ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (SUBJECT CODE 417)

CLASS – IX
Total Marks: 100 (Theory-50 + Practical-50)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:

The objective of this module/curriculum - which combines both Inspire and Acquire modules is to develop a readiness for understanding
and appreciating Artificial Intelligence and its application in our lives. This module/curriculum focuses on:
1. Helping learners understand the world of Artificial Intelligence and its applications through games, activities and multi-sensorial
learning to become AI-Ready.
2. Introducing the learners to three domains of AI in an age-appropriate manner.
3. Allowing the learners to construct the meaning of AI through interactive participation and engaging hands-on activities.
4. Revisiting AI domains, project cycle and Ethics
5. Introducing the learners to the importance of Math for AI, data literacy and generative AI
6. Introducing the learners to programming skills - Basic python coding language.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Learners will be able to:
1. Identify and appreciate Artificial Intelligence and describe its applications in daily life.
2. Relate, apply and reflect on the Human-Machine Interactions to identify and interact with the three domains of AI: Data, Computer
Vision and Natural Language Processing and Undergo assessment for analysing their progress towards acquired AI-Readiness skills.
3. Imagine, examine and reflect on the skills required for futuristic job opportunities.
4. Unleash their imagination towards smart homes and build an interactive story around it.
5. Understand the impact of Artificial Intelligence on Sustainable Development Goals to develop responsible citizenship.
6. Research and develop awareness of skills required for jobs of the future.
7. Gain awareness about AI bias and AI access and describe the potential ethical considerations of AI.
8. Develop effective communication and collaborative work skills.
9. Get familiar and motivated towards Artificial Intelligence and Identify the AI Project Cycle framework.
10. Learn problem scoping and ways to set goals for an AI project and understand the iterative nature of problem scoping in the AI
project cycle.
11. Brainstorm on the ethical issues involved around the problem selected.
12. Foresee the kind of data required and the kind of analysis to be done, identify data requirements and find reliable sources to
obtain relevant data.
13. Use various types of graphs to visualize acquired data.
14. Understand types of modelling.
15. Understand the importance of Math for AI.
16. Learn the concept of data literacy and generative AI
17. Acquire introductory Python programming skills in a very user-friendly format.

SKILLS TO BE DEVELOPED

AI
Applying Concepts in READINESS Developing Life Skills
Learning Technical Skills CONCEPTS Through Concept Building

LIFE
TECHNICAL
SKILLS FROM
SKILLS FOR AI
AI

Fostering Life Skills in

Applying Technical Skills

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SCHEME OF STUDIES:
This course is a planned sequence of instructions consisting of units meant for developing employability and vocational
competencies of students of Class IX opting for skill subject along with other education subjects.
The unit-wise distribution of hours and marks for class IX & X is as follows.

NO. OF HOURS MAX. MARKS

UNITS for Theory and Practical for Theory and Practical

Employability Skills

Unit 1: Communication Skills-I 10 2

Unit 2: Self-Management Skills-I 10 2

Unit 3: ICT Skills-I

PART A

10 2

Unit 4: Entrepreneurial Skills-I 15 2

Unit 5: Green Skills-I 05 2

Total 50 10

Subject Specific Skills

Theory Practical

Unit 1: AI Reflection, Project Cycle and Ethics 30 25 10

Unit 2: Data Literacy 22 28 10

PART B

Unit 3: Math for AI (Statistics & Probability) 12 13 07

Unit 4: Introduction to Generative AI 08 12 05

Unit 5: Introduction to Python 01 09

Total 160 40

Practical Work

Unit 5: Introduction to Python

Practical File (minimum 15 programs) 15

Practical Examination
• Simple programs using input and output function
PART C

• Variables, Arithmetic Operators, Expressions, Data Types

• Flow of control and conditions 15
• Lists
* Any 3 programs based on the above topics

Viva Voce 5

Total 35
Project Work / Field Visit / Student Portfolio
15
PART D

* relate it to Sustainable Development Goals

Total 15

GRAND TOTAL 200 100

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 EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS
UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES THEORY PRACTICAL
1. D
 emonstrate knowledge 1. Methods of communication 1. W riting pros and cons of written, verbal and non-
of various methods of • Verbal verbal communication
communication • Non-verbal 2. Listing do’s and don’ts for avoiding common body
• Visual language mistakes
COMMUNICATION SKILLS –I

2. Identify elements of 1. Meaning of communication 1. Draw a diagram of communication cycle

communication cycle 2. Importance of communication skills 2. Role plays on communication process related to
3. Elements of communication cycle– the sector/job role
(i) sender, (ii) ideas,
(iii) encoding, (iv) communication channel,
(v) receiver, (vi) decoding, and
(vii) feedback
3. Identify the factors affecting 1. Perspectives in communication 1. G roup discussion on factors affecting perspectives
our perspectives in 2. Factors affecting perspectives in communication in communication
communication • Visual perception • Language 2. Sharing of experiences on factors affecting
• Past experience • Prejudices perspectives
• Feelings • Environment 3. Sharing experiences on factors affecting
communication at workplace
4. D
 emonstrate the knowledge 1. Writing skills related to the following: 1. D
 emonstration and practice of writing sentences
of basic writing skills • Phrases • Kinds of sentences and paragraphs on topics related to the subject
• Parts of sentence • Parts of speech
• Use of articles • Construction of a paragraph

UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES THEORY PRACTICAL

1. D
 escribe the meaning and 1. Meaning of self-management 1. Identification of self-management skills
SELF-MANAGEMENT

importance of 2. Positive results of self-management 2. Strength and weakness analysis

self-management 3. Self-management skills
2. Identify the factors that 1. F actors that help in building self-confidence– social, 1. R ole play exercises on building self-confidence
SKILLS – I

helps in building self- cultural, and physical factors 2. Use of positive metaphors/ words
confidence 2. Self-confidence building tips– getting rid of the negative 3. Positive stroking on wakeup and before going
thoughts, thinking positively, staying happy with small bed
things, staying clean, hygienic and smart, chatting with 4. Helping others and working for community
positive people, etc.

UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES THEORY PRACTICAL

1. D
 escribe the role 1. Introduction to ICT 1. Discussion on the role and importance of ICT in
of Information and 2. Role and importance of ICT in personal life and at personal life and at workplace
Communication Technology workplace 2. Preparing posters/collages for showing the role of
(ICT) in day-to-day life and 3. ICT in our daily life (examples) ICT at workplace
workplace 4. ICT tools– Mobile, tab, radio, TV, email, etc.
2. Identify components of 1.  omputer system– Central Processing Unit (CPU), 1. Connecting the cables and peripherals to the
C
basic computer system and memory, motherboard, storage devices Central Processing Unit
their functions 2. Hardware and software of a computer system 2. Starting and shutting down a computer
3. Role and functions of Random Access 3. Group discussion on the various aspects of
Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM) hardware and software
4. Role and functions of Central Processing Unit
5. Procedure for starting and shutting down a computer
ICT SKILLS - I

1. Identification of various parts and peripherals of

a computer
2. Demonstration and practice on the use of mouse
3. D
 emonstrate use of
3. Demonstration and practice on the use of
various components and 1. P
 eripherals devices and their uses– mouse, keyboard,
keyboard
peripherals of computer scanner, webcam, etc. of a computer system
4. Demonstration of the uses of printers, webcams,
system
scanner and other peripheral devices
5. Drawing diagram of computer system and labelling
it

4. D
 emonstrate basic 1. P
 rimary operations on a computer system– input, process, 1. Identification of the various input and output
computer skills storage, output, communication networking, etc. units and explanation of their purposes

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 UNIT
ENTREPRENEURIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES THEORY PRACTICAL

1. P repare posters of business activities found in

cities/villages, using pictures
2. Discuss the various types of activities, generally
SKILLS – I

1. T ypes of businesses– service, manufacturing, hybrid adopted by small businesses in a local community
1. Identify various types of 2. Types of businesses found in our community (Business 3. Best out of waste
business activities activities around us)
4. Costing of the product made out of waste
5. Selling of items made from waste materials
6. Prepare list of businesses that provides goods and
services in exchange for money

