).(3f - 2g)(x) = 3.f(x) - 2.g(x) = 3(2x-1)-2(x2) = 6x-3-2x2.
§ f · f (x) 2x " 1
ii).(fg)(x) = f(x)g(x)=(2x-1)(x2)= 2x3 - x2 iii). ¨¨ g ¸¸ (x) = g(x) =
© ¹ x2
iv).(f+g+2)(x) = f(x)+g(x)+2 = 2x-1+x2+2 = x2+2x+1 = (x+1)2
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10. if f : R o R, g : R o R are defined by f(x) = 4x - 1 and g(x) = x2 + 2 then find
§ a !1·
i) (gof)(x) [March 2005] ii).(go(fof))(0) iii).(gof) ¨ 4 ¸ [March 2005]
© ¹
iv).(fof)(x) [March 2004]
Sol :- Given f(x) = 4x - 1, g(x) = x2 + 2.
i) (gof)(x) = g[f(x)] = g(4x-1) = (4x-1)2 + 2 = 16x2 - 8x +1+2 = 16x2-8x+3.
ii).(go(fof))(0) = g[f{f(0)}] = g[f{4(0)-1}] = g[f(-1)] = g[4(-1)-1] = g(-5) = (-5)2 + 2 = 27.

1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 5 STUDY MATERIAL

 1. FUNCTIONS PAPER 1(A) E.M

§ a ! 1· § a ! 1· § a ! 1·
iii).(gof) ¨ 4 ¸ = g[f ¨ 4 ¸ ] = g[4 ¨ 4 ¸ -1] = g(a+1-1) = g(a) = a2 + 2.
© ¹ © ¹ © ¹
iv).(fof)(x) = f(f(x)) = f(4x-1) = 4(4x-1)-1 = 16x - 4 -1 = 16x-5.
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11. If f : R o R and g :R o R are defined by f(x) = 2x2 + 3. and g(x) = 3x - 2, then find
i).(fog)(x) ii).(gof)(x) iii).(fof)(0)
2
Sol :- Given f(x) = 2x +3, g(x) = 3x - 2.
i).(fog)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(3x-2) = 2(3x-2)2+3 = 2(9x2-12x+4)+3 = 18x2- 24x+11
ii).(gof)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(2x2+3) = 3(2x2+3)-2 = 6x2+7
iii).(fof)(0) = f(f(0)) = f(0+3) = f(3) = 2(3)2+3 = 21
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12. If f : R o R, g : R o R are defined by f(x) = 3x - 1, g(x) = x2 + 1, then find
i).(fog)(2) [March 2018AP 2013 May 2017TS 2013] ii).(gof)(2x - 3) [May2017TS]
2
iii).(fof)(x + 1)
Sol:- Given f(x) = 3x - 1, g(x) = x2 + 1.
i).(fog)(2) = f[g(2)] = f(22 +1) = f(5) = 15 -1 = 14
ii).(gof)(2x - 3) = g[f(2x-3)] = g(3{2x-3}-1) = g(6x-10) = (6x-10)2+1 = 36x2 -120x+100+1
= 36x2 -120x+101
iii).(fof)(x2 +1) = f[f(x2+1)] = f[3(x2+1)-1] = f(3x2+2) = 3(3x2+2)-1 = 9x2+5
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13. i).If f:R-{0} o R is defined by f(x) = x + 1/x then prove that (f(x))2 = f(x2) + f(1).
Sol:- Given function f(x) = x + 1/x
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
? f(x ) + f(1) = (x +1/x ) +(1+1) = x + 1/x + 2 = (x + 1/x) = (f(x))
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1 §1·
ii).If f : R -{0} o R is defined by f(x) = x3- 3
, then prove that f(x)+f ¨ ¸ = 0 [May 2018TS]
x x © ¹

1 §1· 1 1
Sol:- Given function f(x) = x3- . 3
? f(x) + f ¨ ¸ = x - + -x3 = 0
x 3 x © ¹ x 3 x3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1" x2
14. If f :R o R is defined by f(x) = , then prove that f(tan T ) = cos 2T
1 ! x2

1 " x2 1 " tan 2 θ

Sol:- Given function f(x) = ? f(tan T ) = = cos 2T
1 ! x2 1 ! tan 2 θ
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cos 2 x ! sin 4 x
15. If f(x) = for all x - R then show that f(2012) = 1.
sin 2 x ! cos 4 x

cos 2 x ! sin 4 x 1 " sin 2 x ! sin 4 x 1 " sin 2 x(1 " sin 2 x) 1 " sin 2 x.cos 2 x
Sol:- Given f(x) = = = 2 2 = =1
2
sin x ! cos x 4 2
1 " cos x ! cos x 4 1 " cos x(1 " cos x) 1 " cos 2 x.sin 2 x
? f(x) is a constant function.
? f(2012) = 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
y y
16. If f(y) = 2
, g(y) = then show that (fog)(y) = y [May 2016TS]
1" y 1 " y2
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 6 STUDY MATERIAL
RED MARKED QUESTIONS COMPULSORY
1. FUNCTIONS PAPER 1(A) E.M
y y
Sol:- Given f(y) = 2
, g(y) =
1" y 1 " y2

§ · § · § ·
y ¸ = ¨ y / 1 ! y2 ¸ y
(fog)(y) = f(g(y)) = f ¨¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ =y
© 1" y
2
¹ ¨ 1 " (y / 1 ! y2 ) 2 ¸ ¨ 1 ! y2 " y2 ¸
© ¹ © ¹
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17. i).Find the inverse of the function f : R o R defined by f(x) = ax+b. [March 2018TS]
Sol:- Given function f(x) = ax+b
Let f-1(x) = y . x = f(y) = ay+b
ay = x - b
x"b x"b
y= ? f-1(x) =
a a
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ii).Find the inverse of the function f : Q o Q defined by f(x) = 5x+4.
Sol:- Given function f(x) = 5x+4 [May 2012 March 2017TS]
Let f-1(x) = y . x = f(y) = 5y+4
5y = x - 4
x"4 -1 x"4
y= ? f (x) =
5 5
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iii).Find the inverse of the function f : R o (0, f ) defined by f(x) = 5x
[March 2015AP 2011]
x
Sol:- Given function f(x) = 5
Let f-1(x) = y . x = f(y)
x = 5y
-1
y = log5 x ? f (x) = log5 x
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iv).Find the inverse of the function f : (0, f ) o R defined by f(x) = log2 x.
Sol:- Given function f(x) = log2 x
Let f-1(x) = y . x = f(y)
x = log2 y
y = 2x -1
? f (x) = 2
x
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18. i).If f : R o R, g :R o R, are defined by f(x) = 2x - 3, g(x) = x3+5.then find (fog)-1(x).
Sol:- Given f(x) = 2x - 3, g(x) = x3 + 5
Let (fog)-1(x) = y . x = (fog)(y) = f(g(y)) = f(y3 +5) = 2(y3 +5) - 3 = 2y3+10-3 = 2y3+7
2y3 = x - 7
x"7
y3 =
2
x "7 -1 x "7
y= 3
? (fog) (x) = 3
2 2
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1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 7 STUDY MATERIAL
 1. FUNCTIONS PAPER 1(A) E.M
2
ii).if f :R o R, g : R o R are functions defined by f(x) = 3x - 2, g(x) = x +1, find the value of
(gof-1)(2). [March 2008]
2
Sol:- Given f(x) = 3x - 2, g(x) = x +1
Let f-1(2) = t . f(t) = 2 . 3t-2 = 2 . 3t = 4 . t = 4/3
2
-1 -1 § 4· §4· 16 25
? (gof )(2) = g(f (2)) = g(t) = g ¨ 3 ¸ = ¨ ¸ +1 = +1 =
© ¹ 3
© ¹ 9 9
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x "1
19. i).If f(x) = 1+x+x2+x3+ ........for x <1 then show that f -1(x) = x
1
Sol:- Given f(x) = 1+x+x2+x3+ ......... = (1-x)-1 = 1 " x
Let f-1(x) = y . x = f(y)
1 1 x "1
x= y = 1- x = x
1" y

1 -1 x "1
1-y = ? f (x) =
x
x
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ii).If f:[1, f ) o [1, f ) defined by f(x) = 2x(x-1) then find f-1(x)
x(x-1)
Sol:- Given f(x) = 2
Let f-1(x) = y . x = f(y) = 2y(y-1)
y(y-1) = log2 x
2
y - y - log2x = 0
1 r 1 ! 4 log x
2 -1 2 1 ! 1 ! 4 log x
y= (' y>1) ? f (x) =
2 2
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20. Determine whether the following functions are even or odd.
§ ex " 1 ·
i).x ¨¨ x
¸
¸
© e !1¹

§ ex " 1 · § e" x " 1 · § 1 " ex · § ex " 1 ·

Sol:- Let f(x) = x ¨¨ ¸ ? f(-x) = -x ¨¨ ¸ = -x ¨ ¸ = x¨ ¸ = f(x)
x ¸ "x ¸ ¨ x ¸ ¨ x ¸
© e ! 1¹ © e !1¹ ©1! e ¹ © e ! 1¹
? Given function is even
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ii).log(x+ x 2 ! 1 ) iii).ax - a-x + sinx
Sol:- Let f(x) = log(x+ x 2 ! 1 ). Sol:- Let f(x) = ax - a-x + sinx.
f(x)+f(-x) = log(x+ x 2 ! 1 )+log(-x+ x 2 ! 1 ) f(-x) = a-x- a-(-x)+sin(-x)
= log[( x 2 ! 1 +x)( x 2 ! 1 -x)] = a-x- ax- sinx
= log(x2+1-x2) = -(ax - a-x + sinx)
= log 1 = - f(x)
=0 ? Given function is odd.
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 8 STUDY MATERIAL
 1. FUNCTIONS PAPER 1(A) E.M
f(-x) = - f(x)
? Given function is odd
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21. Find the domain of the following functions.
1 1
i). . ii). (x 2 " 1)(x ! 3)
6x " x 2 " 5
[May 2018TS 2017AP 2014 March 2014]
Sol:- Given function is defined then Sol:- Given function is defined then
6x-x2-5 z 0 (x2-1)(x+3) z 0
x2-6x +5 z 0 (x-1)(x+1)(x+3) z 0
(x-1)(x-5) z 0 x z {-3, -1, 1}
x z 1,5
? Domain is R - {1,5}. ? Domain is R - {-3, -1, 1}
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2x 2 " 5x ! 7
iii). (x " 1)(x " 2)(x " 3) .

2x 2 " 5x ! 7
Sol:- Given (x " 1)(x " 2)(x " 3) is defined then (x-1)(x-2)(x-3) z 0 . x z 1,2,3.

? Domain is R - {1,2,3}
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22. Find the domain of the following functions.
i). 25 " 9x 2 ii). 49 " x 2
Sol:- Given 25 " 9x 2 is defined then 25-9x2 t 0 Sol:- Given 49 " x 2 is defined then 49-x2 t 0
9x2 - 25 d 0 x2 - 49 d 0
(3x+5)(3x-5) d 0 (x+7)(x-7) d 0
-5/3 d x d 5/3. -7 d x d 7
? Domain is [-5/3, 5/3]. ? Domain is [-7, 7].
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iii). a 2 " x 2 [June 2004] iv). 4x " x 2 [March 2018TS May 2012]
Sol:- Given a 2 " x 2 is defined then a2-x2 t 0 Sol:- Given 4x " x 2 is defined then 4x-x2 t 0
x2 - a2 d 0 x2-4x d 0
(x+a)(x-a) d 0 x(x-4) d 0
-a d x d a (x-0)(x-4) d 0
? Domain is [-a, a]. 0d xd 4
? Domain is [0, 4].
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v). x 2 " 3x ! 2 . vi). x 2 " 25
[May 2018AP 2015AP March 2018AP 2012]
Sol:- Given x 2 " 3x ! 2 is defined then Sol:- Given x 2 " 25 is defined then
x2 - 3x+2 t 0 x2 - 25 t 0
(x-1)(x-2) t 0 (x+5)(x-5) t 0
x d 1 or x t 2 x d -5 or x t 5
? Domain is (- f 3 f
, 1] [2, ). ? Domain is (- f , -5] 3 [5, f ).
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1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 9 STUDY MATERIAL
 1. FUNCTIONS PAPER 1(A) E.M

vii). (x ! 2)(x " 3) viii). x " x

Sol:- Given (x ! 2)(x " 3) is defined then Sol:- Given x " x is defined then x -x t 0

(x+2)(x-3) t 0 x tx
x d -2 or x t 3 x %(- f , f )
? Domain is (- f , -2] ( [3, f ). ? Domain is (- f f
, ).
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1 1
ix). . [March 2004] x). [March 2015AP]
1" x2 x " a2
2

1 1
Sol:- Given is defined then 1 - x2 > 0 Sol:- Given is defined then x2 - a2>0
1" x2 x " a2
2

x2 - 1 < 0 (x+a)(x-a)>0
(x+1)(x-1) < 0 x < - a or x > a
-1 < x < 1 ? Domain is (- f , -a) ( (a, f ).
? Domain is (-1, 1).
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1
xi).
x "x

1
Sol:- Given is definde then x -x > 0 ) x >x
x "x
x %(- f , 0)
? Domain is (- f , 0)
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xii). [x] " x xiii). x " [x]
Sol:- Given [x] " x is defined then [x] - x t 0 Sol:- Given x " [x] is defined then x - [x] t 0
[x] t x x t [x]
x %Z x% R
? Domain is Z. ? Domain is R.
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23. i). Find the domain of the function log(x2 - 4x + 3). [March 2016TS 2010 May 2016AP 2011]
Sol:- Given log(x2 - 4x + 3) is defined then x2 - 4x + 3 > 0
(x-1)(x-3) > 0
x < 1 or x > 3
? Domain is (- f , 1) ( (3, f )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
ii). Find the domain of the function log(2 " x)

1
Sol:- Given
log(2 " x)
is defined then log(2-x) z 0 and 2 - x > 0
2-x z1 and x - 2 < 0
x z1 and x<2
? Domain is (- f , 1) ( (1, 2).
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1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 10
10 STUDY MATERIAL
 1. FUNCTIONS PAPER 1(A) E.M
24. Find the domain of the following functions
i). 2 " x + 1 ! x .
Sol:- Given + 1 ! x is defined then 2 - x t 0 and 1+x t 0
2"x
x - 2 d 0 and x t -1
x d2 and x t -1
? Domain is [-1,2]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3! x ! 3" x 2!x ! 2"x
ii). [March 2007] iii). . [May 2015TS]
x x
3! x ! 3" x 2!x ! 2"x
Sol:- Given is defined then Sol:- Given is defined then
x x
3+x t 0 and 3 - x t 0 and x z 0 2+x t 0 and 2 - x t 0 and x z 0
x t - 3 and x - 3 d 0 and x z 0 x t - 2 and x - 2 d 0 and x z 0
x t - 3 and x d 3 and x z 0 x t - 2 and x d 2 and x z 0
x %[-3, 3] - {0} x%[-2, 2] - {0}
? Domain is [-3, 0) ( (0, 3] ? Domain is [-2, 0) ( (0, 2]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25. Find the range of the following functions.
i). 9 ! x 2 . ii).log 4 " x 2
Sol:- Given 9 ! x 2 is defined + x%R. Sol:- Given log 4 " x 2 is defined then 4 " x 2 z 0
? Domain is R. 4 - x2 z 0
x2 t 0 + x% R. (2-x)(2+x) z 0
9+x2 t 9 x z -2, 2
t3
9 ! x2 ? Domain is R - {-2, 2}
? Range is [3, f ) ? Range is R.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x2 " 4
iii).
x"2
x2 " 4 x 2 " 4 (x " 2)(x ! 2)
Sol:- Given
x"2
is defined then x - 2 z0 Let f(x) =
x"2
=
x"2
= x+2
x z2 ' x z 2 then f(x) z f(2) = 2+2 = 4
? Domain is R - {2}. f(x) z 4
? Range is R - {4}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
26. Find the domain and range of the following functions.
2!x x
i). . ii). .
2"x 2 " 3x
2! x x
Sol:- Given
2" x
is defined then 2-x z0 Sol:- Given
2 " 3x
is defined then 2-3x z0
x z2 x z 2/3
? Domain is R - {2} ? Domain is R - {2/3}
2!x x
Let y = then 2y - xy = 2+x Let y = then 2y - 3xy = x
2"x 2 " 3x
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 11
11 STUDY MATERIAL
 1. FUNCTIONS PAPER 1(A) E.M
2y - 2 = x + xy 2y = x+3xy
2(y-1) = x(1+y) 2y = x(1+3y)
2(y " 1) 2y
x = y ! 1 is defined then y+1 z 0 x = 1 ! 3y is defined then 1+3y z 0
y z -1 y z -1/3
? Range is R - {-1} ? Range is R - {-1/3}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii). 9 " x 2 . [March 2017AP 2015TS]
Sol:- Given 9 " x 2 is defined then 9 - x2 t 0. -3 d x d 3 then 0 d x2 d 9
x2 - 9 d 0 -9 d - x2 d 0
(x+3)(x-3) d 0 0 d 9 - x2 d 9
-3 d x d 3 0 d 9 " x2 d 3
? Domain is [-3, 3] ? Range is [0, 3]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1! x § 2x ·
27. If f : R-{ r 1} o R is defined by f(x) = log , then show that f ¨ ¸ = 2 f(x)
1" x ©1 ! x2 ¹
[March 2018AP]
1! x
Sol:- Given f(x) = log
1" x

