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Large Scale Path Loss Models

The document discusses large-scale path loss models used to describe the reduction of electromagnetic wave energy during propagation from a transmitter to a receiver. It explains the Friis transmission model and the two-ray ground reflection model, providing equations for received power and path loss calculations. Examples are included to illustrate the application of these models in wireless communication systems.

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7 views6 pages

Large Scale Path Loss Models

The document discusses large-scale path loss models used to describe the reduction of electromagnetic wave energy during propagation from a transmitter to a receiver. It explains the Friis transmission model and the two-ray ground reflection model, providing equations for received power and path loss calculations. Examples are included to illustrate the application of these models in wireless communication systems.

Uploaded by

fatooma0308
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Large‐Scale Path Loss Models

An electromagnetic wave propagates from a transmitter to a receiver over the air. During this propagation, the
energy of the electromagnetic wave is reduced. Basically, we can express this process as path loss models. One of
simple channel models is Friis transmission model. It describes a simple free space channel without obstructions
between a transmitter and a receiver. In this model, the electromagnetic waves spread outward in a sphere, and
the received power, 𝑃𝑟 , is given as follows:
2
𝜆
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟
4𝜋𝑅
where 𝑃𝑡 is the transmitted power, 𝐺𝑡 and 𝐺𝑟 are the transmitter antenna gain and the receiver antenna gain,
respectively, λ is the wavelength, and R is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver. The Friis
transmission model is illustrated in the figure below.
Large‐Scale Path Loss Models
▪ The isotropic antenna of the transmitter radiates the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) uniformly. It is
represented by
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡
and the antenna of the receiver collects the transmitted power as much as the antenna size (or the effective area)
of the receiver. We call it the antenna aperture, 𝐴𝑒 . The received power is related to this antenna aperture and
the surface area of the sphere, 4𝜋𝑅2 .
The received power is proportional to 𝐴𝑒 /4𝜋𝑅2 . Therefore, we can present the received power, 𝑃𝑟 , as follows:
𝐴𝑒
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 .
4𝜋𝑅2
▪ The relationship between the receiver antenna gain and effective aperture is
4𝜋
𝐺𝑟 = 2 𝐴𝑒
𝜆
This equation means the received power depends on the square of the distance proportionally because the other
parameters are basically given.
Large‐Scale Path Loss Models
Example:
Consider a wireless communication system with the following parameters:
Transmission power 10W
Transmitter antenna gain 1
Receiver antenna gain 0.8
Carrier frequency 20MHz
Distance between transmitter and receiver 100m

Calculate the received power using the Friis transmission equation.


Solution:
The wavelength of the carrier frequency 20MHz is λ = 𝑐/ 𝑓 = 3 × 108 /20 × 106 = 15 𝑚. The received power is
𝜆 2 15 2
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 = 10 × 1 × 0.8 × = 1.1𝑚𝑊.
4𝜋𝑅 4𝜋×100
Large‐Scale Path Loss Models
▪ Two‐ray ground reflection model

When considering the reflection from ground, we can use the two‐ray ground reflection model as follows:
2
ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑟
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟
𝑑2
where ℎ𝑡 and ℎ𝑟 denote the transmitter antenna height and receiver antenna height, respectively. Unlike Friis
transmission equation, the received power is affected by the antenna heights. The fourth power of the distance,
𝑑 4 , is included in the equation so that the received power decreases more quickly according to the distance. This
equation does not depend on the wavelength.
Large‐Scale Path Loss Models
▪ Path Loss
The path loss is defined as the difference between the transmitted power and the received power as follows:
𝑃𝐿(𝑊) = 𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑟
𝑃𝑡
𝑃𝐿(𝑑𝐵) = 10 log10 𝑃𝑡 − 10 log10 𝑃𝑟 = 10 log10
𝑃𝑟
where in the second equation 𝑃𝐿, 𝑃𝑡 , and 𝑃𝑟 are the path loss (dB), transmitted power (W), and received power
(W), respectively.
▪ By substituting 𝑃𝑟 equation from the previous slide in 𝑃𝐿 equation, we can obtain

𝑃𝐿(𝑑𝐵) = 40 log(𝑑) − 10 log 𝐺𝑡 − 10 log 𝐺𝑟 − 20 log(ℎ𝑡 ) − 20 log(ℎ𝑟 ) .

Therefore, we can express 𝑃𝑟 in 𝑑𝐵 or 𝑑𝐵𝑚 according to

𝑃𝑟(𝑑𝐵) = 𝑃𝑡(𝑑𝐵) − 𝑃𝐿 𝑑𝐵 = 𝑃𝑡(𝑑𝐵) + 10 log(𝐺𝑡 ) + 10 log(𝐺𝑟 ) + 20 log(ℎ𝑡 ) + 20 log(ℎ𝑟 ) − 40 log(𝑑)

𝑃𝑟(𝑑𝐵𝑚) = 𝑃𝑡(𝑑𝐵𝑚) − 𝑃𝐿 𝑑𝐵 = 𝑃𝑡(𝑑𝐵𝑚) + 10 log(𝐺𝑡 ) + 10 log(𝐺𝑟 ) + 20 log(ℎ𝑡 ) + 20 log(ℎ𝑟 ) − 40 log(𝑑).


Large‐Scale Path Loss Models
Example:
Consider a wireless communication system with the following parameters:
Transmission power 10W
Transmitter antenna gain 1
Receiver antenna gain 0.8
Transmitter antenna height 10m
Receiver antenna height 1.5m
Distance between transmitter and receiver 100m
Calculate the received power using the two‐ray ground reflection model.
Solution:
The received power is
2 2
ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑟 10 × 1.5
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 = 10 × 1 × 0.8 × = 0.018𝑚𝑊.
𝑑2 1002

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