2. D
 emonstrate the 1. Meaning of entrepreneurship development 1. P repare charts showing advantages of
knowledge of 2. Distinguishing characteristics of entrepreneurship over wages
distinguishing entrepreneurship 2. Group discussions on role and features of
characteristics of 3. Role and rewards of entrepreneurship entrepreneurship
entrepreneurship
3. Lectures/presentations by entrepreneurs on their
experiences and success stories
4. Identify core skills of successful entrepreneur

UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES THEORY PRACTICAL

1. D
 emonstrate the knowledge 1. Introduction to environment 1. Group discussion on hazards of
of the factors influencing 2. R  elationship between society and environment, deteriorating environment
GREEN SKILLS – I

natural resource conservation ecosystem and factors causing imbalance 2. Prepare posters showing environment conservation
3. Natural resource conservation 3. D iscussion on various factors that influence our
4. Environment protection and conservation environment

2. D
 escribe the importance 1. Definition of green economy 1. D iscussion on the benefits of green skills and
of green economy and 2. Importance of green economy importance of green economy
green skills. 2. Prepare a poster showing the importance of green
economy with the help of newspaper/ magazine
cuttings

SUBJECT SPECIFIC SKILLS

UNIT 1: AI REFLECTION, PROJECT CYCLE AND ETHICS

SUB-UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES SESSION / ACTIVITY / PRACTICAL

Session: Introduction to AI and setting up the context of the curriculum

To identify and appreciate Artificial
Intelligence and describe its applications in ● Recommended Activity: Make a statement about lighting and LUIS will
daily life. interpret and adjust the house accordingly https://aidemos.microsoft.com/
luis/demo

Recommended Activity: The AI Game

AI REFLECTION ● Learners to participate in three games based on different AI domains.
− Game 1: Rock, Paper and Scissors (based on data)
To recognize, engage and relate with the − https://next.rockpaperscissors.ai/
three realms of AI: Computer Vision, Data
Statistics and Natural Language Processing. − Game 2: Semantris (based on Natural Language Processing - NLP)
− https://research.google.com/semantris/
− Game 3: Quick Draw (based on Computer Vision - CV)
− https://quickdraw.withgoogle.com/

Session: Introduction to AI Project Cycle

● Problem Scoping
● Data Acquisition
AI PROJECT CYCLE Identify the AI Project Cycle framework ● Data Exploration
● Modelling
● Evaluation
● Deployment

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 Session: Problem Scoping
Activity: Brainstorm around the theme provided and set a goal for the AI
project.
Learn problem scoping and ways to set goals ● Discuss various topics within the given theme and select one.
for an AI project.
● Fill in the 4Ws problem canvas and a problem statement to learn more
about the problem identified in the community/ society
● List down/ Draw a mind map of problems related to the selected topic
and choose one problem to be the goal for the project.

● Activity: To set actions around the goal.

Identify stakeholders involved in the
problem scoped. ● List down the stakeholders involved in the problem.
Brainstorm on the ethical issues involved ● Search on the current actions taken to solve this problem.
around the problem selected.
● Think around the ethics involved in the goal of your project.

Activity: Data and Analysis

● What are the data features needed?
● How will the features collected affect the problem?
Understand the iterative nature of problem ● Where can you get the data?
scoping for in the AI project cycle.
● How frequent do you have to collect the data?
Foresee the kind of data required and the
kind of analysis to be done. ● What happens if you don’t have enough data?
● What kind of analysis needs to be done?
● How will it be validated?
● How does the analysis inform the action?

Presentation: Presenting the goal, actions and data.

Share what the students have discussed so
Teamwork Activity:
far.
● Brainstorming solutions for the problem statement.

Session: Data Acquisition

Activity: Introduction to data and its types.
● Students work around the scenarios given to them and think of ways
to acquire data.
Identify data requirements and find reliable
sources to obtain relevant data. Activity: Data Features
● Identifying the possible data features affecting the problem.
Activity: System Maps
● Creating system maps considering data features identified.

Session: Data Exploration/ Data Visualisation

To understand the purpose of Data ● Need of visualising data
Visualisation ● Ways to visualise data using various types of graphical tools.
Quiz Time

Recommended Activities: Let’s use Graphical Tools

● Selecting an appropriate graphical format and presenting the graph
sketched.
● Understanding graphs using https://datavizcatalogue.com/
Use various types of graphs to visualise
acquired data. ● Listing of newly learnt data visualization techniques.
● Top 10 Song Prediction: Identify the data features, collect the data and
convert into graphical representation.
● Collect and store data in a spreadsheet and create some graphical
representations to understand the data effectively.

Session: Modelling
Understand modelling (Rule-based &
Learning-based) ● Introduction to modelling and types of models (Rule-based & Learning-
based)

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 Session: Evaluation
Learners will understand about new terms
● True Positive
Understand various evaluation techniques.
● False Positive
● True Negative
● False Negative

Challenge students to think about how they Session: Deployment

can apply their knowledge of deployment
Recommended Case Study: Preventable Blindness.
in future AI projects and encourage them
to continue exploring different deployment Activity: Implementation of AI project cycle to develop an AI Model for
methods. Personalized Education.

Session: Ethics
Video Session: Discussing about AI Ethics
Recommended Activity: Ethics Awareness
To understand and reflect on the ethical
issues around AI. ● Students play the role of major stakeholders, and they have to decide
what is ethical and what is not for a given scenario.
● Students to explore Moral Machine (https://www.moralmachine.net/ )
to understand more about the impact of ethical concerns

Session: AI Bias and AI Access

To gain awareness around AI bias and AI
● Discussing about the possible bias in data collection
access.
● Discussing about the implications of AI technology

Recommended Activity: Balloon Debate

● Students divide in teams of 3 and 2 teams are given same theme. One
To let the students analyse the advantages team goes in affirmation to AI for their section while the other one goes
and disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence. against it.
● They have to come up with their points as to why AI is beneficial/
harmful for the society

UNIT 2: DATA LITERACY

SUB-UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES SESSION / ACTIVITY / PRACTICAL

● D efine data literacy and recognize its Session: Basics of data literacy
importance Understand how data literacy
enables informed decision-making and ● Introduction to Data Literacy
critical thinking ● Impact of data Literacy
● Apply the Data Literacy Process
● How to become Data Literate?
Framework to analyze and interpret data
effectively ● What are data security and privacy? How are they related to AI?
● Differentiate between Data Privacy and ● Best Practices for Cyber Security
Security
● Identify potential risks associated with
data breaches and unauthorized access.
Basics of Data Literacy ● Learn measures to protect data privacy
and enhance data security

Recommended Activity: Impact of News Articles

Reference Videos:
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhO_t-c3yJY
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aO858HyFbKI
● https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/documents/Cyber%20Safety.pdf

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 Session: Acquiring Data, Processing, and Interpreting Data
● D etermine the best methods to acquire ● Types of data
data. ● Data Acquisition/Acquiring Data
● Classify different types of data and enlist ● Best Practices for Acquiring Data
different methodologies to acquire it. ● Features of data and Data Preprocessing
Acquiring Data, ● Define and describe data interpretation. ● Data Processing and Data Interpretation
Processing, and ● Enlist and explain the different methods ● Types of Data Interpretation
Interpreting Data of data interpretation. ● Importance of Data Interpretation
● R
 ecognize the types of data
interpretation.
Recommended Activities:
● R
 ealize the importance of data ● Trend analysis
interpretation ● Visualize and Interpret Data

Session: Project Interactive Data Dashboard & Presentation

● Data visualization Using Tableau
● Recognize the importance of data Reference Links
Project Interactive Data visualization ● https://public.tableau.com/en-us/s/download
Dashboard & Presentation ● Discover different methods of data ● https://www.datawrapper.de/
visualization Video Links:
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLCzpPRCc7U
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_M8BnosAD78

UNIT 3: MATH FOR AI (STATISTICS & PROBABILITY)

SUB-UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES SESSION / ACTIVITY / PRACTICAL

Analyzing the data in the form of numbers/ Session: Importance of Math for AI
images and find the relation/pattern
between the them. ● Finding Patterns in Numbers and images.
Use of Math in AI. ● Uses of Math -
○ Statistics
Importance of Math for ○ Linear Algebra
AI ○ Probability
○ Calculus
Number Patterns Activity:
Picture Analogy ● observe the number pattern and find the missing number.
● To find connections between sets of images and use that to solve problems,s
Understand the concept of Statistics in real Session :
life. ● Definition of Statistics
● Applications
○ Disaster Management
○ Sports
○ Diseases Prediction
○ Weather Forecast
Application in various real life scenarios Activity: Uses of Statistics in daily life
Statistics ● Students will explore the applications of statistics in real life .They collect data
and can apply various statistical measures to analyze the data.
Activity: Car Spotting and Tabulating
Purpose: To implement the concept of data collection, analysis and interpretation.
Activity Introduction:
● In this activity, Students will be engaged in data collection and tabulation.
● Data collection plays a key role in Artificial Intelligence as it forms the basis of
statistics and interpretation by AI.
● This activity will also require students to answer a set of questions based on
the recorded data.