2x
1! 2
x 2 = log 1 ! x ! 2x = log (1 ! x) = log 1 ! x
2 2
§ 2x · 1 ! 1! x
2 ¸ = log = 2 log = 2 f(x)
f¨
©1! x ¹ 2x 1 ! x 2 " 2x (1 " x) 2 1" x 1" x
1" 2
1! x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2x ! 1
28. If f : R o R is defined by f(x) = is injection or surjection justify your answers ?
3
2x ! 1
Sol:- Given function f(x) = [March 2015TS]
3
Let x1, x2%R and f(x1) = f(x2)
2x1 ! 1 2x ! 1
Now f(x1) = f(x2) ) = 2 ) 2x1+1 = 2x2+1 ) 2x1 = 2x2 ) x1 = x2
3 3
? f is one - one
Let y%R,
§ 3y " 1 ·
2¨ ¸ !1 3y " 1 ! 1 3y
3y " 1 © 2 ¹
If x = % R such that f(x) = 3
= 3
= 3
=y
2
? f is surjection
? f : R o R is a bijection.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 12

12 STUDY MATERIAL
 3. MATRICES PAPER 1(A) E.M
Q.NO: 3&4 IN I.P.E
ADDITION OF MATRICES.
TRIANGUAR MATRIX [March 2016TS]
Sol:- A square matrix A is said to be a triangular matrix if A is either an upper triangular matrix or a
lower triangular matrix.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 2 3 !1· §1 0 1 ·
1. i).if A = ¨ ¸,B= ¨ ¸ then find A+B
©7 8 5 ¹ © 2 !4 !1¹

§ 2 3 !1· § 1 0 1 · § 2 ( 1 3 ( 0 ! 1 ( 1· §3 3 0·
Sol :- A+B = ¨ ¸ +¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸
© 7 8 5 ¹ © 2 !4 !1¹ © 7 ( 2 8 ! 4 5 !1 ¹ © 9 4 4¹
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ !1 !2 3 · § 1 !2 5 · § !2 1 2 ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
ii).if A =¨ 1 2 4 ¸ , B = ¨ 0 !2 2 ¸ , C = ¨ 1 1 2 ¸ then find A+B+C
¨ 2 !1 3 ¸ ¨ 1 2 !3 ¸ ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹ © 2 0 1¹

§ !1 !2 3 · § 1 !2 5 · § !2 1 2 · § !1 ( 1 ! 2 !2 ! 2 ( 1 3 ( 5 ( 2 · § !2 !3 10 ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ 1 1 2¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
Sol:- A+B+C = ¨ 1 2 4 ¸ + ¨ 0 !2 2 ¸ + ¨ ¸ = ¨ 1( 0 (1 2 ! 2 ( 1 4 ( 2 ( 2¸ = ¨ 2 1 8¸
¨ 2 !1 3 ¸ ¨ 1 2 !3 ¸ ¨© 2 0 1 ¹¸ ¨ 2 ( 1 ( 2 !1 ( 2 ( 0 3 ! 3 ( 1 ¸ ¨ 5 1 1¸
© ¹
© ¹ © ¹ © ¹
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 3 2 !1· § !3 !1 0 ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
iii).if A = ¨ 2 !2 0 ¸ , B = ¨ 2 1 3¸ then find the matrix X such that A + B = X
¨1 3 1 ¸ ¨ ¸
© ¹ © 4 !1 2 ¹
[March 2017TS]
§ 3 2 !1· § !3 !1 0 · § 3 ! 3 2 ! 1 !1 ( 0 · § 0 1 !1 ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
Sol:- Given X = A + B = ¨ 2 !2 0 ¸ + ¨ 2 1 3 ¸ = ¨ 2 ( 2 !2 ( 1 0 ( 3 ¸ = ¨ 4 !1 3 ¸
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ 1 ( 4 3 !1 1( 2 ¸ ¨ ¸
© 1 3 1 ¹ © 4 !1 2 ¹ © ¹ ©5 2 3 ¹
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 2 3 1· § 1 2 !1·
iv).if A = ¨ ¸,B= ¨ ¸ then find the matrix X such that A + B - X = O.What is the
© 6 !1 5 ¹ © 0 !1 3 ¹
order of X.
Sol:- Given A+B - X = 0
§ 2 3 1 · § 1 2 ! 1· § 2 (1 3 ( 2 1!1 · § 3 5 0·
? X = A+B = ¨ ¸ +¨ ¸
© 6 !1 5 ¹ © 0 !1 3 ¹
= ¨ ¸
© 6 ( 0 !1 ! 1 5 ( 3 ¹
= ¨ ¸
© 6 !2 8 ¹
? Order X is 2 u 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§1 2· §3 8·
v).if A = ¨ 3 4 ¸ , B = ¨ 7 2 ¸ and 2X+A = B then find X. [March 2015AP 2013 2011 May 2012]
© ¹ © ¹
Sol:- Given 2X + A = B
§ 3 8 · §1 2· §2 6 · 1 §2 6 · §1 3 ·
2X = B - A = ¨ 7 2 ¸ - ¨ 3 4 ¸ = ¨ ¸ ?X = ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹ © 4 !2 ¹ 2 © 4 !2 ¹ © 2 !1¹
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 1 2 3· § 3 2 1·
2. If A = ¨ ¸,B= ¨ ¸ find 3B - 2A. [March 2012]
© 3 2 1¹ © 1 2 3¹

§3 2 1· § 1 2 3· §9 6 3· § 2 4 6· § 7 2 !3 ·
Sol :- 3B - 2A = 3 ¨ 1 ¸ - 2 ¨3 ¸ = ¨ ¸ - ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸
© 2 3¹ © 2 1¹ ©3 6 9¹ © 6 4 2¹ © !3 2 7 ¹
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 13 STUDY MATERIAL
STUDY MATERIAL
 3. MATRICES PAPER 1(A) E.M
§ !1 3 · §2 1 · § x1 x2 ·
3. If A = ¨ ¸, B = ¨
!
¸,X= ¨ ¸ and A+B = X then find the values of x1, x2, x3, x4.
© 4 2¹ © 3 5 ¹ © x3 x4 ¹
Sol:- Given X = A+B
§ x1 x2 · § !1 3 · § 2 1 · §1 4 ·
¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸+¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸
© x3 x4 ¹ © 4 2 ¹ © 3 !5 ¹ © 7 !3 ¹

? x1=1, x2= 4, x3 = 7, x4 = -3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Find the values of x, y, z and a.
§ x ! 3 2y ! 8 · § 5 2 ·
i). If ¨ z ) 2 ¸ = ¨ ¸ [May 2018TS 2016AP 2014]
© 6 ¹ © !2 a ! 4 ¹

§ x ! 3 2y ! 8 · § 5 2 ·
Sol:- Given ¨ z ) 2 ¸ =¨
6 ¹ © !2 a ! 4 ¹
¸
©
x-3 = 5, 2y-8 = 2, z+2 = -2, a-4 = 6.
x = 8, 2y = 10, z = -4, a =10
y=5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ x !1 2 5 ! y· §1 2 3· § x !1 2 y ! 5· §1 ! x 2 ! y ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
iii).If ¨ 0 z ! 1 7 ¸ = ¨0 4 7¸ iv).If ¨ z 0 2 ¸ = ¨ 2 0 2 ¸
¨1 0 0¸ ¨ 1 ¨ 1 !1 1 ¹¸
¨ 1
© 0 a ! 5 ¹¸ © ¹ © !1 1 ) a ¹¸ ©

§ x !1 2 5 ! y· §1 2 3· § x !1 2 y ! 5· §1 ! x 2 ! y ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
Sol:- Given ¨ 0 z !1 7 ¸ = ¨0 4 7¸ Sol:- Given ¨ z 0 2 ¸ = ¨ 2 0 2 ¸
¨1 0 0¸ ¨ 1 !1 1 ) a ¹¸ ¨ 1
¨ 1
© 0 a ! 5 ¹¸ © ¹ © © !1 1 ¹¸
x-1 = 1, 5-y = 3, z-1 = 4, a-5 = 0 x-1 = 1-x, y-5 = -y, z = 2, 1+a = 1
x = 2, y = 2, z = 5, a=5 2x = 2, 2y = 5, a=0
x = 1, y = 5/2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 1 3 !5 ·
¨ ¸
5. i). Find the trace of ¨ 2 !1 5 ¸ [March 2013]
¨2 0 1 ¸
© ¹

§ 1 3 !5 ·
¨ ¸
Sol:- Let A = ¨ 2 !1 5 ¸
¨2 0 1 ¸
© ¹

? Trace of A = sum of the elements in the principal diagonal = 1-1+1 = 1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 1 2 !1 / 2 ·
¨ ¸
ii). Find the trace of ¨ 0 !1 2 ¸ [May 2015TS]
¨ 1 ¹¸
© !1 / 2 2

§ 1 2 !1 / 2 ·
¨ ¸
Sol:- Let A = ¨ 0 !1 2 ¸
¨ !1 / 2 2 1 ¹¸
©

? Trace of A = sum of the elements in the principal diagonal = 1-1+1 = 1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
6. Construct a 3 u 2 matrix whose elements are defined by a = i ! 3j [March 2017AP 2015TS]
ij 2
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 14 STUDY MATERIAL
STUDY MATERIAL
 3. MATRICES PAPER 1(A) E.M
1 1 1 5 1 1
Sol :- Given a = i ! 3j then a11 = 1 ! 3 =1, a12 = 1! 6 = , a21 = 2!3 = ,
ij 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 3
a22 = 2 ! 6 = 2, a31 = 3 ! 3 = 0, a32 = 3!6 = .
2 2 2 2
§ 1 5 / 2·
¨ ¸
? Required matrix is ¨1 / 2 2 ¸
¨ 0 3 / 2¸
© ¹
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES.
§4 2· §i 0· §i 0·
7. find A2 if A = i). ¨ !1 ¸
1¹
ii). ¨ 0 ¸
!i ¹
[March 2016AP] iii). ¨ 0 ¸
i¹
© © ©

§ 4 2· § 4 2· §16 ! 2 8 ) 2 · § 14 10 ·
Sol :- i).A2 = AA = ¨ ¸¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ =¨ ¸
© !1 1 ¹ © !1 1 ¹ © !4 ! 1 !2 ) 1¹ © !5 !1¹

§i 0 · §i 0 · § i2 ) 0 0 ! 0 · § i2 0· § !1 0 ·
2
ii).A = A.A = ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸
© 0 !i ¹ © 0 !i ¹ ¨ 0 ! 0 0 ) i2 ¸ ¨0 i 2 ¹¸ © 0 !1¹
© ¹ ©

§ i 0· § i 0· § i2 ) 0 0 ) 0 · § i2 0· § !1 0 ·
iii).A2 = A.A = ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸
©0 i ¹ ©0 i ¹ ¨ 0 ! 0 0 ) i2 ¸ ¨0 i 2 ¹¸ © 0 !1¹
© ¹ ©
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§3 0 0·
¨ ¸
8. If A = ¨0 3 0¸
¨ 0 0 3¸
, then find A4. [May 2017TS]
© ¹

§3 0 0· §3 0 0· §9 ) 0 ) 0 0 ) 0 ) 0 0 ) 0 ) 0· §9 0 0·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
2
Sol:- A = A.A = ¨0 3 0¸ ¨0 3 0¸ = ¨0 ) 0 ) 0 0 ) 9 ) 0 0 ) 0 ) 0¸ = ¨0 9 0¸
¨ 0 0 3¸ ¨ 0 0 3¸ ¨0 ) 0 ) 0 0 ) 0 ) 0 0 ) 0 ) 9¸ ¨0 0 9¸
© ¹ © ¹ © ¹ © ¹

§9 0 0· §9 0 0· § 81 ) 0 ) 0 0 ) 0 ) 0 0 ) 0 ) 0 · § 81 0 0 ·
4 2 2 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
A = A .A = ¨0 9 0¸ ¨0 9 0¸ = ¨ 0 ) 0 ) 0 0 ) 81 ) 0 0 ) 0 ) 0 ¸ = ¨ 0 81 0 ¸
¨0 0 9¸ ¨0 0 9¸ ¨ 0 ) 0 ) 0 0 ) 0 ) 0 0 ) 0 ) 81¸ ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹ © ¹ © 0 0 81 ¹
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 2 4·
9. If A = ¨ ¸ and A2 = O find k. [May 2016TS 2011 March 2018TS 2017AP 2014]
© !1 K ¹

§ 2 4· §2 4· § 2 4· § 4!4 8 ) 4k ·
Sol:- Given A = ¨ ¸ * A2 = ¨ !1 K ¸ ¨ !1 K ¸ = ¨¨ !2 ! k !4 ) k 2 ¸¸
© !1 K ¹ © ¹ © ¹ © ¹
Given A2 = O
§ 4 ! 4 8 ) 4k · § 0 0·
¨¨ 2 ¸¸ = ¨ ¸
© !2 ! k !4 ) k ¹ © 0 0¹
-2-k = 0
? k = -2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX.
The matrix obtained by changing the rows of a given matrix A into columns is called
transpose of A. It is denoted by AT.
SYMMETRIC MATRIX:- A square matrix A is said to be a symmetric matrix if AT = A.
[March 2018AP]
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 15 STUDY MATERIAL
STUDY MATERIAL
 3. MATRICES PAPER 1(A) E.M

§ 1 2 4·
¨ ¸
Ex :- ¨ 2 3 6¸
¨ 4 6 5¸
© ¹
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. If A is a square matrix then show that
i). A+AT, ii).AAT are symmetric matrices.
Sol:- i).(A+A ) = A +(A ) = AT+A = A+AT
T T T T T
ii).(AAT)T = (AT)T. AT = AAT
T T
? A+A is a symmetric matrix. ? AA is a symmetric matrix.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRIX:- [May 2017 TS]
A square matrix A is said to be a skew symmetric matrix if AT = - A.
§ 0 !1 !4 ·
¨ ¸
Ex :- ¨ 1 0 !7 ¸
¨4 7 0 ¸
© ¹
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. If A is a square matrix then show that A-AT is a skew symmetric matrix.
Sol:- (A-AT)T = AT - (AT)T = AT - A = - (A-AT)
T
? A-A is a skew symmetric matrix.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 2 !4 ·
12. i).If A = ¨ !5 3¹
¸ then find A+AT. [May 2018AP 2015AP]
©

§2 !4 · §2 !5 · §2 !4 · §2 !5 · § 2)2 !4 ! 5 · §4 !9 ·
Sol:- Given A = ¨ !5 3 ¸ , AT = ¨ !4 3 ¸ T
? A+A = ¨© !5 3 ¹¸ + ©¨ !4 3 ¹¸ = ¨© !5 ! 4 3 ) 3 ¹¸ = ¨© !9 6 ¹¸
© ¹ © ¹
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 1 2·
§ !2 1 0 · ¨ ¸
ii).If A = ¨ ¸ , B = ¨ 4 3 ¸ , then find A+ BT. [May 2008]
© 3 4 !5 ¹ ¨ !1 5 ¸
© ¹

§ 1 2·
§ !2 1 0 · ¨ ¸ § 1 4 !1·
Sol:- Given A = ¨ ¸ , B = ¨ 4 3 ¸ , BT = ¨ ¸
© 3 4 !5 ¹ ¨ ¸ ©2 3 5 ¹
© !1 5 ¹

T § !2 1 0 · § 1 4 !1· § !2 ) 1 1 ) 4 0 !1 · § !1 5 !1 ·
? A+B = ¨ ¸ +¨ ¸
© 3 4 !5 ¹ © 2 3 5 ¹
= ¨ 3 ) 2 4 ) 3 !5 ) 5 ¸ = ¨ 5 7 0 ¸
© ¹ © ¹
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ª1 5 3 º ª 2 !1 0 º
«2 4 0 » « 0 !2 5 »
iii).If A = « »,B= « » then find 3A - 4BT.
«¬3 !1 !5»¼ «¬1 2 0 »¼

ª1 5 3 º ª 2 !1 0 º ª 2 0 1º
«2 4 0 » « 0 !2 5 » «!1 !2 2»
Sol:- Given A = « », B= « » then BT = « »
«¬3 !1 !5»¼ ¬«1 2 0 »¼ «¬ 0 5 0 »¼