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 Understand the concept of Probability in Session: Introduction to Probability
real life and explore various types of events. ● How to calculate the probability of an event
● Types of events
● understand the concept of Probability using a relatable example.
Exercise: Identify the type of event.
Probability Application in various real life scenarios Session : Applications of Probability
● Sports
● Weather Forecast
● Traffic Estimation
Exercise: Revision time

UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GENERATIVE AI:

LEARNING OUTCOMES SESSION / ACTIVITY / PRACTICAL

Students will be able to define Generative AI & classify Recommended Activity:
different kinds.
● Activity: Guess the Real Image vs. the AI-generated image
● S tudents will be able to explain how Generative AI Session:
works and recognize how it learns. ● Introduction to Generative AI
● Generative AI vs Conventional AI:

Session:
● Types of Generative AI
● Examples of Generative AI

Session:
● Benefits of using Generative AI
● Limitations of using Generative AI

Recommended Activities:
● Applying Generative AI tools to create content. ● Hands-on Activity: GAN Paint
● Generative AI tools

Session:
● Applying Generative AI tools to create content.
● Ethical considerations of using Generative AI

UNIT 5: INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON:

LEARNING OUTCOMES SESSION / ACTIVITY / PRACTICAL

Learn basic programming skills through gamified Recommended Activity:
platforms.
● Introduction to programming using Online Gaming portals like Code Combat.

Acquire introductory Python programming skills in a Session:

very user-friendly format. ● Introduction to Python language
● Introducing python programming and its applications

Theory + Practical: Python Basics

● Students go through lessons on Python Basics (Variables, Arithmetic Operators, Expressions, Com-
parison Operators, logical operators, Assignment Operators, Data Types - integer, float, strings,
type conversion, using print() and input() functions)
● Students will try some simple problem-solving exercises on Python Compiler.

Practical: Flow of control and conditions

1. Students go through lessons on conditional and iterative statements (if, for and while)
2. Students will try some basic problem-solving exercises using conditional and iterative statements
on Python Compiler.

Practical: Python Lists

3. Students go through lessons on Python Lists (Simple operations using list)
4. Students will try some basic problem-solving exercises using lists on Python Compiler.

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PART-C: PRACTICAL WORK
UNIT 5: INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON: Suggested Program List
PRINT
● To print personal information like Name, Father’s Name, Class, School Name.
● To print the following patterns using multiple print commands-

● To find square of number 7

● To find the sum of two numbers 15 and 20.
● To convert length given in kilometers into meters.
● To print the table of 5 up to five terms.
● To calculate Simple Interest if the principle_amount = 2000 rate_of_interest = 4.5 time = 10
INPUT
● To calculate Area and Perimeter of a rectangle
● To calculate Area of a triangle with Base and Height
● To calculating average marks of 3 subjects
● To calculate discounted amount with discount %
● To calculate Surface Area and Volume of a Cuboid
LIST

● Create a list in Python of children selected for science quiz with following names- Arjun, Sonakshi, Vikram, Sandhya, Sonal, Isha,
Kartik Perform the following tasks on the list in sequence-
○ Print the whole list
○ Delete the name “Vikram” from the list
○ Add the name “Jay” at the end
○ Remove the item which is at the second position.
● Create a list num=[23,12,5,9,65,44]
○ print the length of the list
○ print the elements from second to fourth position using positive indexing
○ print the elements from position third to fifth using negative indexing
● Create a list of first 10 even numbers, add 1 to each list item and print the final list.
● Create a list List_1=[10,20,30,40]. Add the elements [14,15,12] using extend function. Now sort the final list in ascending order and
print it.
IF, FOR, WHILE

● Program to check if a person can vote

● To check the grade of a student
● Input a number and check if the number is positive, negative or zero and display an appropriate message
● To print first 10 natural numbers
● To print first 10 even numbers
● To print odd numbers from 1 to n

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● To print sum of first 10 natural numbers
● Program to find the sum of all numbers stored in a list
Important Links

● https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/Curriculum21/publication/secondary/Python_Content_Manual.pdf

● https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1qRAckDculA5i164OUFDlilxb8mT65MMb

PART-D: Project Work/Field Visit/Student Portfolio

*relate it to Sustainable Development Goals

Suggested Projects/Field Visit/Portfolio (Any one has to be done)

Suggested Projects

1. Create an AI Model using tools like-

○ Teachable Machine (https://teachablemachine.withgoogle.com/)

○ Machine Learning For Kids (https://machinelearningforkids.co.uk/)

2. Choose an issue that pertains to the objectives of sustainable development and carry out the actions listed below.

○ To understand more about the problem identified, create a 4Ws problem canvas.

○ Identify the data features and create a system map to understand relationship between them

○ Visualize the data collected graphically (Spreadsheet software to be used store and visualize the data)

○ Suggest an AI enabled solution to it (Prototype/Research Work)

Suggested Field Visit

Visit to an industry or IT company or any other place that is creating or using AI applications and present the report for the same.
Visit can be on physical or virtual mode.

Suggested Student Portfolio

Maintaining a record of all AI activities and projects (For Example Letter to Futureself, Smart Home Floor Plan, Future Job
Advertisement, Research Work on AI for SDGs and AI in Different Sectors, 4Ws canvas, System Map). (Minimum 5 Activities)

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 Content from Existing Book

New Unit / Sub Unit Old Page No

Unit - 1 AI Reflection, Project Cycle and Ethics
AI Reflection Unit - 1 143-208
AI Project Cycle Unit - 2 209-254
Unit - 5 Introduction To Python Unit - 4 278-346

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CONTENTS

Part B Subject Specific Skills

Unit-1 AI Reflection, Project Cycle and Ethics  15

Project Cycle What is evaluation?
Model Evaluation Terminologies Confusion Matrix
What is deployment? AI Project Cycle Mapping Template
Difference between Ethics and Morals
AI Ready 1 30

Unit-2 Data Literacy 31

Defining Data Literacy Data Pyramid and Its Different Stages
Why is Data Literacy Essential? Impact of Data Literacy
How to Become Data Literate? Data Literacy Process Framework
Data Security and Privacy Acquiring Data, Processing, and Interpreting Data
Data Acquisition/Acquiring Data Usability, Features and Preprocessing of Data
Data Processing and Data Interpretation Methods of Data Interpretation
Types of Data Interpretation Importance of Data Interpretation
Using Tableau for Data Presentation
AI Ready 2 80

Unit-3 Maths For AI (Statistics and Probability) 81

How are Maths and AI Related? Essential Mathematics for AI
Statistics Application of Statistics
What is Probability in Statistics? Applications of Probability
AI Ready 3 103

Unit-4 Introduction to Generative AI 104

Real Images vs AI Generated Image AI or Real Image….How to Identify?
Supervised Learning and Discriminative Modelling Unsupervised Learning and Generative Modelling
What is Generative AI? Types of Generative AI
Examples of Generative AI Generative AI Boon or Bane
Generative AI Tools Ethical considerations of using Generative AI
The Potential Negative Impact on Society Responsible Use of Generative AI
AI Ready 4 140

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 UNIT-1
AI REFLECTION, PROJECT
CYCLE AND ETHICS

Learning Outcomes

• Project Cycle • What is evaluation?