ª1 5 3 º ª 2 0 1º ª 3 15 9 º ª 8 0 4 º ª !5 15 5 º
« » « 6 12 0 » « «10 20 !8 »
? 3A - 4B =
T
3 «2 4 0 » - 4 ««!1 !2 2»» = «
»
» - «!4 !8 8 » = « »
«¬ 3 !1 !5»¼ «¬ 0 5 0 »¼ «¬9 !3 !15»¼ «¬ 0 20 0 »¼ «¬ 9 !23 !15 »¼
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ !2 1 ·
¨ ¸ § !2 3 1 ·
iv).if A = ¨ 5 0 ¸ , B = ¨© 4 0 2 ¹¸ then find i).2A + BT. ii).3BT- A . [March 2010]
¨ !1 4 ¸
© ¹
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 16 STUDY MATERIAL
STUDY MATERIAL
 3. MATRICES PAPER 1(A) E.M
§ !2 1 · § !2 4 ·
¨ ¸ § !2 3 1 · ¨ ¸
Sol:- Given A = ¨ 5 0¸ , B= ¨ ¸, BT = ¨ 3 0¸
¨ !1 4 ¸ © 4 0 2¹ ¨ 1 2¸
© ¹ © ¹

§ !4 2 · § !2 4 · § !6 6 · § !6 12 · § !2 1 · § !4 11·
T ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ T ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
? 2A+B = ¨ 10 0 ¸ + ¨ 3 0 ¸ = ¨ 13 0 ¸ ? 3B - A = ¨ 9 0¸
¨ 3 6¸
- ¨ 5 0¸
¨ !1 4 ¸
= ¨ 4 0¸
¨ 4 2¸
¨ !2 8 ¸ ¨ 1 2 ¸ ¨ !1 10 ¸ © ¹ © ¹ © ¹
© ¹ © ¹ © ¹
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 2 !4 ·
13. i).If A = ¨ !5 3¹
¸ then find A.AT. [May 2018AP 2015AP]
©

§ 2 !4 · §2 !5 · §2 !4 · § 2 !5 · § 4 ) 16 !10 ! 12 · § 20 !22 ·
Sol:- Given A = ¨ !5 3 ¸ , AT = ¨ !4 3 ¸ T
? AA = ¨© !5 3 ¹¸ ¨© !4 3 ¹¸ = ¨© !10 ! 12 25 ) 9 ¸¹ = ¨© !22 34 ¹¸
© ¹ © ¹
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ !1 2 ·
ii).If A = ¨ 0 1¹
¸ then find A.AT. [March 2017TS]
©

§ !1 2 · T § !1 0 · T § !1 2 · § !1 0 · § 1 ) 4 0 ) 2· § 5 2·
Sol:- Given A = ¨ 0 1¹ , A = © 2 1¹
¸ ¨ ¸ ? AA = ¨© 0 ¸¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸
© 1¹ © 2 1¹ © 0 ) 2 0 )1¹ ©2 1¹
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 2 0 1· § !1 1 0 ·
14. If A = ¨ ¸, B= ¨ ¸ then find (ABT)T. [May 2012]
© !1 1 5 ¹ © 0 1 !2 ¹

§ !1 0 ·
§ 2 0 1· § !1 1 0 · ¨ ¸
Sol:- Given A = ¨ ¸, B= ¨ ¸, B = T ¨1 1 ¸
© !1 1 5 ¹ © 0 1 !2 ¹ ¨ 0 !2 ¸
© ¹

§ !1 0 ·
T § 2 0 1· ¨ ¸ § !2 ) 0 ) 0 0 ) 0 ! 2 · § !2 !2 · T T § !2 2 ·
AB = ¨ ¸ ¨1 1¸ = ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ ? (AB ) = ¨ ¸
© !1 1 5 ¹ ¨ 0 !2 ¸ © 1 ) 1 ) 0 0 ) 1 ! 10 ¹ © 2 !9 ¹ © !2 !9 ¹
© ¹
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 0 1 4·
¨ ¸
! 1 0 7¸
15. Is ¨
¨ !4 !7 0 ¸
symmetric or skew symmetric.
© ¹

§ 0 1 4· § 0 !1 !4 ·
¨ ¸ T ¨ ¸
Sol:- Let A = ¨ !1 0 7¸ ?A = ¨ 1 0 !7 ¸ = - A.
¨ !4 !7 0 ¸ ¨4 7 0 ¸
© ¹ © ¹

? Given matrix is a skew symmetric matrix.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ !1 2 3 ·
¨ ¸
16. Find x If the matrix ¨¨ 2 5 6 ¸¸ is a symmetric matrix.
© 3 x 7¹
[March 2016AP May 2018TS 2015TS]
§ !1 2 3 · § !1 2 3 ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
Sol:- Let A = ¨ 2 5 6¸ , AT = ¨ 2 5 x¸
¨ 3 x 7¸ ¨ 3 6 7¸
© ¹ © ¹
Given matrix is a symmetric matrix then AT = A
?x=6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS

1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 17 STUDY MATERIAL
STUDY MATERIAL
 3. MATRICES PAPER 1(A) E.M
§ 0 2 1·
¨ ¸
17. i). Find x, if the matrix ¨ !2 0 !2 ¸ is a skew symmetric matrix. [May 2014 2013 May 2011]
¨ !1 x 0 ¸
© ¹

§ 0 2 1 · § 0 !2 !1·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
Sol:- Let A = ¨ !2 0 !2 ¸ T
then A = ¨2 0 x ¸
¨ !1 x 0 ¸ ¨ 1 !2 0 ¸
© ¹ © ¹
Given matrix is a skew symmetric matrix then AT = ! A
x = -(-2)
? x=2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 0 4 !2 ·
¨ ¸
ii). Find x, if the matrix ¨ !4 0 8 ¸ is a skew symmetric matrix.
¨ 2 !8 x ¸
© ¹

§ 0 4 !2 · § 0 !4 2 ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
Sol:- Let A = ¨ !4 0 8 ¸ then AT = ¨ 4 0 !8 ¸
¨ 2 !8 x ¸ ¨ !2 8 x ¸
© ¹ © ¹
Given matrix is a skew symmetric matrix then AT = ! A.
? x=0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 0 1 4·
¨ ¸
! 1 0 7¸
iii). Find x, if the matrix ¨
¨ ! x !7 0 ¸
is a skew symmetric matrix. [March 2009]
© ¹

§ 0 1 4· § 0 !1 ! x ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
Sol:- Let A = ¨ !1 0 7 ¸ T
then A = ¨ 1 0 !7 ¸
¨ ! x !7 0 ¸ ¨4 7 0 ¹¸
© ¹ ©
Given matrix is a skew symmetric matrix then AT = ! A.
!x= !4
? x=4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DETERMINANT OF A SQUARE MATRIX.
The sum of the products of the elements of the first row of a square matrix ‘A’ with
their corresponding cofactors is called the determinant of the matrix ‘A’. It is denoted by
detA (or) A .
SINGULAR AND NON SINGULAR MATRIX.
A square matrix A is said to be a singular matrix if det A = 0.
A square matrix A is said to be a non singular matrix if det A z 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18. Find the determinants of the following.
§0 1 1· 0 1 1
¨ ¸
i). ¨¨ 1 0 1 ¸¸ Sol:- 1 0 1
= 0(0-1)-1(0-1)+1(1-0) = 0+1+1 = 2
©1 1 0¹ 1 1 0
------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
§1 4 2· 1 4 2
ii). ¨¨ 2 ¸
!1 4 ¸ Sol:- 2 !1 4 = 1(-6-28)-4(12+12)+2(14-3) = 1(-34)-4(24)+2(11)
¨ !3 7 6 ¸ !3 7 6
© ¹
= -34-96+22 = -108
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS
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 3. MATRICES PAPER 1(A) E.M
§ 2 !1 4 · 2 !1 4
iii). ¨¨ 4 ¸
!3 1 ¸ Sol:- 4 !3 1 = 2(-3-2)+1(4-1)+4(8+3) = 2(-5)+1(3)+4(11)
¨1 2 1¸ 1 2 1
© ¹
= -10+3+44 = 37
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 1 0 !2 · 1 0 !2
iv). ¨¨ 3 !1 2 ¸¸ Sol:- 3 !1 2 = 1(-6-10)-0(18-8)-2(15+4) = 1(-16)-0(10)-2(19)
¨4 5 6 ¸ 4 5 6
© ¹
= -16-0-38 = -54
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 1 !1 2 · 1 !1 2
v). ¨¨ 3 0 4¸
¸
Sol:- 3 0 4 = 1(0+8)+1(15+16)+2(-6+0) = 1(8)+1(31)+2(-6)
¨ !4 !2 5 ¸ !4 !2 5
© ¹
= 8+31-12
= 27
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ª1 2 !3º 1 2 !3
vi). ««4 !1 7 »» . Sol:- 4 !1 7
= 1(6-28)-2(-24-14)-3(16+2) = 1(-22)-2(-38)-3(18)
2 4 !6
¬« 2 4 !6»¼
= -22+76-54
=0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 12 22 32 · 12 22 32 1 4 9
¨ ¸
vii). ¨¨ 22 32 42 ¸ [March 2010] Sol:- 22 32 42 = 4 9 16
¸
¨ 32 42 52 ¸¹ 32 42 52 9 16 25
©
= 1(225-256)-4(100-144)+9(64-81)
= 1(-31)-4(-44)+9(-17)
= -31+176-153
= -8
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§a b c· §a h g·
¨ ¸
viii). ¨ b c a ¸ ix). ¨¨ h b f ¸¸
¨ c a b¸ ¨g f c¸
© ¹ © ¹

a b c a h g
2 2 2
Sol:- b c a = a(bc-a )-b(b -ac)+c(ab-c ) Sol:- h b f = a(bc-f2)-h(ch-fg)+g(hf-bg)
c a b g f c

= abc - a3 - b3 + abc + abc - c3 = abc - af2 - ch2 +fgh + fgh - bg2

= 3abc - a3 - b3 - c3 = abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2 - ch2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Z Z2
19. i).Show that Z Z2 1 = 0. [March 2014, 2011]
Z2 1 Z

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 3. MATRICES PAPER 1(A) E.M

1 Z Z2 1 ! Z ! Z2 Z Z2 0 Z Z2
Sol:- Z Z2 1 = 1 ! Z ! Z2 Z2 1 = 0 Z2 1 =0
Z2 1 Z 1! Z ! Z 2
1 Z 0 1 Z
C1 !C2 ! C3

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a #b b#c c#a
ii). Show that b # c c # a a # b = 0. [May 2008]
c#a a #b b#c

a #b b#c c#a a #b!b#c!c#a b#c c#a 0 b#c c#a

Sol:- b#c c#a a#b = b#c!c#a !a#b c#a a #b = 0 c#a a#b = 0
c#a a #b b#c C1 ! C2 ! C3
c#a !a#b!b#c a #b b#c 0 a#b b#c
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 0 0
20. Find x if 2 3 4 = 45. [May 2016AP 2009 March 2013 2007]
5 #6 x

1 0 0
Sol:- Given 2 3 4 = 45 $ 1(3x+24)-0(2x-20)+0(-12-15) = 45
5 #6 x

3x+24 = 45
3x = 21
? x=7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21. show that the value of the determinant of a skew symmetric matrix of order 3 is always 0
§ 0 a b·
¨ ¸
Sol:- Let A = ¨ #a 0 c ¸ be a skew symmetric matrix of order 3.
¨ # b #c 0 ¸
© ¹
2
? det A = 0(0+c )-a(0+bc)+b(ac+0) = 0 - abc + abc = 0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX. [May 2015AP]
A square matrix A is said to be an invertiable matrix if there exists a square matrix B
such that AB = BA = I. The matrix B is called inverse of A. It is denoted by A-1.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22. If A is an invertiable matrix then AT is also invertiable and (AT)-1 = (A-1)T.
Sol:- A is an invertible matrix $ A-1 exists and AA-1 = A-1A = I.
Now AT(A-1)T = (A-1A)T = IT = I. (A-1)TAT = (AA-1)T = IT = I.
?AT(A-1)T = (A-1)TAT = I
T T -1 -1 T
? A is invertible and (A ) = (A )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23. Find the adjoint and inverse matrix of
§1 2 · § 2 #3 ·
i). ¨ ¸ [March 2018AP May 2006] ii). ¨ 4 ¸ [May 2017AP March 2002]
© 3 #5 ¹ © 6¹

§1 2 · § 2 #3 ·
Sol:- Let A = ¨ ¸ Sol:- Let A = ¨ ¸
© 3 #5 ¹ ©4 6 ¹
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 3. MATRICES PAPER 1(A) E.M
det A = ad - bc = -5-6 = -11 det A = ad - bc = 12+12 = 24
§d #b · § #5 #2 · §d #b · § 6 3·
Adj A = ¨ #c a ¸ = ¨ ¸ Adj A = ¨ #c a ¸ = ¨ ¸
© ¹ © #3 1 ¹ © ¹ © #4 2 ¹

-1 1 § d #b · 1 § #5 #2 · -1 1 § d #b · 1 § 6 3·
?A = ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ ? A = ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸
ad # bc © #c a ¹ #11 © #3 1 ¹ ad # bc © #c a ¹ 24 © #4 2 ¹
------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
§ cos D # sin D ·
iii). ¨ sin D cos D ¹
¸ [March 2013 2009]
©

§ cos D # sin D ·
Sol:- Let A = ¨ sin D cos D ¹
¸ det A = ad - bc = cos2 D +sin2 D = 1
©

§d #b · § cos D sin D ·
-1 1 § d #b · § cos D sin D ·
Adj A = ¨ #c a ¸ = ¨ # sin D cos D ¸ ?A = ¨
#
¸ = ¨ ¸
© ¹ © ¹ ad # bc © c a ¹ © # sin D cos D ¹
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ a ! ib c ! id ·
2 2 2 2 -1
§ a # ib #c # id ·
iv).If A = ¨ ¸ , a +b +c +d = 1 then show that A = ¨ c # id a ! ib ¸ .
© #c ! id a # ib ¹ © ¹
Sol:- detA = (a+ib)(a-ib)-(c+id)(-c+id) = (a -i b )-(-c +i d ) = (a +b )-(-c -d ) = a2+b2+c2+d2 = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

§ a # ib #c # id · -1 1 § a # ib #c # id · § a # ib #c # id ·
Adj A = ¨ c # id a ! ib ¹ .
¸ ?A = ¨
# !
¸ = ¨ ¸
© 1© c id a ib ¹ © c # id a ! ib ¹
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RANK OF A MATRIX.
1).Suppose A is a nonzero matrix.A positive integer ‘r’ is said to be the rank of A if
i).there exists a nonzero r-rowed minor of A.
ii).every (r+1)-rowed minor of A is zero.
2).The rank of a zero matrix is defined to be zero.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ª1 1 1º
« »
24. i).Find the rank of the matrix «1 1 1» [May 2018AP 2016TS March 2018TS]
«¬1 1 1»¼

ª1 1 1º ª1 1 1º
«0 0 0»
Sol:- Given matrix «1 1 1»
« » R2 - R1, R3 - R1 ! « » it is in echelon form.
¬«0 0 0 »¼
¬«1 1 1»¼
here number of non zero rows = 1
? Rank = 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ª1 0 0 º
«0 0 1 »
ii).Find the rank of the matrix « »
¬«0 1 0 ¼»

ª1 0 0 º ª1 0 0 º
«0 0 1 » «0 1 0 »
Sol:- Given matrix « »
«¬0 1 0 »¼
R2 l R3 ! « »
«¬0 0 1 »¼
it is in echelon form.

here number of non zero rows = 3

? Rank = 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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 3. MATRICES PAPER 1(A) E.M
ª1 4 #1º
«2 3 0 »
iii).Find the rank of the matrix « »
¬«0 1 2 »¼

ª1 4 #1º ª1 4 #1º ª1 4 #1º

«2 3 0 » « 0 #5 2 » «0 # 5 2 »
Sol:- Given matrix « »
«¬0 1 2 »¼
R2 - 2R1 ! « »
«¬0 1 2 »¼
5R3 + R2 ! « »
«¬0 0 12 »¼
it is in echelon form

here number of non zero rows = 3

? Rank = 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ª1 2 1º
« #1 0 2 »
iv).Find the rank of the matrix « » [March 2012 2006 June 2005]
«¬ 0 1 #1»¼

ª1 2 1º ª1 2 1 º ª1 2 1 º
« #1 0 2 » «0 2 3 » «0 2 3 »
Sol:- Given matrix « »
«¬ 0 1 #1»¼
R2 + R1 ! « »
«¬0 1 #1»¼
2R3 - R2 ! « »
«¬ 0 0 #5»¼
it is in echelon form.

here number of non zero rows = 3

? Rank = 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ª1 2 3 º
« 2 3 4»
v).Find the rank of the matrix « » [March 2015TS]
«¬0 1 2»¼

ª1 2 3 º ª1 2 3 º ª1 2 3 º
« 2 3 4» «0 #1 #2» «0 #1 #2»
Sol:- Given matrix « » R2 - 2R1 ! « » R3 + R1 ! « » it is in echelon form.
«¬0 1 2»¼ ¬«0 1 2 »¼ ¬«0 0 0 »¼
here number of non zero rows = 2
? Rank = 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ª #1 #2 #3º
«3 4 5»
vi).Find the rank of the matrix « »
«¬ 4 5 6 »¼

ª#1 #2 #3º ª #1 #2 #3º ª #1 #2 #3º

«3 4 5» « 0 #2 #4 » « 0 #2 #4 »
Sol:- Given matrix « » R2+3R1, R3+4R1 ! « » 2R3 - 3R2 ! « »
«¬ 4 5 6 »¼ «¬ 0 #3 #6 »¼ «¬ 0 0 0 »¼

it is in echelon form.
here number of non zero rows = 2
? Rank = 2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ª0 1 2º
«1 2 3»
vii).Find the rank of the matrix « »
«¬ 3 2 1 »¼

ª0 1 2 º ª1 2 3 º ª1 2 3 º ª1 2 3 º
«1 2 3 » «0 1 2 » «0 1 2 » «0 1 2 »
Sol:- Given matrix « »R lR
«¬3 2 1 »¼ 1 2 ! « »R -
«¬3 2 1 »¼ 3
3R1 ! « »R +
«¬0 #4 #8»¼ 3
4R2 ! « »
«¬0 0 0 »¼

it is in echelon form.
here number of non zero rows = 2
? Rank = 2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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 3. MATRICES PAPER 1(A) E.M
ª 1 2 0 #1º
«3 4 1 2»
viii).Find the rank of the matrix « »
«¬ #2 3 2 5 »¼

ª 1 2 0 #1º ª1 2 0 #1º ª1 2 0 #1 º
«3 4 1 2» «0 #2 1 5 » «0 #2 1 5 »
Sol:- Given matrix « » R -3R ,
2 1
R3+2R1 ! « » 2R +
3
7R2 ! « »
¬« #2 3 2 5 ¼» ¬«0 7 2 3 ¼» ¬«0 0 11 41¼»
it is in echelon form
here number of non zero rows = 3.
? Rank = 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ª 0 1 1 #2 º
« »
ix).Find the rank of the matrix «4 0 2 5 » .
«¬2 1 3 1 »¼

ª 0 1 1 #2 º ª4 0 2 5 º ª4 0 2 5 º ª4 0 2 5 º
«4 0 2 5 » « 0 1 1 #2 » « 0 1 1 #2 » « 0 1 1 #2 »
Sol:- Given matrix « »R lR
1 2 ! « » 2R -R
3 1 ! « » R -2R
3 2 ! « »
¬« 2 1 3 1 »¼ ¬«2 1 3 1 ¼» ¬«0 2 4 #3¼» ¬« 0 0 2 1 »¼
it is in echelon form.
here number of non zero rows = 3
? Rank = 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24. Solve the system of the homogeneous equations x-y+z = 0, x+2y-z = 0, 2x+y+3z = 0
[March 2016TS]
Sol:- Given equations x-y+z = 0, x+2y-z = 0, 2x+y+3z = 0
ª1 #1 1 º ª1 #1 1 º ª1 #1 1 º
«1 2 #1» «0 3 # 2 » « 0 3 #2 »
Coefficient matrix A = « »R -
«¬2 1 3 »¼ 2
R1 , R3 - 2R1 ! « » R3 - R2 ! « »
¬«0 3 1 ¼» ¬«0 0 3 ¼»
Rank of the coefficient matrix = 3
Number of variables n = 3
? n=r
Given equations has a trivial solution, the solution is x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 4. ADDITION OF VECTORS PAPER 1(A) E.M
Q.NO: 5&6 IN I.P.E
LINEAR COMBINATIONS [May 2015TS]
L a1, a2, a2, ....... an be n vectors and l1, l2, l2, ....... ln be n scalars. Then
l1a1+l2a2+l3a3+.......+ lnan is called a linear combination of a1, a2, a2, ....... an .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. i).If OA = i+j+k, AB = 3i-2j+k, BC = i+2j-2k, CD = 2i+j+3k find the position vector of D.
Sol:- Given Vectors OA = i+j+k, AB = 3i-2j+k, BC = i+2j-2k, CD = 2i+j+3k [March 2013]
? The position vector of D is OD = OA+AB+BC+CD
= (i+j+k)+(3i-2j+k)+(i+2j-2k) +(2i+j+3k) = 7i+2j+3k
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).a = 2i-j+k, b = i-3j-5k.Find the vector c such that a, b and c form the sides of a triangle.
Sol:- Given Vectors a = 2i-j+k, b = i-3j-5k.
a, b, c are the sides of a triangle then a+b+c = O.
c = - a - b = -(2i-j+k)-(i-3j-5k) = -3i+4j+4k
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. If the position vectors of A, B,C, D are a+2b, 2a-b, a, 3a+b respectively, then find AC, DA,
BA, BC.
Sol:- Given Vectors OA = a+2b, OB = 2a-b, OC = a, OD = 3a+b
AC = OC-OA = (a)-(a+2b) = 2b DA = OA-OD = (a+2b)-(3a+b) = -2a+b
BA = OA-OB = (a+2b)-(2a-b) = -a+3b BC = OC-OB = (a)-(2a-b) = -a+b
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. If the position vectors of A,B,C are -2i+j-k, -4i+2j+2k, 6i-3j-13k and AB = O AC, find O .
[May 2017AP March 2011]
Sol:- Given Vectors OA = -2i+j-k, OB = -4i+2j+2k, OC = 6i-3j-13k,
AB = OB-OA = (-4i+2j+2k)-(-2i+j-k) = -2i+j+3k.
AC = OC-OA = (6i-3j-13k)-(-2i+j-k) = 8i-4j-12k = -4(-2i+j+3k) = - 4 AB
AB = - 1/4 AC
? O = - 1/4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. i).Let a = i+2j+3k, b = 3i+j.Find the unit vector in the direction of a+b.
[May 2018AP March 2016TS]
Sol:- Given vectors a = i+2j+3k, b = 3i+j
a+b = (i+2j+3k)+(3i+j) = 4i+3j+3k a # b = 16 # 9 # 9 = 34
a#b 1
? The unit vector in the direction of a+b is a # b = 34
(4i+3j+3k)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Let a = 2i+4j-5k, b = i+j+k, c = j+2k. Find the unit vector in the opposite direction of
a+b+c. [May 2015AP 2012 March 205AP 2012]
Sol:- Given vectors a = 2i+4j-5k, b = i+j+k, c = j+2k.
a+b+c = (2i+4j-5k)+(i+j+k)+(j+2k) = 3i+6j-2k a # b # c = 9 # 36 # 4 = 49 = 7

a#b#c 1
? The unit vector in the opposite direction of a+b+c is - = - (3i+6j-2k)
a#b#c 7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors a = 2i+2j-5k, b = 2i+j+3k.
Sol:- Given vectors a = 2i+2j-5k, b = 2i+j+3k. [May 2013]
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 4. ADDITION OF VECTORS PAPER 1(A) E.M
a+b = (2i+2j-5k)+(2i+j+3k) = 4i+3j-2k a ! b = 16 ! 9 ! 4 = 29
a!b 1
? The unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors a, b is a ! b = 29
(4i+3j-2k).

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iv).Find the unit vector in the direction of a = 2i+3j+k. [May 2017 TS March 2014]
Sol:- Given vector a = 2i+3j+k. a = 4 ! 9 ! 1 = 14

a 1
? The unit vector in the direction of a is a = 14
(2i+3j+k).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v).Find a vector in the direction of a = i-2j that has magnitude 7 units.
Sol:- Given vector a = i-2j. a = 1! 4 = 5 .

a 7
? The vector in the direction of a it has magnitude 7 units is 7 a = 5
(i-2j).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. i).Find the direction ratios and direction cosines of the vector a = i+j-2k.
Sol:- The direction ratios of a = i+j-2k are (1,1,-2). a = 1!1! 4 = 6 .

a 1
Unit vector in the direction of a is a = (i+j-2k).
6
1 1 #2
? Direction cosines of a are ( 6 , 6 , 6 ).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Find the direction cosines of the line joining the points with position vectors -i+j+k,
2i+3j-5k.
Sol:- Let OA = -i+j+k, OB = 2i+3j-5k.
AB = OB-OA = (2i+3j-5k) - (-i+j+k) = 3i+2j-6k. AB = 9 ! 4 ! 36 = 49 = 7.
AB 1
Unit vector in the direction of AB is AB = (3i+2j-6k).
7
? Direction cosines of AB are (3/7, 2/7, -6/7).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Is the triangle formed by the vectors 3i+5j+2k, 2i-3j-5k and -5i-2j+3k equilateral ?
Sol:- Let AB = 3i+5j+2k, BC = 2i-3j-5k , CA = -5i-2j+3k
AB = AB = 9 ! 25 ! 4 = 38 , BC = BC = 4 ! 9 ! 25 = 38 , CA = CA = 25 ! 4 ! 9 = 38
AB = BC = CA.
? Given vectors form an equilateral triangle.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. i).If a = 2i+5j+k, b = 4i+mj+nk and a, b are collinear, find m, n.
[March 2018TS 2017TS 2016AP 2015TS May 2016AP 2015TS 2011]
a1 a2 a3 2 5 1
Sol:- Given vectors are collinear then b = b = b $ = = $ m = 10, n = 2
1 2 3 4 m n

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 4. ADDITION OF VECTORS PAPER 1(A) E.M
a1 a2 a3
Note:- a1i+a2j+a3k, b1i+b2j+b3k are collinear are parallel then b = b = b
1 2 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If the vectors -3i+4j+ O k, P i+8j+6k are collinear vectors, then find O and P .
Sol:- Given vectors -3i+4j+ O k, P i+8j+6k [March 2018AP 2014 May 2018TS 2014 2012]
$3 4 O
? Given vectors are collinear then P = = % P = -6, O = 3
8 6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2p
iii).Find p if 4i+ j+pk is parallel to i+2j+3k. [March 2011]
3
a1 a2 a3 4 2p / 3 p
Sol:- Given vectors are parallel then b = b = b % = = % p = 12.
1 2 3 1 2 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VECTOR EQUATION OF A LINE AND A PLANE.
1. i).Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point 2i+3j+k and parallel to the
vector (4,-2,3). [May 2017AP 2016TS March 2017TS 2015AP June 2010]
Sol:- Let a = 2i+3j+k, b = 4i-2j+3k.
The vector equation of the line passing through the point a and parallel to the vector b is
? r = a +tb = (2i+3j+k) +t(4i-2j+3k).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Find the vector equation of the straight line passing through the point (2,3,-1) and
parallel to the vector (1,-2,3).
Sol:- Let a = 2i+3j-k, b = i-2j+3k.
The vector equation of the line passing through the point a and parallel to the vector b is
? r = a +tb = (2i+3j-k) +t(i-2j+3k).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).Find the equation of the line passing through the point 2i+3j-4k and parallel to the vector
6i+3j-2k in cartesian form.
Sol:- The cartesian equation of the line passing through the point 2i+3j-4k (x1,y1,z1) and parallel
x-x1 y $ y1 z $ z1 x$2 y $3 z&4
to the vector 6i+3j-2k (l, m, n) is = = % = = .
l m n 6 3 $2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. i).OABC is a parallelogram.If OA = a, OC = c, find the vector equation of the side BC.
[March 2015TS 2009]
Sol:- Given OABC is a parallelogram and OA = a, OC = c C B
In a parallelogran CB = OA = a.
? The vector equation of the side BC is r = OC +t(CB) = c +ta.
O A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If a, b, c are the position vectors of the vertices A, B, and C respectively of ' ABC then.
find the vector equation of the median through the vertex A. A [March 2013]
Sol:- Let OA = a, OB = b, OC = c.
JJJG OB & OC b&c
Let D is the mid point of BC then OD = = .
2 2
B D C
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 4. ADDITION OF VECTORS PAPER 1(A) E.M
The vector equation of the median through the vertex A is
§b&c·
? r = (1-t)OA+ tOD = (1-t)a+t ¨ 2 ¸
© ¹
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. i).Find the vector equation of the line passing through the points 2i+3j+4k, 3i-2j+2k.
Sol:- Let a = 2i+3j+4k, b = 3i-2j+2k.
The vector equation of the line passing through the points a, b is
? r = (1-t)a +tb = (1-t)(2i+3j+4k) +t(3i-2j+2k).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Find the cartesian equation of the line passing through the points -2i+3j+5k, i+2j+3k.
Sol:- The cartesian equation of the line passing through the points -2i+3j+5k (x1,y1,z1),
i+2j+3k (x2, y2 , z2) is
x-x1 y-y1 z-z1 x & 2 y$3 z$5 x & 2 y$3 z $5
% %
x 2 -x1 = y 2 -y1 = z 2 -z1 = =
1& 2 2 $ 3 3 $ 5 3
=
$1
=
$2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).Find the vector equation of the line passing through the points 2i+j+3k, -4i+3j-k.
[May 2016AP March 2018TS 2016AP 2016TS 2011]
Sol:- Let a = 2i+j+3k, b = -4i+3j-k.
The vector equation of the line passing through the points a, b is
? r = (1-t)a +tb = (1-t)(2i+j+3k) +t(-4i+3j-k).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the point i+j+k and parallel to the
vectors 2i+3j+4k, i-2j+3k.
Sol:- Let a = i+j+k, b = 2i+3j+4k, c = i-2j+3k
The vector equation of the plane passing through the point a and parallel to the vectors b, c is
? r = a +tb+sc = (i+j+k)+t(2i+3j+4k)+s(i-2j+3k).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points.
i).i-2j+5k, -5j-k, -3i+5j [May 2018TS 2015AP 2014 2013 2011 March 2017AP]
Sol:- Let a = i-2j+5k, b = -5j-k, c = -3i+5j.
The vector equation of the plane passing through the points a, b, c is
? r = (1-s-t)a +sb+tc = (1-s-t)(i-2j+5k)+s(-5j-k)+c(-3i+5j).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).(0,0,0),(0,5,0),(2,0,1). [May 2018AP March 2018AP]
Sol:- Let a = O, b = 5j, c = 2i+k.
The vector equation of the plane passing through the points a, b, c is r = (1-s-t)a +sb+tc
? r = (1-s-t)(O)+s(5j)+c(2i+k) = s(5j)+c(2i+k).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).2i+j-k, i-j+2k, i-2j-2k.
Sol:- Let a = 2i+j-k, b = i-j+2k, c = i-2j-2k.
The vector equation of the plane passing through the points a, b, c is
? r = (1-s-t)a +sb+tc = (1-s-t)(2i+j-k)+s(i-j+2k)+c(i-2j-2k).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 27 STUDY MATERIAL

 5. PRODUCT OF VECTORS PAPER 1(A) E.M
Q.NO : 7 IN I.P.E
DOT PRODUCT
1. i).If a = 6i+2j+3k, b = 2i-9j+6k.then find a.b and the angle between a and b.
Sol:- Given a = 6i+2j+3k, b = 2i-9j+6k. a.b = (6)(2)+(2)(-9)+(3)(6) = 12-18+18 = 12
a = 36 ! 4 ! 9 = 49 = 7 b = 4 ! 81 ! 36 = 121 = 11
1
a.b 12 12 § 12 ·
cos(a,b) = a b = (7)(11) = ? (a,b) = cos ¨ 77 ¸ .
-1
77 © ¹
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Find the angle between the vectors i+2j+3k and 3i-j+2k.
[March 2018AP 2017TS 2014 2010]
Sol:- Let a = i+2j+3k, b = 3i-j+2k. a.b = (1)(3)+(2)(-1)+(3)(2) = 3-2+6 = 7.
a = 1 ! 4 ! 9 = 14 , b = 9 ! 1 ! 4 = 14

a.b 7 1
cos(a,b) = a b = = ? (a,b) = 60
0
14 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. If D , E and J are the angles made by the vector a = 3i-6j+2k with the positive derections of
the coordinate axes then find cos D ,cos E and cos J . [March 2017AP]
Sol:- Given a = 3i-6j+2k. a = 9 ! 36 ! 4 = 49 = 7

a.i (3i -6j+2k ).i 3 a. j (3i -6j+2k ). j 6

cos D = cos(a,i) = = = cos E = cos(a,j) = = =-
a i (7)(1) 7 a j (7)(1) 7

a.k (3i -6j+2k ).k 2

cos J = cos(a,k) = = = .
a k (7)(1) 7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. If a = 111, b = 23 and a , b = 30, then find a ! b .
Sol:- Given a = 111, b = 23 and a , b = 30.
2 2 2 2 2
we know that a ! b + a , b = 2 a +2 b a ! b = 1300-900 = 400
2
a ! b + 900 = 2(121)+2(529) ? a ! b = 20
= 242+1058
= 1300
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
4. Let e1 and e2 be unit vectors containing angle θ .If e -e = sin λθ , then find O .
2 1 2
1
Sol:- Given e1 , e2 are unit vectors, and sin λθ = e -e
2 1 2
2sin λθ = e1 -e 2
(2sin λθ )2 = e1 -e 2 2