• Model Evaluation Terminologies • Confusion Matrix
• What is deployment? • AI Project Cycle Mapping Template
• Difference between Ethics and Morals

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence by machines, particularly computer systems. It
involves algorithms that enable computers to perform tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and
understanding language. AI systems can improve their performance over time through machine learning. AI is
used in various applications, from virtual assistants to autonomous vehicles.

Project Cycle
AI project cycle is the process of solving the real-life problems by converting them into an AI-based model. The
project cycle framework is designed to help project managers guide their projects successfully from start to end.
The purpose of the project life cycle is to create an easy-to-follow framework to guide projects. The AI project
cycle provides us with an appropriate framework which can lead us towards our goal.

Stages in an AI Project Cycle:

The AI project cycle involves several key stages, each building upon the previous one to develop, deploy, and
maintain an AI system effectively. These stages are as follows:

Problem
Scoping

Data
Deployment
Acquisition

Data
Evaluation
Exploration

Modelling

AI Reflection, Project Cycle and Ethics 15

•• Problem Scoping: The first stage of an AI project cycle is problem scoping to identify the problem and have
a vision to solve it. Problem scoping refers to understanding a problem and various factors which affect the
problem, and finding a solution for it using AI technology. The 4W’s of Problem Scoping are Who, What, Where,
and Why. This Ws helps in identifying and understanding the problem in a better and efficient manner.
•• Data Acquisition: The next stage of the AI project cycle is data acquisition. The term data acquisition means
collecting raw data for the purpose of reference or analysis for the project. The data can be in the form of
text, numbers, images, videos, or audio and it can be collected from various sources like Internet, journals,
newspapers, and so on. The data acquisition system allows us to obtain valuable information about reality to
improve the performance of the project.
•• Data Exploration: Data exploration refers to the techniques and tools used to visualise data collected in Data
Acquisition through complex statistical methods. It is the process of analysing a large data set.
•• Modelling: It is the design phase of the project cycle. In this, we select the best way to reach the solution.
It requires the process of selecting the right algorithm to develop a working model for the project. In this
step, different models based on the visualised data can be created and even checked for the advantages and
disadvantages of the model.
•• Evaluation: This stage is the testing of the system, where we check if the model can achieve required goals
or not. If the model is not fulfilling the requirements, the model or even the data can be changed. Once the
developer feels the project is ready, the project will be put into working conditions and then deployed and
handed over to the user. If the deployment stage is not reached, the project is of no use.
•• Deployment: In this stage we integrate the best-performing model into the production environment, setting up
continuous monitoring and maintenance to sustain performance over time.

Reboot
1. List down the steps of AI Project Cycle.

2. Differentiate between Evaluation and Deployment in an AI project cycle.

Why do we need an AI Project Cycle?

An AI project cycle is essential because it provides a structured framework for developing, deploying, and
maintaining AI systems. Each stage in the AI project life cycle serves a vital role. Problem scoping ensures that
the problem is clearly defined and aligned with business objectives. The data acquisition and exploration
phases help in gathering and cleaning relevant data, which is crucial for building effective models. During the
modelling phase, appropriate algorithms are selected and optimised for the best performance. The evaluation
phase thoroughly tests these models to ensure they meet required standards. Deployment integrates the model
into the production environment, with monitoring to maintain its performance. The iterative nature of the cycle
allows for continuous improvement, addressing new data and evolving business needs. This structured approach
helps manage risks, ensures quality, and facilitates communication with stakeholders, ultimately leading to
successful AI implementation.

16 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 What is Evaluation?
Model Evaluation is the last stage of the AI Project development cycle. It is the stage of testing the model
where testing data is given to the system and the output generated is evaluated with the actual result to see
the accuracy of the output and the reliability of the AI Model. There can be different Evaluation techniques,
depending on the type and purpose of the model.

Reboot
1. Explain the term Problem scoping in AI project Cycle.

2. Differentiate between Data Exploration and Data Acqusition

Importance of Evaluation
Evaluation is a process that critically examines a program. It involves collecting and analysing information about
a program’s activities, characteristics, and outcomes. Its purpose is to make judgments about a program, to
improve its effectiveness, and/or to inform programming decisions. Following are the some of the advantages
of evaluating a model:
•• Evaluation ensures that the model is operating correctly and optimally.
•• Evaluation is an initiative to understand how well it achieves its goals.
•• Evaluations help to determine what works well and what could be improved in a program.

Model Evaluation Terminologies

Evaluation of an AI model can be done using various terminologies. Let us try to understand them with the help
of a scenario.
Scenario:

An AI based Prediction model is deployed in schools. The model is supposed to predict whether the students
of grade 12 will be taking board exams in the coming year or not. The model will be checking for whether there
will be board exams in the coming year or not.

There are two important parameters which are used for the Evaluation of a model. These are:
•• Prediction: It is the output given by the AI model using Machine Learning algorithm.
•• Reality: It is the real scenario of the situation for which the prediction has been made.

Let’s look at the various combinations that can be considered for the above scenario.

AI Reflection, Project Cycle and Ethics 17

Case 1: Is there a Board Exam?

Predicion: Yes Reality: Yes

True Positive

Due to COVID-19 things are becoming unpredictable. Even the conducting of the board exams totally depends
on the number of active cases. We need an AI model which can predict whether the board exams will be
conducted or not so that the students can timely plan their preparation and schedule to study as per the date
sheet.
In the above picture, we show the possibility of board exams for grade 12 students. The model predicts a Yes
which means the board exams will be conducted. The prediction matches with the reality: Yes therefore, this
condition is called True Positive.

Case 2: Is there a Board Exam?

Predicion: No Reality: No
True Negative

There are no board exams as the numbers of COVID-19 cases have increased, hence the Reality is No. In this case, the
machine too has predicted it correctly as a No. Therefore, this condition is termed as True Negative.

18 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

Case 3: Is there a Board Exam?

Predicion: Yes Reality: No

False Positive

Here the reality is that there are no board exams to be conducted as they got cancelled due to the COVID-19
number of cases increasing drastically. But the machine has incorrectly predicted that there will be board exams
for the students of grade 12. This case is termed as False Positive.

Case 4: Is there a Board Exam?

Predicion: No Reality: Yes

False Negative

Here, the board has decided to conduct examinations for grade 12 students because of which the Reality is Yes
but the machine has incorrectly predicted it as a No which means the machine predicts that there will be no
board exams. Therefore, this case becomes False Negative.

AI Reflection, Project Cycle and Ethics 19

 Confusion Matrix
Confusion matrix is a tabular structure which helps in measuring the performance of an AI model using the test data.
The table is made with 4 different combinations of predicted and actual values (Reality) in the form of 2X2 matrix.
The comparison between the prediction and the reality can be used to analyse the rate of success. It also gives a
clear picture of which classes are being predicted correctly and incorrectly, and what type of errors are being made.
This matrix is also known as the Error Matrix and is used in situations where we need to evaluate the performance
of the model, where it went wrong and help us in finding the ways to increase the efficiency of the model. It is
useful for measuring Recall, Precision, Accuracy and F1 Score.
The following confusion matrix table illustrates how the 4-classification metrics are calculated (TP, FP, FN, TN),
and how our predicted value compared to the actual value in a confusion matrix.

Reality
Confusion Matrix
Yes No
Yes True Positive (TP) False Positive (FP)
Prediction
No False Negative (FN) True Negative (TN)

In the Confusion Matrix:

•• The target variable has two values: Positive and Negative.
•• The columns represent the actual values of the target variable.
•• The rows represent the predicted values of the target variable.
For example:
In schools, a lot of times it happens that there is no transport facility available to commute. Unavailability of
school transport is a very common and prominent problem. Hence an AI model is designed to predict if there is
going to be school transport available or not.
The confusion matrix for the same is:

The Confusion Matrix Reality:1 (TP) Reality: 0 (FP)

Prediction:1 22 12
Prediction:0 48 18

Reboot
1. Differentiate between Prediction and Reality.