4 sin2 λθ = e1 2+ e 2 2-2 e1.e2 = e1 2+ e2 2-2 e1 e2 cos(e1,e2) = 1+1-2cos θ = 2-2cos θ

§ T· §T·
= 2(1-cos θ )= 2 2sin2 ¨ 2 ¸ = 4 sin2 ¨ 2 ¸
© ¹ © ¹
? O = 1/2.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 28 STUDY MATERIAL
 5. PRODUCT OF VECTORS PAPER 1(A) E.M
5. If a = i+2j-3k, b = 3i-j+2k then show that a + b, a - b are mutually perpendicular.
[May 2018AP 2011 March 2015AP]
Sol:- Given a = i+2j-3k, b = 3i-j+2k.
a +b = (i+2j-3k)+(3i-j+2k) = 4i+j-k, a - b = (i+2j-3k)-(3i-j+2k) = -2i+3j-5k
(a + b).(a - b) = (4i+j-k).(-2i+3j-5k) = -8+3+5 = -8+8 = 0
a + b, a - b are mutually perpendicular.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. i).If the vectors 2i+ O j-k, 4i-2j+2k are perpendicular to each other, find O .
[May 2016TS 2015TS June 2005 March 2005]
Sol:- Given vectors 2i+ O j-k, 4i-2j+2k.
Given vectors are perpendicular to each other then (2i+ O j-k).(4i-2j+2k) = 0.
8-2 O -2 = 0.
2 O = 6.
? O = 3.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If the vectors O i-3j+5k, and 2 O i- O j- k are perpendicular to each other, find O .
[March 2016TS May 2014]
Sol:- Given vectors O i-3j+5k, 2 O i- O j-k
Given vectors are perpendicular to each other then ( O i-3j+5k).(2 O i- O j-k) = 0
2 O 2+3 O -5 = 0
(2 O +5)( O -1) = 0
? O = -5/2, 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).For what values of O , the vectors i- O j+2k, and 8i+6j-k are at right angles.
Sol:- Given vectors i- O j+2k, 8i+6j-k .
since given vectors are at right angles then (i- O j+2k).(8i+6j-k) = 0
8-6 O -2 = 0
6O = 6
?O = 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Find the angle between a and b if a # b = a $ b .
Sol:- Given a # b = a $ b 4 a.b = 0
2 2
a#b = a$b a.b = 0
2 2 2 2
a + b +2 a.b = a + b -2 a.b (a, b) = 900
?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. i).If a = i-j-k,b = 2i-3j+k find the orthogonal projection of b on a and its magnitude.
[March 2017AP]
Sol:- Given a = i-j-k, b = 2i-3j+k.
b.a = (2i-3j+k).(i-j-k) = 2+3-1 = 4 a = 1 #1 #1 = 3
(b.a)a 4
? The orthogonal projection of b on a is 2 = (i-j-k).
a 3

4 4 4 4
? Its magnitude is i $ j$k = 1#1#1 = 3 = .
3 3 3 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 29 STUDY MATERIAL
 5. PRODUCT OF VECTORS PAPER 1(A) E.M
ii).If a = i+j+k, b = 2i+3j+k.find the projection vector of b on a and its magnitude.
[May 2013 2006]
Sol:- Given a = i+j+k, b = 2i+3j+k. b.a = (2i+3j+k).(i+j+k) = 2+3+1 = 6.
a = 1 !1!1 = 3.

(b.a)a 6
? The projection vector of b on a is 2 = (i+j+k) = 2(i+j+k)
a 3

? Its magnitude is = 2 i ! j ! k = 2 1 ! 1 ! 1 = 2 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. If r is any vector then r = (r.i)i+(r.j)j+(r.k)k [March 2003]
Sol:- Let r = xi+yj+zk.
r.i = (xi+yj+zk).i = x, r.j = (xi+yj+zk).j = y, r.k = (xi+yj+zk).k = z
? (r.i)i + (r.j)j + (r.k)k = xi+yj+zk = r.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CROSS PRODUCT
1. i).If a = 2i-j+k, b = 3i+5j-k, then find a u b.
Sol:- Given a = 2i-j+k, b = 3i+5j-k.
i j k
? au b = 2 $1 1 = i(1-5)-j(-2-3)+k(10+3) = - 4i+5j+13k
3 5 $1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If a = 2i-j+k, b = i-3j-5k then find a u b . [March 2013]
Sol:- Given a = 2i-j+k, b = i-3j-5k.
i j k
aub = 2 $1 1 = i(5+3)-j(-10-1)+k(-6+1) = 8i+111j-5k ? a u b = 64 ! 121 ! 25 = 210
1 $3 $5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).If a = 2i-3j+k, b = i+4j-2k, then find (a+b) u (a-b). [March 2018TS]
Sol:- Given a = 2i-3j+k, b = i+4j-2k.
a + b = (2i-3j+k)+(i+4j-2k) = 3i+j-k. a - b = (2i-3j+k)-(i+4j-2k) = i-7j+3k.
i j k
? (a+b) u (a-b) = 3 1 $1 = i(3-7)-j(9+1)+k(-21-1) = -4i-10j-22k.
1 $7 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. If a = 2, b = 3, (a, b) = 300 then find a u b 2 .
§1·
Sol:- Given a = 2, b = 3, (a, b) = 300. a u b = a b sin(a, b) = 2(3) sin300 = 6 ¨ ¸ = 3
© 2¹
2
? aub = 9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. If a is any vector then show that (a u i)2+(a u j)2+(a u k)2 = 2a2
Sol:- Let a = xi+yj+zk
a u i = (xi+yj+zk) u i = x(o)+y(-k)+z(j) = -yk+zj similarly
? aui = y2 ! z2 (a u j)2 = x2+z2,
2 2 2
? (a u i) = y +z (a u k)2 = x2+y2
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 30 STUDY MATERIAL
 5. PRODUCT OF VECTORS PAPER 1(A) E.M
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
? (a u i) +(a u j) +(a u k) = (y +z )+(x +z )+(x +y ) = 2(x +y +z ) = 2a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. i).If a, b are two vectors then (a u b)2+(a.b)2 = a2 b2 = a2b2
Sol:- We know that a u b = a b sin(a, b), a.b = a b cos(a, b)
? (a u b)2 + (a.b)2 = a 2 b 2sin2(a, b)+ a 2 b 2cos2(a, b) = a 2 b 2 {sin2(a, b)+cos2(a, b)}
= a2 b2
= a2b2.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If a = 13, b = 5, a.b = 60, find a u b . iii).If a = 5, b = 6, a.b = 15, find a u b .
Sol:- Given a = 13, b = 5, a.b = 60 Sol:- Given a = 5, b = 6, a.b = 15.
We know that (a u b)2 + (a.b)2 = a 2 b 2
We know that (a u b)2 + (a.b)2 = a 2 b 2

(a u b)2 + (60)2 = (13)2(5)2 (a u b)2 + (15)2 = (5)2(6)2

(a u b)2 + 3600 = 4225 (a u b)2 + 225 = 900
(a u b)2 = 4225 - 3600 (a u b)2 = 900 - 225
(a u b)2 = 625 (a u b)2 = 675
a u b = 25 a u b = 675 = 15 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. In ' ABC, if BC = a, CA = b, AB = c then show that a u b = b u c = c u a. (or)
If a+b+c = O the show that a u b = b u c = c u a. [March 2003]
Sol:- In ' ABC BC+CA+AB = O
a+b+c = O
(a+b+c) u b = O u b (a+b+c) u c = O u c
au b + bu b + cu b = O au c + bu c + cu c = O
au b + O - bu c = O - cu a + bu c + O = O
a u b = b u c.....(1) b u c = c u a.....(2)
from (1) and (2) a u b = b u c = c u a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are
i).2i-3j, 3i-k. [March 2008 May 2017AP 2016AP 2012 2008 2007]
Sol:- Let a = 2i-3j, b = 3i-k.
i j k
au b = 2 $3 0 = i(3-0)-j(-2-0)+k(0+9) = 3i+2j+9k. a u b = 9 ! 4 ! 81 = 94 .
3 0 $1

? Area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are a, b = a u b = 94 sq units

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).-i+k, 2j-k. [March 2016AP]
Sol:- Let a = -i+k, b = 2j-k.
i j k
au b = $1 0 1 = i(0-2)-j(1-0)+k(-2-0) = -2i-j-2k. aub = 4 !1! 4 = 9 = 3.
0 2 $1

? Area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are a, b = a u b = 3 sq units

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 31 STUDY MATERIAL
 5. PRODUCT OF VECTORS PAPER 1(A) E.M
7. Find the vector area and area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are i+2j-k, 2i-j+2k
Sol:- Let a = i+2j-k, b = 2i-j+2k.
i j k
aub = 1 2 $1 = i(4-1)-j(2+2)+k(-1-4) = 3i-4j-5k a ub = 9 ! 16 ! 25 = 50 = 5 2
2 $1 2

? Vector Area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are a, b = a u b = 3i-4j-5k.

? Area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are a, b = a u b = 5 2 sq units.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. i).Find the are of the parallelogram whose diagonals are 3i+j-2k, i-3j+4k.
[May 2017TS June 2002]
Sol:- Let a = 3i+j-2k, b = i-3j+4k.
i j k
3 1 $2
aub = = i(4-6)-j(12+2)+k(-9-1) = -2i-14j-10k = 2(-i-7j-5k)
1 $3 4

a u b = 2 1 ! 49 ! 25 = 2 75 = 10 3
1 1
?Area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are a, b = a u b = 10 3 = 5 3 sq units.
2 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Find the vector area and area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are 5i-3j-2k, 2i-3j+k.
Sol:- Let a = 5i-3j-2k, b = 2i-3j+k.
i j k
5 $3 $2 a ub = 9 1!1!1 = 9 3
aub = = i(-3-6)-j(5+4)+k(-15+6) = -9i-9j-9k
2 $3 1

= -9(i+j+k).
1 9
? Vector Area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are a, b = (a u b) = $ (i+j+k).
2 2
1 9 3
?Area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are a, b = a u b = sq units.
2 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. i).Find the area of the triangle whose adjacent sides are 3i+4j, -5i+7j.
Sol:- Let a = 3i+4j, b = -5i+7j.
i j k
3 4 0 a u b = 41
aub = = i(0-0)-j(0-0)+k(21+20) = 41k.
$5 7 0

1 41
? Area of the triangle whose sides are a, b = aub = sq units
2 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If a = i+2j+3k and b = 3i+5j-k are two sides of a triangle, then find its area.
Sol:- Given a = i+2j+3k and b = 3i+5j-k.
i j k
1 2 3 a u b = 289 ! 100 ! 1 = 390
aub = = i(-2-15)-j(-1-9)+k(5-6) = -17i+10j-k.
3 5 $1

1 1
? Area of the triangle whose sides are a, b = aub = 390 sq units
2 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 32 STUDY MATERIAL
 5. PRODUCT OF VECTORS PAPER 1(A) E.M
SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT
1. Find the value of i).[i-j j-k k-i].
1 $1 0
Sol:- [i-j j-k k-i] = 0 1 $1 = 1(1-0)+1(0-1)+0(0+1) = 1-1+0 = 0.
$1 0 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).(2i-3j+k).(i-j+2k) u (2i+j+k)
2 $3 1
Sol:- (2i-3j+k).(i-j+2k) u (2i+j+k) = 1 $1 2 = 2(-1-2)+3(1-4)+1(1+2) = 2(-3)+3(-3)+1(3)
2 1 1

= -6-9+3 = -12.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).(i-2j+3k) u (2i+j-k).(j+k)
1 $2 3
Sol:- (i-2j+3k) u (2i+j-k).(j+k) = 2 1 $1 = 1(1+1)+2(2+0)+3(2-0) = 1(2)+2(2)+3(2) = 2+4+6 = 12
0 1 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. i).If a = (1, -1, -6), b = (1, -3, 4), c = (2, -5, 3).then find a.(b u c).
Sol:- Given a = (1, -1, -6), b = (1, -3, 4), c = (2, -5, 3).
1 $1 $6
a.(b u c) = 1 $3 4 = 1(-9+20)+1(3-8)-6(-5+6) = 1(11)+1(-5)-6(1) = 11-5-6 = 0.
2 $5 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If a = i-2j-3k, b = 2i+j-k, c = i+3j-2k then find a.(b u c).
Sol:- Given a = i-2j-3k, b = 2i+j-k, c = i+3j-2k
1 $2 $3
a.(b u c) = 2 1 $1 = 1(-2+3)+2(-4+1)-3(6-1) = 1(1)+2(-3)-3(5) = 1-6-15 = -20.
1 3 $2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Show that a.(b+c) u (a+b+c) = 0.
1 0 0
Sol:- a.(b+c) u (a+b+c) = [a b c] 0 1 1 = [a b c]{1(1-1)+0+0} = [a b c](0) = 0.
1 1 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. If a, b, c are non coplanar vectors then show that
i).[a+b b+c c+a] = 2[a b c]. [April 2000] ii).[2a+b+c a+2b+c a+b+2c] = 4[a b c]
Sol:- [a+b b+c c+a] Sol:- [2a+b+c a+2b+c a+b+2c]
1 1 0 2 1 1
0 1 1 1 2 1
= [a b c] = [a b c]
1 0 1 1 1 2

= [a b c]{1(1-0)-1(0-1)+0(0-1)} = [a b c]{2(4-1)-1(2-1)+1(1-2)}
= [a b c]{1(1)-1(-1)+0(-1)} = [a b c]{2(3)-1(1)+1(-1)}
= [a b c]{1+1-0} = [a b c]{6-1-1}
= 2[a b c] = 4[a b c]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 33 STUDY MATERIAL
 5. PRODUCT OF VECTORS PAPER 1(A) E.M
5. Let a, b and c be non coplanar vectors i).If [a+2b 2b+c 5c+a] = O [a b c] then find O .
Sol:- Given O [a b c] = [a+2b 2b+c 5c+a]
1 2 0
0 2 1
?O = = 1(10-0)-2(0-1)+0(0-2) = 1(10)-2(-1)+0(-2) = 10+2-0 = 12
1 0 5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If [2a-b+3c a+b-2c a+b-3c] = O [a b c] then find O .
Sol:- Given O [a b c] = [2a-b+3c a+b-2c a+b-3c]
2 $1 3
1 1 $2
?O = = 2(-3+2)+1(-3+2)+3(1-1) = 2(-1)+1(-1)+3(0) = -2-1+0 = -3
1 1 $3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. If a,b,c are non coplanar vectors D = a+2b+3c, E = 2a+b-2c, J = 3a-7c then find [ D E J ].
Sol:- Given vectors D = a+2b+3c, E = 2a+b-2c, J = 3a-7c.
1 2 3
2 1 $2
[ D E J ] = [a b c] = [a b c]{1(-7+0)-2(-14+6)+3(0-3)}
3 0 $7

= [a b c]{1(-7)-2(-8)+3(-3)}
= [a b c]{-7+16-9}
= [a b c](16-16)
=0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. i). Prove that the vectors are coplanar a = 2i-j+k, b = i-3j-5k, c = 3i-4j-4k.
Sol:- Given a = 2i-j+k, b = i-3j-5k, c = 3i-4j-4k.
2 $1 1
1 $3 $5
[a b c] = = 2(12-20)+1(-4+15)+1(-4+9) = 2(-8)+1(11)+1(5) = -16+11+5 = 0.
3 $4 $4

? Given vectors are coplanar..

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii). Prove that the vectors are coplanar a = i+3j+k, b = 2i-j-k, c = 7j+3k.
Sol:- Given a = i+3j+k, b = 2i-j-k, c = 7j+3k.
1 3 1
2 $1 $1
[a b c] = = 1(-3+7)-3(6+0)+1(14+0) = 1(4)-3(6)+1(14) = 4-18+14 = 0
0 7 3

? Given vectors are coplanar..

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. If a, b, c are non coplanar vectors then show that the vectors a-b, b+c, c+a are coplanar.
1 $1 0
0 1 1
Sol:- [a-b b+c c+a] = [a b c] = [a b c]{1(1)+1(-1)+0(-1)} = [a b c]{1-1+0} = [a b c]{0} = 0
1 0 1

? Given vectors are coplanar..

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. i).Find ‘t’ for which the vectors 2i-3j+k, i+2j-3k, and j-tk are coplanar.

1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 34 STUDY MATERIAL

 5. PRODUCT OF VECTORS PAPER 1(A) E.M
2 !3 1
1 2 !3
Sol:- Given vectors are coplanar then =0
0 1 !t

2(-2t+3)+3(-t+0)+1(1-0) = 0
- 4t+6-3t+1 = 0
7t = 7
? t = 1.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Find ‘p’ if the vectors 2i-j+k, i+2j-3k, 3i+pj+5k.are coplanar.
2 !1 1
Sol:- Given vectors are coplanar then 1 2 !3 = 0
3 p 5
2(10+3p)+1(5+9)+1(p-6) = 0
20+6p+14+p-6 = 0
7p = -28
? p = -4.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Find p if the vectors a+b+c, a+pb+2c, -a+b+c are coplanar where a, b, c are non coplanar.
[July 2001]
1 1 1
Sol:- Given vectors are coplanar then 1 p 2 = 0
!1 1 1
1(p-2)-1(1+2)+1(1+p) = 0
p-2-3+1+p = 0
2p = 4
? p = 2.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. Find the volume of the parallelopiped having coterminous edges are
i).i+j+k, i-j, i+2j-k.
Sol:- Let a = i+j+k, b = i-j, c = i+2j-k.
1 1 1
[a b c] = 1 !1 0 = 1(1-0)-1(-1-0)+1(2+1) = 1(1)-1(-1)+1(3) = 1+1+3 = 5
1 2 !1

? The volume of the parallelopiped is [a b c] = 5 cubic units.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).2i-3j, i+j-k, 3i-k [March 2011]
Sol:- Let a = 2i-3j, b = i+j-k, c = 3i-k.
2 !3 0
[a b c] = 1 1 !1 =2(-1+0)+3(-1+3)+0(0-3) = 2(-1)+3(2)+0(-3) = -2+6+0 = 4
3 0 !1

? The volume of the parallelopiped is [a b c] = 4 cubic units.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).Find the volume of the parallelopiped whose coterminus edges are represented by the
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 35 STUDY MATERIAL
 5. PRODUCT OF VECTORS PAPER 1(A) E.M
vectors 2i-3j+k, i-j+2k and 2i+j-k.
Sol:- Let a = 2i-3j+k, b = i-j+2k, c = 2i+j-k.
2 !3 1
[a b c] = 1 !1 2 = 2(1-2)+3(-1-4)+1(1+2) = 2(-1)+3(-5)+1(3) = -2-15+3 = -14
2 1 !1

? The volume of the parallelopiped is [a b c] = !14 = 14 cubic units.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12. Find O if the volume of the parallelopiped whose edges are i+j, 3i-j, 3j+ O k is 16 c.units.
Sol:- Let a = i+j, b = 3i-j, c = 3j+ O k. [June 2005]
1 1 0
[a b c] = 3 !1 0 = 1(- O -0)-1(3 O -0)+0(3+0) = - O -3 O +0 = - 4 O .
0 1 λ

? The volume of the parallelopiped is [a b c] = !4λ

16 = 4 λ
λ =4
? O = r 4.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. Find the volume of the tetrahedron with edges are i+j+k, i-j, i+2j+k.
[May 2009, March 2016AP 2003]
Sol:- Let a = i+j+k, b = i-j, c = i+2j+k.
1 1 1
1 !1 0
[a b c] = = 1(-1-0)-1(1-0)+1(2+1) = -1-1+3 = 1
1 2 1

1 1 1
? The volume of the tetrahedron is [a b c] = (1) = cubic units.
6 6 6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14. If a is perpedicular to b and c, a = 2, b = 3, c = 4, (b,c) = 1200 then find [a b c]
[May 2008]
Sol:- Given a = 2, b = 3, c = 4, (b,c) = 1200 and a is perpedicular to b and c then a is parallel
to b u c. (i.e) (a, b u c) = 00
? [a b c] = a.(b u c) = a b u c cos(a, b u c)
= a buc
= a b c sin(b,c)
= (2)(3)(4)sin(1200)
= 24( 3 /2)
= 12 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15. If a, b, c are mutually perpendicular unit vectors then show that [a b c]2 = 1.
Sol:- Given a, b, c are mutually perpendicular unit vectors then a = b = c =1, and a is parallel to

1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 36 STUDY MATERIAL

 5. PRODUCT OF VECTORS PAPER 1(A) E.M
b u c. (i.e) (a, b u c) = 00
? [a b c] = a.(b u c) = a b u c cos(a, b u c)
= a buc
= a b c sin(b,c)
= (1)(1)(1)sin(900)
=1
2
? [a b c] = 1.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16. Let b = 2i+j-k, c = i+3k.If a is a unit vector then find the maximum value of [a b c] .
Sol:- Given b = 2i+j-k, c = i+3k. and a =1
i j k
bu c = 2 1 !1 = i(3+0)-j(6+1)+k(0-1) = 3i-7j-k buc = 9 & 49 & 1 = 59
1 0 3

? [a b c] = a.(b u c) = a b u c cos(a, b u c)
= (1)( 59 )cos(a, b u c)
= 59 .cos(a, b u c)
? Maximum value = 59 .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
17. Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points i+j-k, i-j+k, -i+j+k.
Sol:- Let a = i+j-k, b = i-j+k, c = -i+j+k.
b - a = (i-j+k)-(i+j-k) = -2j+2k.
c - a = (-i+j+k)-(i+j-k) = -2i+2k.
? The vector equation of the plane is [r - a b - a c - a] = 0.
[r - (i+j-k) -2j+2k -2i+2k] = 0.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT
1. Show that i u (a u i)+j u (a u j)+k u (a u k) = 2a [March 2003]
Sol:- i u (a u i) + j u (a u j) + k u (a u k) = (i.i)a -(i.a)i+(j.j)a -(j.a)j+(k.k)a -(k.a)k
= a -(i.a)i + a -(j.a)j + a -(k.a)k
= 3a - [(i.a)i + (j.a)j + (k.a)k]
= 3a - a
= 2a
Note :- (r.i)i + (r.j)j + (r.k)k = r.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Show that
i).a u [a u (a u b)] = (a.a)(b u a) ii).{a u (b u c)} u c = (a.c)(b u c).
Sol:- a u [a u (a u b)] = a u [(a.b)a - (a.a)b] Sol:- {a u (b u c)} u c = {(a.c)b - (a.b)c} u c
= (a u a)(a.b) - (a.a)(a u b) = (a.c)(b u c) - (a.b)(c u c)
= (o)(a.b) + (a.a)(b u a) = (a.c)(b u c) - (a.b)(o)
= (a.a)(b u a) = (a.c)(b u c).
Note :- a u (b u c) = (a.c)b - (a.b)c, (a u b) u c = (c.a)b - (c.b)a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 37 STUDY MATERIAL

 5. PRODUCT OF VECTORS PAPER 1(A) E.M
iii).[(a u b) u (a u c)].d = (a.d)[a b c].
Sol:- [(a u b) u (a u c)].d = [{(a u b).c}a - {(a u b).a}c].d
= {[a b c]a - [a b a]c}.d
= [a b c]a.d - (o)(c.d)
= (a.d)[a b c]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. For any three vectors a, b, c prove that [b u c c u a a u b] = [a b c]2. [June 2002]
Sol:- [b u c c u a a u b] = (b u c).{(c u a) u (a u b)}
= (b u c).[{(a u b).c}a - {(a u b).a}c]
= (b u c).{[a b c]a - [a b a]c}
= (b u c).{[a b c]a - o}
= (b u c).a [a b c]
= [b c a][a b c]
= [a b c][a b c]
= [a b c]2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
4. If a, b are two vectors then a u b = a 2 b 2 - (a.b)2 [March 2002]
2
Sol:- a u b = (a u b).(a u b) = {(a u b) u a}.b
= {(a.a)b - (a.b)a}.b
= (a.a)(b.b) - (a.b)(a.b)
= a 2 b 2 - (a.b)2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 38 STUDY MATERIAL

 6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIONS AND IDENTITIES PAPER 1(A) E.M

Q.NO: 8&9 IN I.P.E

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS.
π 4π 6π 9π
1. i). Find the value of sin2 +sin2 +sin2 +sin2
10 10 10 10
Sol:- sin218+sin272+sin2108+sin2162 = sin218+sin2(90-18)+sin2(90+18)+sin2(180-18)
= sin218+cos218+cos218+sin218
= 1+1
=2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii). Find the value cos245+cos2135+cos2225+cos2315
Sol:- cos245+cos2135+cos2225+cos2315 = cos245+cos2(90+45)+cos2(180+45)+cos2(270+45)
= cos245+sin245+cos245+sin245
= 1+1
=2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii). Find the value sin3300 cos1200+cos2100 sin3000 [March 2018AP]
Sol:- sin330 .cos120 +cos210 .sin300 = sin(360-30).cos(90+30)+cos(180+30).sin(270+30).
0 0 0 0

= (-sin30)(-sin30)+(-cos30)(-cos30)
= sin230 + cos230
=1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2π 5π 3π
2. Find the value of sin2 +cos2 -tan2
3 6 4
2 2
§ 3· § 3· 3 3 2 1
Sol:- sin 120+cos 150-tan 135 = ¨¨ 2 ¸¸ + ¨¨ ' 2 ¸¸ - (-1)2 = + -1 = =
2 2 2
© ¹ © ¹ 4 4 4 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Show that sin780.sin480+cos240.cos300 = 1/2.
Sol:- sin780.sin480 + cos240.cos300 = sin(720+60) sin(540-60)+cos(180+60) cos(360-60)
= sin60 sin60 + (-cos60) cos60
= sin260 - cos260
3 1 1
= - =
4 4 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
π 3π 5π 7π 9π
4. Show that cot cot cot cot cot =1 [March 2005]
20 20 20 20 20
Sol:- cot9 cot27 cot45 cot63 cot81 = cot9 cot27 cot45 cot(90-27) cot(90-9)
= cot9 cot27 cot45 tan27 tan9
= (cot9 tan9)(cot27 tan27) cot45
= 1.1.1
=1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Show that cos4 α +2cos2 α §¨1 '
1 · 4
5. ¸ = 1-sin α .
© sec2 α ¹

Sol:- cos4 α + 2cos2 α §¨1 '

1 ·
2 ¸
= cos4 α +2cos2 α (1-cos2 α )
© sec α ¹
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 39 STUDY MATERIAL
 6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIONS AND IDENTITIES PAPER 1(A) E.M
= cos4 α +2cos2 α sin2 α
= cos2 α (cos2 α +2sin2 α )
= cos2 α (1-sin2 α +2sin2 α )
= (1-sin2 α )(1+sin2 α )
= 1-sin4 α
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tan1600 ! tan1100 1! λ2
6. If tan 200 = λ , prove that = [March 2016AP]
1 " tan1600.tan1100 2λ
Sol:- Given Tan 200 = λ
Tan160 = Tan(180-20) = - Tan20 = - λ Tan110 = Tan(90+20) = - Cot20 = - 1/ λ
§ 1· !λ2 " 1
0 0 -λ - ¨ - ¸
tan160 ! tan110 © λ¹ λ 1! λ2
? 0 0 = § 1·
=
1"1
=
1 " tan160 .tan110 1+(-λ) ¨ - ¸ 2λ
© λ¹
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. i).If sin θ = 4/5 and θ is not in Ist quadrant, find the value of cos θ . [March 2017TS]
Sol:- Given sin θ = 4/5 which is positive, then θ lies in Ist or IInd quadrants. but θ is not in Ist
quadrant then θ * Q2
16 9 3
? Cos θ = - 1-sin 2θ = - 1 ! =- =-
25 25 5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If sin θ = -1/3 and θ does not lie in IIIrd quadrant, find the values of cos θ , cot θ .
[March 2013]
Sol:- Given sin θ = - 1/3 which is negative then θ lies in IIIrd or IVth quadrants. but θ does’t lie in
IIIrd quadrant then θ * Q4
1 8 2 2 1-sin 2θ 1 ! (1 / 9)
? Cos θ = 1-sin 2 θ = 1 ! = = . ? Cot θ = - =- = - 8 = -2 2
9 9 3 sin 2θ 1/ 9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).If cos θ = t, 0<t<1 and θ does not lie in first quadrant, find the values of sin θ , tan θ .
[March 2017AP]
Sol:- Given cos θ = t, 0<t<1 which is positive then θ lies in Ist or IVth quadrants.
but θ does’t lie in Ist quadrant then θ * Q4
1-cos 2θ 1! t2
Sin θ = - 1-cos 2θ =- 1 ! t 2 ? Tan θ = - 2 =-
cos θ t2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral then prove that
i).sinA+sinB = sunC+sinD
ii).cosA+cosB+cosC+cosD = 0
Sol:- ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral then A+C = 180, B+D = 180
i).sinA+sinB = sin(180-C)+sin(180-D) ii)cosA+cosB = cos(180-C)+cos(180-D)
= sinC+sinD = - cosC - cosD
? cosA+cosB+cosC+cosD = 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 40 STUDY MATERIAL
 6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIONS AND IDENTITIES PAPER 1(A) E.M
9. i).If 3.sin θ + 4.cos θ = 5, then find the ii).If 3sinA + 5cosA = 5, then show that
value of 4.sin θ - 3.cos θ [March 2012] 5 sinA - 3 cosA = r 3
Sol:- Given 3sin θ +4cos θ = 5 Sol:- Given 3sinA + 5cosA = 5
(3sin θ +4cos θ )2 = 52 (3sinA + 5cosA)2 = 52
9sin2 θ +16cos2 θ +24sin θ cos θ = 25 9sin2A +25cos2A+30sinAcosA = 25
9(1-cos2 θ )+16(1-sin2 θ )+24sin θ cos θ = 25 9(1-cos2A) +25(1-sin2A)+30sinAcosA = 25
9-9cos2 θ +16-16sin2 θ +24sin θ cos θ = 25 9-9cos2A +25-25sin2A+30sinAcosA = 25
16sin2 θ -24sin θ cos θ +9cos2 θ = 0 25sin2A-30sinAcosA+9cos2A = 34-25
(4sin θ -3cos θ )2 = 0 (5sinA-3cosA)2 = 9
? 4sin θ -3cos θ = 0 ? 5sinA-3cosA = r 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).If a cos θ - b sin θ = c then show that a sin θ +b cos θ = r a 2 # b 2 $ c 2 [May 2018TS]
Sol:- Given a cos θ - b sin θ = c
(a cos θ - b sin θ )2 = c2
a2cos2 θ +b2sin2 θ - 2abcos θ sin θ = c2
a2(1-sin2 θ )+b2(1-cos2 θ )-2abcos θ sin θ = c2
a2-a2sin2 θ +b2-b2cos2 θ - 2abcos θ sin θ = c2
a2sin2 θ +b2cos2 θ + 2abcos θ sin θ = a2+b2-c2
(a sin θ +b cos θ )2 = a2+b2-c2
? a sin θ + b cos θ = r a 2 # b 2 $ c 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. If cos θ +sin θ = 2 cos θ , prove that cos θ - sin θ = 2 sin θ [May 2015TS 2011]
Sol:- Given cos θ + sin θ = 2 cos θ
sin θ = 2 cos θ - cos θ 2 sin θ + sin θ = (2-1)cos θ
sin θ = ( 2 -1)cos θ 2 sin θ + sin θ = cos θ
( 2 +1)sin θ = ( 2 +1)( 2 -1)cos θ ? cos θ - sin θ = 2 sin θ
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. If sin α +csc α = 2, find the value of sinn α + cscn α for n % N. [May 2013]
Sol:- Given sin α +csc α = 2
n n
sin2 α +sin α csc α = 2sin α ? sin α + csc α
sin2 α +1 = 2sin α = (sin90)n + (csc90)n
sin2 α - 2sin α +1 = 0 = 1+1
2
(sin α -1) = 0 = 2.
sin α -1 = 0
sin α = 1
? α = 90
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12. Eliminate θ from x = a cos3 θ , y = b sin3 θ [March 2016TS]
3 3 3 3
Sol:- Given x = a cos θ & x/a = cos θ , y = b sin θ & y/b = sin θ
1/3
(x/a) = cos θ , (y/b)1/3 = sin θ
(x/a)2/3 = cos2 θ , (y/b)2/3 = sin2 θ
2/3 2/3 2 2
? (x/a) + (x/a) = cos θ +sin θ = 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 41 STUDY MATERIAL
 6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIONS AND IDENTITIES PAPER 1(A) E.M
COMPOUND ANGLES
1. i).Prove that sin750 cos480+cos120 cos60 = - 1/2.
Sol:- sin750 cos480+cos120 cos60 = sin(720+30)cos(360+120)+cos120cos(90-30)
= sin30 cos120+cos120 sin30
= 2 sin30 cos120
= 2 (1/2) (-1/2)
= - 1/2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Prove that sin1140 cos390-cos780 sin750 = 1/2
Sol:- sin1140 cos390-cos780 sin750 = sin(1080+60)cos(360+30) - cos(720+60)sin(720+30)
= sin60 cos30 - cos60 sin30
= sin(60-30)
= sin30
= 1/2
Note:- sinAcosB-cosAsinB = sin(A-B)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).Prove that cos1000.cos400+sin1000.sin400 = 1/2. [May 2012, March 2008]
Sol:- cos100 cos40+sin100 sin40 = cos(100-40) = cos60 = 1/2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iv).Prove that cos42+cos78+cos162 = 0. [May 2007, 2011]
Sol:- cos42+cos78+cos162 = cos(60-18)+cos(60+18)+cos(180-18) = 2 cos60 cos18 - cos18
= 2 (1/2) cos18 - cos18
= cos18 - cos18
=0
Note:- cos(A-B)+cos(A+B) = 2cosAcosB
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. i).Find tan(450+A) in tanA. ii).Find cot(450+A) in cotA.
tan 45 # tan A 1 # tan A cot 45.cot A $ 1 cot A $ 1
Sol:- tan(450+A) = = Sol:- cot(450+A) = =
1 $ tan 45.tan A 1 $ tan A cot A # cot 45 cot A # 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).prove that tan(45+A) tan(45-A) = 1
tan 45 # tan A tan 45 $ tan A 1 # tan A 1 $ tan A
Sol:- tan(45+A) tan(45-A) = = =1
1 $ tan 45.tan A 1 # tan 45.tan A 1 $ tan A 1 # tan A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. If sin( θ + α ) = cos( θ + α ) then find tan θ in terms of tan α .
Sol:- Given sin( θ + α ) = cos( θ + α )
tan( θ + α ) = 1
θ + α = 45
θ = 45- α
tan θ = tan(45- α )
1-tanα
? tan θ =
1+tanα
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. if none of 2A and 3A in an odd multiple of π /2, then prove that
tan3A tan2A tanA = tan3A - tan2A - tanA.
Sol:- We take 2A +A = 3A