2. What is Error Matrix?

20 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

ROC Curve
The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve is a graphical representation that illustrates the performance
of a binary classifier system at varying threshold values. It plots the true positive rate (TPR) against the false
positive rate (FPR) at various threshold settings.
This curve plots two parameters:
•• True Positive Rate (Sensitivity) is the proportion of actual positive cases that are correctly identified by the
classifier.
TP
TPR =
TP + FN

•• False Positive Rate is the proportion of actual negative cases that are incorrectly classified as positive.
FP
FPR =
FP + TN

To generate an ROC curve, you need to perform the following tasks:

•• Vary the threshold of your classifier, usually ranging from 0 to 1, and calculate TPR and FPR at each threshold.
•• Plot these TPR and FPR values on a graph. TPR is plotted on the y-axis, and FPR is plotted on the x-axis.
Lowering the classification threshold classifies more items as positive, thus increasing both False Positives and
True Positives. The following figure shows a typical ROC curve.

TP vs FP rate at one
decision threshold
TP vs FP rate at
another decision
1 threshold
TP Rate

0
0 FP Rate 1

Evaluate: Exoplanet Use Case

•• At this particular stage, we may need to
evaluate the model to find out the accuracy
of the model that makes the best prediction.
•• ROC is a metric that is used to find out the
accuracy of the model.
•• Figure shows the accuracy of the model
using ROC Curve:

AI Reflection, Project Cycle and Ethics 21

 What is Deployment?
The deployment phase of the AI project cycle is when the AI model is put into use in a real-world setting. This
involves integrating the model into existing systems or applications, such as creating Application Programming
Interfaces (APIs) or embedding it directly into software. It also includes setting up the necessary infrastructure,
like servers or cloud services, to support the model. Once integrated, the model needs to be able to process new
data and provide predictions. Monitoring tools are established to track the model’s performance and ensure it
works correctly. Logging and reporting are also important to capture data on how the model is performing and
to identify any issues that might arise. This phase is crucial for making the AI model functional and useful for
end-users.

AI Project Cycle Mapping Template

AI Project Cycle Mapping Template presents how different stages are related with each other and how the
functions performed in every phase forms an input for the next phase.

The performed task at one stage forms the root for the next stage.

AI Project: Customer Churn Prediction (identifying at-risk customers who are likely to cancel their subscriptions
or close/abandon their accounts.)
•• Problem Scoping:
✶✶ Identify the problem: The telecommunications company wants to reduce customer churn rates.

✶✶ Define objectives: Develop a predictive model to identify customers at risk of churning.

•• Data Acquisition:
✶✶ Gather data sources: Collect customer demographics, usage patterns, service history, and churn status data
from the company's databases.
✶✶ Ensure data quality: Clean the data, handle missing values, and remove duplicates.

•• Data Exploration:
✶✶ Explore the data: Analyse customer demographics, usage patterns, and churn rates through visualisations
and statistical summaries.
✶✶ Preprocess data: Simplify numerical features, convert categorical variables, and create new metrics like
customer tenure.
•• Modelling:
✶✶ Select techniques: Choose machine learning algorithms suitable for classification tasks, such as logistic
regression, decision trees, and random forests.
✶✶ Train models: Use the prepared data to train multiple models, adjusting hyperparameters and performing
cross-validation to optimise performance.
•• Evaluation:
✶✶ Evaluate models: Assess the performance of each model using metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and
F1-score.
✶✶ Compare models: Compare the performance of different models to select the best-performing one for
deployment.

22 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

•• Deployment:
✶✶ Deploy model: Integrate the selected model into the company's customer management system to predict
churn risk for new customers.
✶✶ Monitor performance: Monitor the model's predictions in real-time, track churn rates, and gather feedback
from customer service interactions.
In this example, each phase of the AI project cycle builds upon the outputs of the previous phase:

AI Project Cycle Mapping Template

Problem Solving Data Acquistion Data Exploration Modelling Evaluation Deployment

The telecommunications Gather customer Analyse customer Select machine Evaluate Integrate
company wants to demographics, demographics, learning each the model to
reduce customer churn usage patterns, usage patterns, algorithms for model's predict new
rates. service history, and churn rates classification, performance customer
and churn with visualisations like logistic using churn risk.
status data and statistical regression, accuracy,
from company summaries. decision trees, precision,
databases. and random recall, and
forests. F1-score.

•• Problem Scoping: States the problem that needs attention.

•• Data Acquisition: Data Acquisition consists of two words: Data and Acquisition. Data refers to the raw facts,
figures, information, or statistics; where as, acquisition refers to acquiring data for the project.
•• Data Exploration: It is the first step of data analysis which is used to visualise data. It generates insights used
to inform modelling decisions.
•• Modelling: Develops predictive models based on insights gained from data exploration.
•• Evaluation: Assesses model performance by the feeding the data into the model and comparing the output
with the actual answers. It is used to determine the best model for deployment.
•• Deployment: Integrates the selected model into the company's systems for real-world usage.
The feedback loop continues as the deployed model's performance is monitored, and insights gathered are
used to refine future iterations of the AI solution.

Difference between Ethics and Morals

Ethics and morals are related concepts often used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings and
applications. The word Ethics originated from the Greek word ethos. The meaning of ethos is a character. The
word Morals originated from the Latin word Mos. The meaning of Mos is custom.

Aspect Ethics Morals

Definition Rules provided by an external source Principles regarding right and wrong held by
an individual
Source Institutions, organisations, societal norms Personal beliefs, cultural norms, religious
teachings
Application Specific situations and professional practices Personal behaviour and conduct

AI Reflection, Project Cycle and Ethics 23

 Aspect Ethics Morals
Objective Maintain order and fairness in society Foster personal integrity and align with
personal values

Examples Medical ethics, business ethics, legal ethics Personal beliefs about honesty, integrity,
kindness

Origin External and often codified Internal and subjective

Scope Consistent within a profession or society Varies between individuals

Enforcement Enforced by external bodies (e.g., professional Self-governed and enforced by individual
organisations, legal systems) conscience

Flexibility Can change over time to reflect new norms or More stable over time, but can evolve with
societal changes personal growth

Ethics and Personal Data

Ethics play a crucial role in handling personal data, focusing on privacy, consent, transparency, and data security.
Privacy ensures that individuals' personal information is respected and protected, requiring organisations to
collect , use, share, and process data in ways that maintain confidentiality. Consent involves obtaining clear and
explicit permission from individuals before collecting, sharing, processing, or using their data, ensuring they
are informed about how their data will be used and giving them the option to withdraw consent. Transparency
means being open about data collection practices, clearly communicating what data is collected, how it is used,
stored and analysed, and who it is shared with. Data security involves implementing strong measures to protect
personal data from unauthorised access, breaches, and other threats, ensuring the integrity and safety of the
information. These ethical principles help build trust and ensure responsible data management.

What are the Principles of AI Ethics?

Ethics in AI encompasses the moral principles, values, and guidelines that govern the development, deployment,
and use of artificial intelligence systems.

Inclusion Human
Rights

Privacy Bias

24 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

•• Human Rights: This principle emphasises that AI solutions should respect, protect, and uphold fundamental
human rights. This includes rights such as privacy, freedom of expression, freedom from discrimination, and the
right to a fair trial. AI systems should be designed and implemented in a way that they does not infringe upon
these rights and should be held accountable if they do.
•• Bias: Bias in AI refers to the unfair or unjust treatment of individuals or groups based on characteristics such
as race, gender, age, or socioeconomic status. Bias can be unintentionally introduced into AI systems through
biased training data, flawed algorithms, or skewed decision-making processes. Addressing bias in AI involves
identifying, mitigating, and preventing bias at every stage of the AI development lifecycle, from data collection
and preprocessing to model training and deployment.
•• Privacy: Privacy concerns the protection of individuals' personal data and their right to control how that data
is collected, used, and shared. AI systems often rely on vast amounts of data, which may include sensitive
information about individuals. It is essential to implement robust privacy measures, such as data anonymisation,
encryption, and user consent mechanisms, to ensure that AI solutions respect individuals' privacy rights and
comply with relevant data protection regulations.
•• Inclusion: Inclusion in AI refers to ensuring that AI solutions are accessible, equitable, and beneficial for all
members of society, regardless of factors such as race, gender, disability, or socioeconomic status. This involves
considering the diverse needs, perspectives, and experiences of different user groups throughout the design,
development, and deployment of AI systems. Inclusive AI design aims to prevent the exacerbation of existing
inequalities and to promote equal opportunities and outcomes for all individuals.

By adhering to these AI ethics principles, developers and organisations can contribute to the creation of AI
solutions that are not only technically robust but also ethically sound, socially responsible, and aligned with the
values and interests of society.

At a Glance
•• AI project cycle is the process of converting the real-life problem into an AI-based model.
•• Data exploration is the first step of Data Visualisation. It refers to the techniques and tools used to visualise data
through complex statistical methods.
•• Evaluation: This stage is the testing of the system, where we check if the model can achieve required goals or not.
•• An AI project cycle is essential because it provides a structured framework for developing, deploying, and maintaining
AI systems.
•• Model Evaluation is the last stage of the AI Project development cycle.
•• Evaluation of an AI model can be done using various terminologies. It is used to determine the best model for
deployment.
•• Confusion matrix is a tabular structure which helps in measuring the performance of an AI model using the test
data.
•• The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve is a graphical representation that illustrates the diagnostic ability
of a binary classifier system as its discrimination threshold is varied.
•• The deployment phase of the AI project cycle is when the AI model is put into use in a real-world setting.
•• AI Project Cycle Mapping Template presents how different stages are related with each other and how the functions
performed in every phase forms an input for the next phase.
•• Ethics and morals are related concepts often used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings and applications

AI Reflection, Project Cycle and Ethics 25

 Exercise
Solved Questions
SECTION A (Objective Type Questions)
uiz
A. Tick ( ) the correct option.
1. What is the primary objective of cycle of AI projects
a. To create complex AI models quickly.
b. To simplify the process of converting problems from the actual world into code.
c. To provide a structured framework for managing AI projects.
d. To reduce the cost of developing AI-based remedies.

2. What is the initial stage of an AI project's lifecycle?

a. Outlining the technology specifications for the AI model.
b. Converting the real-world problem into an AI job with precise definitions.
c. Compiling and preparing the data required for the AI model's training.
d. Selecting the AI algorithm that works best for the given job.

3. Which of the following metrics may be produced from a confusion matrix?

a. Execution time and Memory usage b. Recall, Precision, Accuracy, and F1 Score
c. Learning rate and Batch sise d. Data acquisition and Data cleaning

4. What is the primary purpose of the confusion matrix while evaluating an AI model?
a. To measure the execution time of the model
b. To identify the best algorithm for the model
c. To measure the performance of an AI model using the test data
d. To optimise the hyper parameters of the model

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. The ………………………. involves several key stages, each building upon the previous one to develop, deploy, and maintain
an AI system effectively.
2. The term ………………………. means collecting raw data for the purpose of reference or analysis for the project.
3. ………………………. refers to the techniques and tools used to visualise data through complex statistical methods.
4. ………………………. is the stage of the AI Project development cycle that is used to determine the best model for
deployment..

C. State whether these statements are true or false.

1. Problem scoping means selecting a problem and finding a solution for it using AI technology. ……….……
2. The deployment phase of the AI project cycle involves integrating the model into the production
environment and does not require any further monitoring. ……….……
3. Evaluation is a process that critically examines a program. ……….……
4. Receiver Operating Characteristic curve plots the true positive rate (TPR) against the false positive rate (FPR)
at various threshold settings. ……….……

26 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 SECTION B (Subjective Type Questions)

A. Short answer type questions:

1. How many stages are there in the AI project cycle? Write their names.
Ans. There are six stages of any AI project life cycle: Problem Scoping, Data Acquisition, Data Exploration, Modelling,
Evaluation, Deployment.
2. What are the parameters that are used for the evaluation of a model?
Ans. There are two important parameters which are used for the Evaluation of a model. These are:

Prediction: It is the output given by the AI model using Machine Learning algorithm.

Reality: It is the real scenario of the situation for which the prediction has been made.

B. Long answer type questions:

1. What are the difference between Modelling and Evaluation stages of the AI project life cycle?
Ans. Modelling is the design phase of the project cycle. In this stage, we select the best way to reach the solution. It requires
the process of selecting the right algorithm to develop a working model for the project. The algorithm is converted
into a model. Whereas, Evaluation is the testing of the system, where we check if the model can achieve required goals
or not. If the model is not fulfilling the requirements, the model or even the data can be changed. Once the developer
feels the project is ready, the project will be put into working conditions and then deployed and handed over to the
user. If the deployment stage is not reached, the project is of no use.
2. What are the advantages of evaluating a model?
Ans. Following are the some of the advantages of evaluating a model:

• Evaluation ensures that the model is operating correctly and optimally.

• Evaluation is an initiative to understand how well it achieves its goals.

• Evaluations help to determine what works well and what could be improved in a program.

• Evaluation determines the best model for deployment.

Unsolved Questions
SECTION A (Objective Type Questions)
uiz
A. Tick ( ) the correct option.
1. What is covered by the ethical principle in terms of handling personal data?
a. Privacy b. Consent
c. Transparency d. Data Security

2. Which ethical principle places the most focus on disclosing information about data collection methods and making it
clear what data is collected and how it will be used?
a. Keeping data collection practices secret
b. Collecting data without informing individuals
c. Obtaining clear and explicit permission from individuals before collecting or using their data
d. Sharing data with third parties without notification

3. Which of the following is NOT a fundamental human right that AI solutions should respect?
a. Freedom of expression b. Right to a fair trial
c. Right to own slaves d. Privacy

AI Reflection, Project Cycle and Ethics 27

 4. What is the PRIMARY concern regarding bias in AI systems?
a. It can be computationally expensive to address.
b. It can lead to unfair or unjust treatment of individuals.
c. It can slow down the development of AI models.
d. It can make AI models less accurate.

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. ………………………. involves collecting and analysing information about a program’s activities, characteristics, and
outcomes.

2. The ………………………. curve is a graphical representation that illustrates the diagnostic ability of a binary classifier system
as its discrimination threshhold is varied..

3. Protecting individuals' personal data and their right to control how it's used is a core principle of AI ethics called
………………………. .

4. Ensuring that AI solutions are accessible and beneficial for all members of society, regardless of background, is referred
to as ………………………. .

C. State whether these statements are true or false.

1. ROC is a metric that is used to find out the accuracy of the model. ……….……

2. The capacity of an organisation to collect and use personal data without harming confidentiality is referred
to as privacy in data ethics. ……….……

3. Data security is the use of strong security measures to prevent unauthorised access and breaches of
personal data. ……….……

4. AI systems should only be designed by human rights experts to ensure they are ethical. ……….……

SECTION B (Subjective Type Questions)

A. Short answer type questions:

1. What measures are implemented at the deployment phase of the AI project cycle to ensure that the AI model can
operate in an actual setting?

2. Why are tools for recording, reporting, and monitoring so important throughout the AI project's deployment phase?

B. Long answer type questions:

1. Explain the True Positive Rate and False Positive Rate.

2. What are the differences between Ethics and Morals?

In Life
A robotic vacuum cleaner, sometimes called a robovac or a roomba as a generic trademark, is an autonomous robotic
vacuum cleaner which has a limited vacuum floor cleaning system combined with sensors and robotic drives with
programmable controllers and cleaning routines. Do robot mops work? Can they be replaced by our conventional house
helps?

28 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 Deep Thinking
Its vacation time, and you have a flight to catch to go for vacation. List down all examples of AI that you encounter from
entering the airport till you reach your hotel room.

king
al Thin
Lab Comput
ation

1. Make a presentation on the stages of AI Project cycle.

2. Using an online AI tool, fetch the information about principles of AI Ethics. Using this information make
a collage in any word processor package.

Answers
Quiz
1. c 2. b 3. b 4. c

Exercise
B. 1. AI project cycle 2. data acquisition 3. Data exploration 4. Model Evaluation
C. 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True

AI Reflection, Project Cycle and Ethics 29

 Ready 1
1. What is the meaning of deployment? Can this term be used only for AI project?