1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 42 STUDY MATERIAL

 6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIONS AND IDENTITIES PAPER 1(A) E.M
tan(2A+A) = tan3A
tan 2A # tan A
= tan3A
1 $ tan 2A.tan A
tan2A + tanA = tan3A - tan3A tan2A tanA
? tan3A tan2A tanA = tan3A - tan2A - tanA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. if A+B+C = 180 prove that
i).tanA+tanB+tanC = tanA.tanB.tanC ii).cotA.cotB+cotB.cotC+cotC.cotA = 1
Sol:- A+B+C = 180 Sol:- A+B+C = 180
A+B = 180-C A+B = 180-C
tan(A+B) = tan(180-C) cot(A+B) = cot(180-C)
tanA+tanB cotA.cotB-1
= - tanC = - cotC
1-tanA.tanB cotB+cotA
tanA+tanB = - tanC + tanA tanB tanC cotA cotB - 1 = - cotB cotC - cotC cotA
?tanA+tanB+tanC = tanA tanB tanC ? cotA cotB+cotB cotC+cotC cotA = 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sin(C $ A) sin(A # B)sin(A $ B)
6. show that i). ¦ ii). ¦ =0
sin C.sin A cos 2 A cos 2 B

sin(C $ A) sin C.cos A $ cos C.sin A sin(A # B)sin(A $ B) cos 2 B $ cos2 A

Sol:- ¦ =¦ Sol:- ¦ = ¦
sin C.sin A sin C.sin A cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2 A cos 2 B
= ¦ (cotA - cotC) = 0 = ¦ (sec2A - sec2B) = 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1
7. i).Find the value of sin2 82 - sin2 22 . [March 2017TS]
2 2
1 1 § 1 1·
- sin2 22 = sin ¨§ 82 # 22 ·¸ sin ¨ 82 2 $ 22 2 ¸ = sin105 sin60 = sin(90+15) sin60
1 1
Sol:- sin2 82
2 2 © 2 2¹ © ¹
3 #1 3 3# 3
= cos15 sin60 = =
2 2 2 4 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1
ii). Find the value of cos2112 - sin252 .
2 2
1 1 § 1 1· § 1 1·
Sol:- cos2112 - sin252 = cos ¨112 # 52 ¸ cos ¨ 112 $ 52 ¸ = cos165 cos60 = cos(180-15) cos60
2 2 © 2 2¹ © 2 2¹

3 #1 1 3 #1
= - cos15 cos60 = - =-
2 2 2 4 2
Note:- i).sin2A - sin2B = sin(A+B).sin(A-B) ii).cos2A - sin2B = cos(A+B).cos(A-B)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 3$ 3
8. prove that i).cos252 - sin222 = [June 2002]
2 2 4 2

1 1 § 1 1· § 1 1· 3 $1 3 3$ 3
Sol:- cos252 - sin222 = cos ¨ 52 2 # 22 2 ¸ cos ¨ 52 2 $ 22 2 ¸ = cos75 cos30 = =
2 2 © ¹ © ¹ 2 2 2 4 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 43 STUDY MATERIAL
 6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIONS AND IDENTITIES PAPER 1(A) E.M
1 1 3 #1
ii).sin252 - sin222 = .
2 2 4 2

1 1 § 1 1· § 1 1· 3 #1 1 3 #1
Sol:- sin252 - sin222 = sin ¨ 52 2 # 22 2 ¸ sin ¨ 52 2 $ 22 2 ¸ = sin75 sin30 = =
2 2 © ¹ © ¹ 2 2 2 4 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§π A· §π A· 1
iii).sin2 ¨ 8 # 2 ¸ -sin2 ¨ 8 $ 2 ¸ = .sinA.
© ¹ © ¹ 2

§π A· §π A· §§ π A· §π A ·· 2π 2A
Sol:- sin2 ¨ 8 # 2 ¸ - sin2 ¨ 8 $ 2 ¸ = sin §¨ §¨ π # A ·¸ # §¨ π $ A ·¸ ·¸ sin ¨ ¨ # ¸ $ ¨ $ ¸ ¸ = sin sin
© ¹ © ¹ ©© 8 2 ¹ © 8 2 ¹¹ ©© 8 2 ¹ © 8 2 ¹¹ 8 2

π 1
= sin sinA = sinA
4 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Prove that i).tan720 = tan180 + 2.tan540. ii).tan700 - tan200 = 2.tan50 [May 2016AP]
Sol:- We take 72-18 = 54 Sol:- We take 70 - 20 = 50
Tan(72-18) = Tan54 Tan(70-20) = Tan50
tan 72 $ tan18 tan 70 $ tan 20
= tan54 = tan50
1 # tan 72.tan18 1 # tan 70.tan 20
tan72 - tan18 = tan54 (1+tan72 tan18) tan70 - tan20 = tan50 (1+tan70 tan20)
tan72 - tan18 = (1+1) tan54 tan70 - tan20 = tan50 (1+1)
tan72 - tan18 = 2.tan54 tan70 - tan20 = 2 tan50
Note:- if A+B = 90 then tanA.tanB = 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Find the value of
i).tan200 + tan400 + 3 tan200 tan400. ii).tan560 - tan110 - tan560 tan110.
Sol:- We take 20+40 = 60 Sol:- We take 56-11 = 45
tan(20+40) = tan60 tan(56-11) = tan45
tan 20 # tan 40 tan 56 $ tan11
= 3 =1
1 $ tan 20.tan 40 1 # tan 56. tan11
tan20 + tan40 = 3 - 3 tan20 tan40 tan56 - tan11 = 1+tan56 tan11
tan20 + tan40 + 3 tan20 tan40 = 3 tan56 - tan11 - tan56 tan11 = 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cos 9 # sin 9
11. i).Prove that = cot36
cos 9 $ sin 9
[May 2017AP 2015AP 2015TS March 2018TS 2015AP 2011]
cos 9 # sin 9 cot 9 # 1
Sol:- = = cot(45-9) = cot36
cos 9 $ sin 9 cot 9 $ 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cos11 # sin11
ii).If tan θ = and θ is in the third quadrant, find θ .
cos11 $ sin11
cos11 # sin11 1 # tan11
Sol:- Given tan θ = = = tan(45+11)
1) = tan 56 = tan(180+56) = tan 236.
cos11 $ sin11 1 $ tan11
? θ = 236 % Q3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 44 STUDY MATERIAL
 6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIONS AND IDENTITIES PAPER 1(A) E.M
MULTIPLE AND SUBMULTIPLE ANGLES
5
1. i). Prove that cos2720 - sin2540 = -
4
2 2
§ 5 $1· § 5 #1· 2
( 5 $ 1) $ ( 5 # 1) 2
4 5 $ 5
Sol:- cos272 - sin254 = ¨¨ 4 ¸¸ - ¨¨ 4 ¸¸ = = =-
© ¹ © ¹ 16 16 4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 #1
ii). Prove that sin2420 - sin2120 = [Sept 2000]
8
5 #1 1 5 #1
Sol:- sin242 - sin212 = sin(42+12) sin(42-12) = sin54 sin30 = =
4 2 8
Note:- sin2A - sin2B = sin(A+B) sin(A-B)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sin 4θ
2. Prove that = 8cos3 θ - 4cos θ
sin θ
Sol:- sin4 θ = sin[2(2 θ )] = 2sin2 θ .cos2 θ = 2(2sin θ cos θ )(2cos2 θ -1) = sin θ (8cos3 θ - 4cos θ )
sin 4θ
? = 8cos3 θ - 4cos θ
sin θ
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Find the value of 6sin200 - 8sin3200
Sol:- 6sin20 - 8sin330 = 2(3sin20 - 4sin320) = 2(sin3(20)) = 2 sin60 = 2( 3 /2) = 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3
4. Prove that cos6A + sin6A = 1- sin22A.
4
Sol:- cos6A + sin6A = (cos2A)3+(sin2A)3 = (cos2A+sin2A)3 - 3cos2Asin2A(cos2A+sin2A)
= 1-3cos2Asin2A
3 3
= 1- (2cosAsinA)2 = 1- sin22A
4 4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. If 0< θ < π /8 then show that 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 cos 4θ = 2cos( θ /2)
Sol:- 2+2 cos4 θ = 2(1+cos4 θ ) = 2(2cos22 θ ) = 4 cos22 θ
2 # 2.cos 4θ = 2 cos2 θ
similarly 2 # 2.cos 2θ = 2 cos θ , 2 # 2.cos θ = 2 cos θ /2

? 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 cos 4θ = 2 # 2 # 2cos 2θ = 2 # 2.cos θ = 2 cos θ /2

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. i).If 270< θ <360 and cos θ = 5/13 then find the values of sin( θ /2), cos( θ /2).
Sol:- Given 270< θ <360 then θ % Q4 , 135< θ /2<180 then then θ /2 % Q2
cos θ = 5/13.
5 5
1$ 1#
θ 1 $ cos θ 13 θ 1 # cos θ 13
sin = + = cos = - =- 2
2 2 2 2 2

1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 45 STUDY MATERIAL

 6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIONS AND IDENTITIES PAPER 1(A) E.M
13 ! 5 8 4 2 13 " 5 18 9
= = = = 13 =- =- =- =- 3
26 26 13 26 26 13 13
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If 180< θ <270 and cos θ = -3/5 then find the value of tan( θ /2)
Sol:- Given 180< θ <270 then θ # Q3 , 90< θ /2<135 then θ /2 # Q2
cos θ = -3/5
3
θ 1 ! cos θ 1" 5"3 8
? Tan = - =- 5 =- =- =- = -2
2 1 " cos θ 3 5!3 2 4
1!
5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).If 270<A<360 and cosA = 7/25 then find the value of cot(A/2).
Sol:- Given 270<A<360 then A # Q4 , 135<A/2<180 then A/2 # Q2
cosA = 7/25
7
1"
1 " cos A 25 25 " 7 32 16 4
? cotA/2 = - =- 7
=- =- =- =-
1 ! cos A 1! 25 ! 7 18 9 3
25
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iv).If 180< θ <270 and sin θ = - 4/5 then find the values of tan( θ /2) and csc( θ /2)
Sol:- Given 180< θ <270 then θ # Q3 , 90< θ /2<135 then θ /2 # Q2
sin θ = - 4/5 % cos θ = - 3/5
3
1"
θ 1 ! cos θ 5 θ 2 2
Tan = - =- 3 csc = = 3
2 1 " cos θ 1! 2 1 ! cos θ 1"
5 5

5"3 8 10 10 5 5
=- =- =- 4 = - 2. = = = = .
5!3 2 5"3 8 4 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v).If 180< θ <270 and sin θ = - 4/5 then find the values of sin( θ /2) and cos( θ /2).
Sol:- Given 180< θ <270 then θ # Q3 , 90< θ /2<135 then θ /2 # Q2
sin θ = - 4/5 % cos θ = - 3/5
3 3
θ 1 ! cos θ 1" θ 1 " cos θ 1!
sin = = 5 cos = - =- 5
2 2 2 2 2 2

5"3 8 4 2 5!3 2 1
= = = = . =- =- =-
10 10 5 5 10 10 5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. If 450< θ <540 and sin θ = 12/13 then find the values of sin( θ /2) and cos( θ /2).
Sol:- Given 450< θ <540 then θ # Q2 225< θ /2<270 then θ /2 # Q3
sin θ = 12/13 % cos θ = - 5/13

1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 46 STUDY MATERIAL

 6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIONS AND IDENTITIES PAPER 1(A) E.M

5 5
θ 1 ! cos θ 1" 13 " 5 θ 1 " cos θ 1! 13 ! 5
sin =- =- 13 =- cos =- =- 13 =-
2 2 2 26 2 2 2 26

18 9 3 8 4 2
=- =- =- = - 13 = - =-
26 13 13 13 26
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 "1
8. If cosA = then find the value of cos2A.
2 2

2 "1 1 1 1
Sol:- cosA = = cos22 % A = 22 ? cos2A = cos45 =
2 2 2 2 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
π 2π 3π 9π
9. Prove that i).cos2 +cos2 +cos2 +cos2 = 2
10 5 5 10
Sol:- cos218+cos272+cos2108+cos2162 = cos218+cos2(90-18)+cos2(90+18)+cos2(180-18).
= (cos218+sin218)+(sin218+cos218)
= 1+1 = 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
π 3π 5π 7π
ii).cos2 +cos2 +cos2 +cos2 = 2.
8 8 8 8
π 3π 5π 7π π §π π· §π π· § π·
Sol:- cos2 +cos2 +cos2 +cos2 = cos2 +cos2 ¨ 2 ! 8 ¸ +cos2 ¨ 2 " 8 ¸ +cos2 ¨ π ! 8 ¸
8 8 8 8 8 © ¹ © ¹ © ¹
π π π π
= (cos2 +sin2 )+(sin2 +cos2 ) = 1+1 = 2
8 8 8 8
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSFORMATIONS.
5 !1
1. i).Prove that sin780 + cos1320 =
4
Sol:- sin78+cos132 = sin78+cos(90+42)
§ 78 " 42 · § 78 ! 42 · 1 5 !1 5 !1
= sin78-sin42 = 2cos ¨© 2 ¹
¸ sin ¨
© 2 ¹
¸ = 2cos60 sin18 = 2 =
2 4 4
§C"D· §C!D·
Note:- sinC-sinD = 2 cos ¨© 2 ¹¸ sin ¨© 2 ¹¸
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Prove that sin500 - sin700 + sin100 = 0. [March 2018TS]
Sol:- sin50 - sin70 + sin10 (or) sin50 - sin70 + sin10
§ 50 " 70 · § 50 ! 70 ·
= 2cos ©¨ 2 ¹
¸ sin ¨
© 2 ¹
¸+ sin10 = sin(60-10) - sin(60+10)+sin10
= 2cos60 sin(-10) + sin10 = - 2 cos60 sin10 + sin10
= - 2(1/2) sin10 + sin10 = - 2 (1/2) sin10 + sin10
= - sin10 + sin10 = - sin10 + sin10
=0 =0
§C"D· §C!D·
Note:- sinC-sinD = 2 cos ¨© 2 ¹¸ sin ¨© 2 ¹¸ Note:- sin(A-B)-sin(A+B) = -2cosA sinB
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 47 STUDY MATERIAL
 6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIONS AND IDENTITIES PAPER 1(A) E.M
iii).Prove that sin340+cos640 - cos40 = 0 [May 2014]
§ 64 " 4 · § 64 ! 4 · §1·
Sol:- sin34+cos64-cos4 = sin34-2 sin ¨© ¸ sin ¨ ¸= sin34-2sin34 sin30 = sin34-2sin34 ¨ 2 ¸
2 ¹ © 2 ¹ © ¹
= sin34 - sin34
= 0.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iv).Prove that cos550+cos650+cos1750 = 0
§ 65 " 55 · § 65 ! 55 ·
Sol:- cos55+cos65+cos175 = 2 cos ¨© 2 ¹
¸ cos ¨
© 2 ¹
¸ +cos(180-5) = 2 cos 60 cos5-cos5
= 2 (1/2) cos5 - cos5
§C"D· §C!D·
Note:- cosC-cosD = -2sin ¨© ¸ sin ¨
2 ¹
¸
© 2 ¹
= cos5 - cos5
= 0.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v).Prove that cos350+cos850+cos1550 = 0
§ 35 " 85 · § 35 ! 85 ·
Sol:- cos35+cos85+cos155 = 2 cos ¨© 2 ¹
¸ cos ¨
© 2 ¹
¸ +cos(180-25) = 2 cos60 cos(-25)-cos25