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

2. How is prediction used in our daily life? Give an example

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

3. List any two examples of TRUE Positive cases that exists in our day to day life.

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

4. Explain the term "Inclusion" as one of the principles of AI Ethics. Give an example.

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

…………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

30 Touchpad Artificial
Supplement Artificial
Intelligence
Intelligence
(Ver.
(Ver.
2.0)-IX
2.0)-IX
 UNIT-2

DATA LITERACY

Learning Outcomes

• Defining Data Literacy • Data Pyramid and Its Different Stages

• Why is Data Literacy Essential? • Impact of Data Literacy
• How to Become Data Literate? • Data Literacy Process Framework
• Data Security and Privacy • Acquiring Data, Processing, and Interpreting Data
• Data Acquisition/Acquiring Data • Usability, Features and Preprocessing of Data
• Data Processing and Data Interpretation • Methods of Data Interpretation
• Types of Data Interpretation • Importance of Data Interpretation
• Using Tableau for Data Presentation

Data refers to any collection of raw facts, figures, or statistics that can be stored and processed by a computer.
It can be in different forms like numbers, text, images, audio, and video etc.

Defining Data Literacy

Literacy refers to the ability to read, comprehend and use information effectively.
Data + Literacy = Data Literacy

Data literacy means knowing how to understand, work with, and talks about data. It’s about being able to
collect, analyse, and show data in ways that make sense.

Data Literacy 31
Data literacy is essential because it enables individuals to make informed decisions, think critically, solve
problems, and innovate.

Data Literacy

Ability to read, comprehend,

Raw facts or figures
analyse and communicate.

Data literacy is the ability to understand,

interpret, analyse and communicate with data.

Video Session
Scan the QR code or visit the following link to understand the Data Literacy:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhO_t-c3yJY
1. What are the TakeAway from the given video?

2. What is the definition of data and data literacy, and how do these concepts impact our
ability to understand and use information effectively?

Data Pyramid and Its Different Stages

The Data Pyramid is a conceptual model that illustrates the hierarchical structure of data processing, depicting
the progressive transformation of raw data into actionable wisdom. It starts with raw data, which initially has
no use. Through processing and analysis, this data evolves into meaningful information, then knowledge, and
ultimately wisdom. This transformation enables informed decision-making and a deeper understanding of the
world around us.

Wisdom Why?

How? Knowledge

Who? What?
Information
When? Where?

Raw Data and

Information Data

32 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

Different Stages of the Data Pyramid
The DIKW Pyramid represents the relationships between data, information, knowledge and wisdom. Each building
block is a step towards a higher level - first comes data, then is information, next is knowledge and finally comes
wisdom. Each step answers different questions about the initial data and adds value to it. Let's learn about them.
•• Data (Base Level)
✶✶ In this stage data is in its most basic form, unprocessed and unstructured.
✶✶ It has no meaning and is not very useful in this form.
•• Information
✶✶ It is a processed data that collectively carries a logical meaning.
✶✶ It is obtained by analysing raw data to make it easier to measure, visualise and analyse for decision making.
✶✶ By asking relevant questions about 'who', 'what', 'when', 'where', etc., we can derive valuable information from
the data and make it more useful for us.
•• Knowledge
✶✶ It is useful information that leads to a deeper understanding.
✶✶ It represents a more profound comprehension of how things happen.
✶✶ It is the ability to use information to achieve desired output.
•• Wisdom (Top Level)
✶✶ It represents the highest level of understanding. Wisdom is knowledge applied in action.
✶✶ It is the ability to understand why things are happening in a particular way.
✶✶ It involves critical thinking to interpret data and make good consistent decisions.

Let's understand Data Pyramid with a simple "Traffic Light" example:

I need to stop the car

Wisdom

Traffic light in my direction has turned red

Knowledge

South facing traffic light on ABC street has turned red

Information

Red, Traffic_Light_1
Data
Let us see another example of Creating a Data Pyramid for planning a picnic as a student after receiving the
official letter from school:

Decision-making based on a holistic understanding of the picnic

Wisdom experience and its broader implications.

Significance of the picnic and its potential impact on social

Knowledge
interaction, relaxation, and personal well-being.

Information Researching the picnic location to learn about its amenities, facilities, and
nearby attractions. checking the weather forecast for the picnic day.

Data What to bring, dress code, and expected behavior.

Data Literacy 33
 Task
Can you try another example of creating a Data Pyramid for preparing a speech on the occasion of “Technology
Day”?

Wisdom

Knowledge

Information

Data

Sudha attended three consecutive presentations and rated them as follows:

● the first was 'outstanding,'
● the second was 'poor,' and
● the third was 'satisfactory.'
Can you filter the data from this statement? Are the ratings of the same type?

Why is Data Literacy Essential?

Data literacy can equip individuals with skills and knowledge to improvise in a tech and data driven world. There
are countless reasons why data literacy is critical to an organisation. Some of these are:
● Data literacy enhances decision making ability in individuals
based on evidence. Based on sources of data, emerging trends
and interpretations, individuals can make decisions that are data-
driven.
● Data literacy is able to cultivate critical thinking skills to
understand and explore data’s implications by questioning
assumptions, to reach logical conclusions, identifying patterns,
and evaluating evidence and data accuracy.

34 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

● Data literacy helps in analytically producing solutions to problems that helps people in developing critical
thinking skills. It enables user to tackle complex problems and derive meaningful relevance.
● Data literacy fuels innovation by providing tools and techniques to explore data from different perspectives.
It helps in innovating to meet the requirements of emerging trends and market demands.

Impact of Data Literacy

Data literacy has an immense impact on various aspects of society like business, education, healthcare, and
public policy as given below:
● Business: It can lead to growth and innovation and helps companies maintain their competitive edge in a
tech-focused world. Data-literate employees can effectively analyse data to gain insights into market trends,
customer behaviors, and operational performance.
● Education: It empowers the teaching-learning process. In the field of education, data literacy is essential for
both students and educators. Students can better understand and analyse information, while educators can
use data to tailor instruction and identify areas where students may need additional support. Students can
engage more deeply with course material, particularly in STEM fields.
● Healthcare: Healthcare professionals can use data to improve diagnostics, treatment plans, and patient monitoring.
Hospitals and clinics can use data to optimise resource allocation, reduce waste, and improve operational efficiency.
● Public policy: Policymakers can use data to design, implement, and evaluate policies more effectively. Data literacy
promotes transparency, allowing the public to hold policymakers accountable through data-driven evidence.
● Social equity: Data literacy can highlight disparities in areas such as education, healthcare, and employment and
can promote social equity. It helps ensure that resources are distributed effectively to areas of greatest need.

Task
Let us do an activity to understand the impact of Data Literacy
Impact of News Articles (Select any trending news)
Session Preparation Logistics:
For a class of 40 Students [Pair Activity]
Materials Required:

Item Quantity
Online Data Sources Clues NA
Computers 20
Purpose:
The purpose of this activity is to engage participants in various scenarios that involve collecting data and
analysing its sources. Emphasising the importance of validating data sources, the aim is to instill the concept
of data literacy. By understanding how authentic data sources contribute to reliable and unbiased decision
making, participants will develop critical skills for navigating and interpreting data effectively.
Brief: [Pair Activity]
Participants will search the internet for data sources, extracting key information to support their decisions.

Data Literacy 35
 Author of the Weblink to the How was the situation Key figures in the
Source Source described by the Source source

You have to rank the sources of the news articles from most accurate to least, state reasons for your choice.

Rank Data Source Remarks

So, we can conclude that every data tells a story, but we must be careful before believing the story.

How to Become Data Literate?