§C"D· §C!D·
= 2(1/2)cos25 - cos25
Note:- cosC+cosD = 2 cos ¨© ¸ cos ¨
2 ¹
¸
© 2 ¹ = cos25-cos25
= 0.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Prove that
§ 2π · § 4π · § 4π · § 4π ·
i).cos θ +cos ¨ 3 " θ ¸ +cos ¨ 3 " θ ¸ = 0 ii).cos θ +cos ¨ 3 ! θ ¸ +cos ¨ 3 " θ ¸ = 0
© ¹ © ¹ © ¹ © ¹
Sol:- cos θ +cos(120+ θ )+cos(240+ θ ) Sol:- cos θ +cos(240- θ )+cos(240+ θ )
= cos θ +cos(120+ θ )+cos(360-(120- θ )) = cos θ +2 cos240 cos θ
= cos θ +cos(120+ θ )+cos(120- θ ) = cos θ +2(-1/2) cos θ
= cos θ +2cos120cos θ = cos θ -cos θ
= cos θ +2(-1/2)cos θ =0
= cos θ - cos θ
=0
Note:- cos(A+B)+cos(A-B) = 2 cosA cosB Note:- cos(A-B)+cos(A+B) = 2 cosA cosB
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sin 70 ! cos 40 1
3. Prove that = .
cos 50 ! sin 20 3

sin 70 ! cos 40 sin(90 ! 20) ! cos 40 cos 20 ! cos 40 2.sin 30.sin10 1

Sol:- = cos(90 ! 40) ! sin 20 = = = tan30 =
cos 50 ! sin 20 sin 40 ! sin 20 2.cos 30.sin10 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Prove that i).4(cos66+sin84) = 15 " 3
Sol:- 4(cos66+sin84) = 4(cos66+sin(90-6)) = 4(cos66+cos6)
§ 66 " 6 · § 66 ! 6 · 5 "1 3
= 4 (2cos ¨© 2 ¹¸ cos ¨© 2 ¹¸ ) = 8cos36 cos30 = 8 = 15 " 3
4 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).4(sin240+cos60) = 15 " 3 [July 2001]
Sol:- 4(sin24+cos6) = 4(sin(90-66)+cos6) = 4(cos66+cos6)
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 6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIONS AND IDENTITIES PAPER 1(A) E.M

§ 66 " 6 · § 66 ! 6 · 5 "1 3
= 4 (2cos ¨© 2 ¹
¸ cos ¨
© 2 ¹
¸) = 8cos36.cos30 = 8 ] = 15 " 3
4 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3" 5
5. Prove that cos480 cos120 = [March 2017TS]
8

1 5 "1 2 " 5 "1 3" 5

Sol:- 2cos48.cos12 = cos(48+12)+cos(48-12) = cos60+cos36 = + = =
2 4 4 4

3" 5
? cos48.cos12 =
8
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Prove that 4 cos120 cos480 cos720 = cos360
Sol:- 4cos12 cos48 cos72 = 4cos12 cos(60-12) cos(60+12) = 4 cos12 (cos212-sin260)
§ 2 · 3
= 4cos12 ¨ cos 12 ! 4 ¸ = 4cos312-3cos12
© ¹
= cos(3(12)) = cos 36
Note:- cos(A+B) cos(A-B) = cos2B - sin2A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PERIODIC FUNCTIONS.
Find the period of the following functions.
1. i).f(x) = sin(5x + 3) ii).f(x) = cos(3x + 5) + 7 [May 2017TS]
Sol:- Given f(x) = sin(5x + 3) Sol:-Given f(x) = cos(3x + 5) + 7
2π 2π 2π 2π 2π 2π
? period of f(x) is a = 5 = ? period of f(x) is a = 3 =
5 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).f(x) = tan5x.
π π π
Sol:- Given f(x) = tan5x. ? period of f(x) is a = 5 =
5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ 4x " 9 ·
iv).f(x) = cos ¨ 5 ¸ . [March 2014]
© ¹

§ 4x " 9 · §4 9· 2π 2π 5π
Sol:- Given f(x) = cos ¨ 5 ¸ = cos ¨ 5 x " 5 ¸ ? period of f(x) is a = 4 / 5 =
© ¹ © ¹ 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. f(x) = sin x .
1 ! cos 2x 2π 2π
Sol:- Given f(x) = sin x = sin 2 x = ? period of f(x) is a = 2 = π
2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. f(x) = sin2 x + 2cos2 x
1 " cos 2x 3 1
Sol:- Given f(x) = sin2 x+2cos2 x = 1 - cos2 x+2cos2 x = 1+cos2 x = 1+ = + cos2x
2 2 2
2π 2π
? period of f(x) is a = 2 = π
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 49 STUDY MATERIAL
 6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIONS AND IDENTITIES PAPER 1(A) E.M
4. f (x ) = tan(x+4x +9x+......+n2x) [May 2017AP 2016AP March 2015AP 2015TS]
n(n " 1)(2n " 1)
Sol:- Gi ven f (x) = tan(x+4x+9x+......+n2x) = tan{x[12+22+32+.....+n2]} = tan{x }
6
π π 6π
? period of f(x) is a = n(n " 1)(2n " 1) =
n(n " 1)(2n " 1)
6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
πx πx
5. f(x) = 2sin +3cos
4 3
πx πx
Sol:- Let f(x) = 2sin +3cos
4 3

πx 2π 2π πx 2π 2π
period of sin is a = π / 4 = 8 period of cos is a = π / 3 = 6
4 3
? period of f(x) = L.C.M of {8,6} = 24
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. i).Find a sine function whose period is 2/3 ii).Find the cosine function with period 7.
[March 2016AP May 2013] [March 2013, April 2001]
Sol:- Let the required function be f(x) = sin ax Sol:- Let the required function be f(x) = cos ax
2π 2 2π
period of f(x) is a = period of f(x) is a = 7
3
2π 2π
a = 3π % a = r 3π a = % a= r
7 7
§ 2π · 2π
? f(x) = sin( r 3 π ) = r sin(3 π ) ? f(x) = cos ¨ r 7 ¸ = cos
© ¹ 7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES.
Find the maximum and minimum values of the following
1. i).3sin x - 4cos x [March 2014]
Sol:- Given 3sin x - 4cos x
It is in the form of acosx + bsinx + c here a = - 4, b = 3, c = 0
2 2
?Maximum value = c+ a +b = 0 + 16 " 9 = 25 = 5
2
?Minimum value = c- a +b
2 = 0 - 16 " 9 = - 25 = - 5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).3cosx + 4sinx [May 2018TS 2016TS]
Sol:- Given 3cosx + 4sinx
It is in the form of acosx+bsinx+c here a = 3, b = 4, c = 0
2 2
?Maximum value = c+ a +b = 0+ 9 " 16 = 25 = 5
2 2 = 0-
?Minimum value = c- a +b 9 " 16 = - 25 = - 5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).sin 2x - cos 2x [May 2015AP]
Sol:- Given sin 2x - cos 2x
It is in the form of acosx+bsinx+c here a = -1, b = 1, c = 0
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 50 STUDY MATERIAL
 6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIONS AND IDENTITIES PAPER 1(A) E.M
2 2
? Maximum value = c+ a +b = 0+ 1 " 1 = 2
2 2
? Minimum value = c- a +b = 0- 1 " 1 = - 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
§ π· § π·
iv).cos ¨ x " ¸ + 2 2 sin ¨ x " ¸ - 3. [March 2009]
© 3 ¹ © 3 ¹

Sol:- Given cos(x+600)+2 2 sin(x+600)- 3

It is in the form of acosx+bsinx+c here a = 1, b = 2 2 , c = - 3.
2
? Maximum value = c+ a +b
2
= - 3+ 1 " 8 = -3+3 = 0
2 2
? Minimum value = c- a +b = - 3- 1 " 8 = -3-3 = -6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. i).Find the range of 13cosx+3 3 sinx - 4 [March 2017AP 2017TS]
Sol:- Given 13cosx + 3 3 sinx - 4.
It is in the form of acosx+bsinx+c here a = 13, b = 3 3 , c = -4
2 2
? Maximum value = c+ a +b = -4+ 169 " 27 = -4+ 196 = -4+14 = 10
? Minimum value = c- a 2 +b2 = -4- 169 " 27 = -4- 196 = -4-14 = -18
? Range is [-18, 10]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Find the range of 7cosx - 24sinx + 5. [May 2015AP]
Sol:- Given 7cosx - 24sinx + 5.
It is in the form of acosx+bsinx+c here a = 7, b = - 24, c = 5
2
? Maximum value = c+ a +b
2
= 5+ 49 " 576 = 5+ 625 = 5+25 = 30
? Minimum value = c- a 2 +b2 = 5- 49 " 576 = 5- 625 = 5-25 = - 20
? Range is [-20, 30]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Find the extreme values of
i).cos2x + cos2x. [March 2018AP] ii).3sin2 x + 5cos2 x
Sol:- Let f(x) = cos2x + cos2x Sol:- Let f(x) = 3sin2 x + 5cos2 x
= 2.cos2 x - 1 + cos2 x = 3(1-cos2 x) + 5cos2 x
= - 1 +3cos2 x. = 3-3cos2 x + 5cos2 x
= 3 + 2cos2 x
We know that 0 d cos x d 1
2
We know that 0 d cos2 x d 1
0 d 3cos2 x d 3 0 d 2cos2 x d 2
-1+0 d -1+3cos2 x d 3-1 3+0 d 3+2cos2 x d 3+2
-1 d f(x) d 2 3 d f(x) d 5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 51 STUDY MATERIAL

 6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIONS AND IDENTITIES PAPER 1(A) E.M
GRAPHS

1. Draw the graph of y = tanx between 0 and 450

Sol:-
x = 00 300 45 0
y = 0 0.7 1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Draw the graph of y = cos2x in (0, π )
Sol:-
x= 00 450 900 135 0 1800
y= 1 0.5 0 0.5 1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Draw the graph of y = sin2x in (0, π )
Sol:-
x= 00 450 900 135 0 1800
y= 0 1 0 -1 0

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Draw the graph of cos2x in [0, π ]
Sol:-
x= 00 450 900 135 0 1800
y= 1 0 -1 0 1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Draw the graph of y = sinx in [- π , π ] 1 [May 2014]
Sol:-
x = -180 -90 0 90 1800
y= 0 -1 0 1 0 -180 -90 0 90 180

-1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 52 STUDY MATERIAL

 9. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS PAPER 1(A) E.M
Q.NO : 10. IN I.P.E
1. Prove that i).(coshx + sinhx)n = coshnx + sinhnx [March 2018TS]
e x " e !x e x ! e ! x ex " e! x " ex ! e! x 2e x
Sol:- coshx + sinhx = + = = = ex
2 2 2 2
(coshx + sinhx)n = (ex)n = enx
enx " e! nx enx ! e! nx enx " e!nx " enx ! e ! nx 2enx
coshnx+sinhnx = + = = = enx
2 2 2 2
n
? (coshx + sinhx) = coshnx + sinhnx
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).(coshx - sinhx)n = coshnx - sinhnx [March 2015TS]

ex " e!x ex ! e ! x e x " e ! x ! ex " e ! x 2e ! x

=e x
_
Sol:- coshx - sinhx = - = =
2 2 2 2
(coshx - sinhx)n = (e x)n = e nx
_ _

enx " e! nx e nx ! e! nx enx " e!nx ! enx " e ! nx 2e! nx

= e nx
_
coshnx - sinhnx = - = =
2 2 2 2
n
? (coshx - sinhx)
= coshnx - sinhnx
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 23 5 21
2. i).if cosh x = , prove that cosh2x = , sinh 2x =
2 2 2
[March 2017TS 2016AP 2011 2010 May 2018AP 2017TS 2015TS 2011]
Sol:- Given cosh x = 5/2
2
§5· 25 21 21
Sinh2x = cosh2x -1= ¨ ¸ -1 = -1 = ? Sinhx =
©2¹ 4 4 2

cosh2x = cosh2x + sinh2x sinh2x = 2 sinhx coshx

2 2
§5· § 21 · 25 21 46 23 21 5 5 21
= ¨ 2 ¸ + ¨¨ 2 ¸¸ = + = = =2 =
© ¹ © ¹ 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If sinhx = 3/4, show that cosh2x = 17/8, and sinh 2x = 15/8
[March 2014 2012 May 2016TS 2014]
Sol:- Given sinh x = 3/4
2
§3· 9 25 5
cosh2x = 1+sinh2x = 1+ ¨ ¸ = 1+ = ? coshx =
©4¹ 16 16 4

cosh2x = cosh2x + sinh2x sinh2x = 2 sinhx coshx

2 2
§5· §3· 25 9 34 17 3 5 15
= ¨ ¸ +¨ ¸ = + = = =2 =
©4¹ ©4¹ 16 16 16 8 4 4 8
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. i).If sinhx = 3, prove that x = loge(3 + 10 ) [March 2016TS June 2010]

Sol:- Given sinhx = 3 * x = sinh-13 = loge(3+ 32 " 1 ) = loge(3+ 10 )

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 53 STUDY MATERIAL
 9. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS PAPER 1(A) E.M

ii).If sinhx = 5, show that x = loge(5+ 26 ). [May 2016AP]

Sol:- Given sinhx = 5 then x = sinh-15 = loge(5+ 52 ! 1 ) = loge(5+ 26 ).

Note:- sinh-1x = loge(x+ x 2 ! 1 )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1
iii). Prove that Tanh-1 = loge3.
2 2
[May 2018TS 2017AP 2015AP March 2017AP 2015AP]
1 §1! x ·
Sol:- We know that Tanh-1x = loge ¨ 1 & x ¸
2 © ¹
put x = 1/2 then
§ 1·
1 1 ¨ 1! 2 ¸ 1
-1
? Tanh = .loge ¨ 1 ¸ = loge3
2 2 ¨ 1& ¸ 2
© 2¹
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. If cosh x = sec θ then show that tanh2(x/2) = tan2( θ /2). [May 2013, March 2013]
Sol:- Given cosh x = sec θ

1 1 & cos T T
-1 2sin 2
coshx - 1 secT-1 1-cosT 2 θ
2§ ·
x T cos T
? Tanh ¨ 2 ¸ = = = cos
1
= =
1 ! cos T 1+cosT
= 2 T = Tan2
© ¹ coshx + 1 secT+1 +1 2cos 2
cos T cos T 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Prove that cosh4x - sinh4x = cosh2x - sinh2x = cosh2x.
Sol:- cosh4x - sinh4x = (cosh2x + sinh2x)(cosh2x - sinh2x)
= (cosh2x)(1)
= cosh2x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. i). Prove that sinh 2x = 2.sinhx.coshx.
e x & e & x e x ! e &x (e x )2 & (e& x ) 2 e2x & e&2x
Sol:- 2sinhx coshx = 2 = = = sinh 2x
2 2 2 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii). Prove that cosh2x = cosh2x+sinh2x
2 2
§ e x ! e& x · § e x & e& x · x &x 2 x &x 2 x 2 &x 2
Sol:- cosh x+sinh x = ¨¨
2 2 ¸ +¨ ¸ = (e ! e ) ! (e & e ) = 2((e ) ! (e ) )
2 ¸ ¨ 2 ¸ 4 4
© ¹ © ¹

e2x ! e&2x
= = cosh 2x
2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii). Prove that cosh2x = 2cosh2x-1 [March 2018AP]
2 2 2 2 2 2
Sol:- cosh2x = cosh x+sinh x = cosh x+(cosh x-1) ' cosh x - sinh x = 1
= 2cosh2x-1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 54 STUDY MATERIAL
 9. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS PAPER 1(A) E.M
2Tanhx
iv).sinh 2x =
1 ! Tanh 2 x

sinh x
2Tanhx 2 2sinh x.cosh x
cosh x sinh 2x
Sol:- = = = = sinh 2x.
1 ! Tanh 2 x 2
sinh x
2 2
cosh x ! sinh x 1
1!
cosh 2 x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 " Tanh 2 x
v).cosh 2x = .
1 ! Tanh 2 x

sinh 2 x
2 1"
1 " Tanh x cosh 2 x cosh 2 x " sinh 2 x cosh 2x
Sol:- = 2 = = = cosh 2x.
1 ! Tanh 2 x sinh x 2
cosh x ! sinh x 2 1
1!
cosh 2 x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2Tanhx
vi).tanh 2x = .
1 " Tanh 2 x

sinh x
2
2Tanhx coshx 2.sinh x.cosh x sinh 2x
Sol:- = 2 = = = tanh 2x.
1 " Tanh 2 x siinh x cosh 2 x " sinh 2 x cosh 2x
1"
cosh 2 x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
coth 2 x " 1
vii).coth 2x = .
2coth x

cosh 2 x
"1
coth 2 x " 1 sinh 2 x cosh 2 x " sinh 2 x cosh 2x
Sol:- = cosh x = = = coth 2x.
2coth x 2 2.sinh x.cosh x sinh 2x
sinh x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1ST YEAR MATHEMATICS 55 STUDY MATERIAL