Data literate is a person who can interact with data to understand the world around them and derive meaningful
information from data. Some key points that help you to become a data literate are as follows:
•• Data identification and sourcing: Identify the source of data to find whether the data is reliable or not.
•• Understand the basics: Learn the concepts of data, types of data and how it can be used as not all data is
suitable for every kind of analysis.
•• Learn data analysis tools: There are many data analysis apps available that can be learned in order to understand
the impact of right data. Analysis involves using statistical tools or software to interpret the data. This can include
calculating simple averages to more complex tasks.
•• Gain statistical knowledge: Statistics play a vital role in data literacy. Its one of the vital components that must
be learned before you dive into the data driven world.
•• Use data visualisation: Understand the techniques of data visualisation graphics, charts. Tools like tableau,
matplotlib, python can be used effectively.
•• Learn data manipulation: Understanding how to manipulate data to meet the requirements is also one of the
key factors. Methods like filtering, sorting, grouping and omitting are essential for extracting insights from large
data set.
•• Practise data cleaning: Learning to remove data redundancy and data inaccuracy is essential to be data literate.
This may include dealing with missing values, removing outliers, or transforming data into a format suitable for
analysis.

36 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 Reboot
1. What does the term "data literacy" mean?

2. What makes data literacy indispensable?

Task
Let us do an activity:
Scenario: Buying a video game online.
Data literacy helps people research about products while shopping over the Internet.
How do you decide the following things when we are shopping online?
1. Which is the cheapest product available?

2. Which product is liked by the users the most? CREDIT CARD

3. Does a particular product meet all the requirements?

4. When will the product delivered?

A data literate person can –

● Filter the category as per the requirement – If the budget is low, select the price filter as low to high.
● Evaluate the Reviews and Ratings to have a better understanding of the product by checking the user
ratings of the products.
● Check for specific requirements in the product.

Data Literacy Process Framework

The data literacy framework provides a comprehensive and structured approach to develop the necessary skills
for using data efficiently and with all levels of awareness. Each level builds upon the previous one, fostering a
deeper and more understanding ability to work with data.

Data Literacy 37
Here are the typical levels of awareness in a Data Literacy Process Framework:

Any program starts with

Introduce the participants Prescriptive learning shall
a discussion on defining
to a data literacy provide a set of resources
the goal, understanding
assessment tool and find for individuals to choose
the participants,
their comfort level with from in alignment to their
execution strategy and
the data. learning style.
timeframe

Plan Communicate Assess Develop Prescriptive Evaluate

Culture Learning

The adopted program

Design a communication Design an evaluation
will improve data literacy
plan explaining the metric for the program
skills through learning
purpose of the goal and decide on how
and will be imbibed into
and requesting for frequently progress will
the existing culture with
commitment towards it. be measured.
time.

Plan
Planning sets a clear roadmap and structured approach to enhance data
literacy across different levels of awareness. You can:
● define the specific and measurable goals.
● develop a timeline and milestones for achieving these goals.
● identify and allocate resources needed (e.g., budget, tools, personnel).

Communication
Clear and consistent communication about data literacy will ensure an
efficient data literacy framework within an organisation. This involves:
● designing a well formulated communication plan to explain the
purpose of the goal and requesting commitment from the team
towards it.
● sharing stories and case studies that demonstrate the positive
impact of data literacy. It will help in motivating and encouraging
the team.
● monitoring continuously the effectiveness of communication efforts and make adjustments as needed. It will
help in minimising the risk of any associated costs.

Assess
Introducing participants to data literacy assessment tools and finding
out how comfortable they are with data is crucial in a data literacy
program. This process will help to:
● see what skills they already have
● identify what they need to learn
● create customised training plans for them

38 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 Develop Culture
To integrate data literacy skills into the organisational culture it is
important to make data-driven decision-making a fundamental part of
everyday work. This will help:
● leaders play a crucial role in fostering this data-driven culture in an
organisation.
● in training programs to build data literacy skills through learning
across all levels.
● in encouraging a collaborative environment that will lead to imbibing
this new culture into the existing culture with the time.

Prescribe Learning
By implementing a prescriptive learning approach, organisations
can provide a set of diverse resources that align with individual
learning styles. This approach ensures that there is:
● customised learning journeys tailored according to different
people( for example different educational background) based
on individual needs and preferences.
● a variety of learning materials that caters to different learning
styles and help in easier grasping of concepts.
● enough leverage or advantage to the learners to progress at their own pace, accommodating their schedules
and learning speeds.
● create an environment that make learners to feel comfortable and gain new skills in an environment to
supports continuous learning and encourages self-directed exploration.
● each participant can choose the materials and methods that work best for them, leading to more effective
learning and greater improvement in data literacy skills over time.

Evaluate
Designing an evaluation metric for the data literacy program involves
creating a structured framework to assess participants’ progress and
the effectiveness of the program overall. It helps to:
● improve participants’ overall data literacy skills.
● establish clear criteria to measure the success of the data literacy
program and individual participant growth.
● establish a schedule for assessing participant progress to monitor
their development over time.

Data Literacy Framework – an Iterative Process

This means the development and enhancement of data literacy skills are not static or one-time event. Instead,
they evolve through continuous cycles of learning, application, and refinement.

Data Literacy 39
•• Learning
✶✶ Learning is the initial stage where individuals acquire new knowledge and skills related to data literacy.
✶✶ Individuals engage in various learning activities such as formal training sessions, online courses, reading
materials, and hands-on workshops to gain insights into data concepts, tools, and methodologies.
•• Application
✶✶ Application involves putting acquired knowledge and skills into practice in real-world contexts.
✶✶ Individuals apply what they have learned to analyse real datasets, solve data-related problems, and make
informed decisions.
✶✶ They are engaged in data projects, experiments, or simulations to gain practical experience and develop a
deeper understanding of data concepts.
•• Refinement
✶✶ Refinement focuses on reflecting the past experiences, identifying areas for improvement, and enhancing
data literacy skills over time.
✶✶ Feedback from peers, mentors, supervisors, and outcomes of data-related activities informs the refinement
process, guiding individuals to adjust their practices accordingly.

Reboot
1. List down the levels of Data Literacy Process Framework.

Data Security and Privacy

The terms data security and data privacy are often used interchangeably, but they mean different things. Data privacy
determines who can access the data, while data security involves tools and policies to restrict access to the data.

Data Privacy It is governing how data is collected, shared, and used.

Data Security It is protecting data from attackers who might want to misuse it.

What is Data Privacy?

Data privacy referred to as information privacy is concerned with the proper handling, processing, storage,
and usage of sensitive data including personal data and other confidential data, such as certain financial data
and intellectual property data, to meet regulatory requirements as well as protecting the confidentiality and
immutability of the data.
So, when we talk of Data Privacy, it is expected that any platform or individuals who have access to this information
ensures that data is used in a way that respects and fulfills legal requirements and compliance of handling privacy
rights. These include how the data is collected and shared for usage and who all have access to data.

40 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

Given below are two examples which may compromise our data privacy.

Terms of Service

Before you purchase this design, you must

agree to our Terms of Service. You can read
the Terms of Service here
Downloading
I agree to the Terms

Downloaded an unverified Accepted the Terms of Service

mobile application without reading

Why is Data Privacy Important?

It is important because:
● data breach at a government agency can put top secret information in the hands of an enemy country.
● data breach at a hospital can put personal health information in the hands of those who might misuse it.
● data breach at a corporation can cause put proprietary data in the hands of a competitor.
● data breach at a school can inconvenience to the parents, by getting continuous calls from tuition and
coaching centers cause annoyance and stress.
The following best practices can help you ensure data privacy:
● Understanding what data you have collected, how it is handled, processed, used, and where it is stored.
● Only necessary data required for a project should be collected.
● User consent while data collection must be of utmost importance.

What is Data Security?

Data security involves safeguarding digital information from unauthorised access, corruption, or theft throughout
its entire lifecycle. Essentially, security means protecting anything from theft and misuse. Data security is related
to securing sensitive data. It aims to prevent unauthorised access, theft, or corruption of data, regardless of
whether the data is personal or not. Systems and networks must be established to prevent malicious and
fraudulent activities from harming, destroying, misusing, or stealing crucial digital data.

Why is Data Security Important?

Cyber attacks are becoming more frequent as a result of the growing
volume of data stored in the cloud. The best course of action given the
volume of traffic being produced is to regulate and secure the transmission
of private or sensitive data everywhere that it is known to exist. Avoid
entering sensitive information, such as your address, PAN, or Aadhar
number on unrecognised and unsafe websites.
The most possible reasons why data security is more important now are:
● A constant fear Cyber-attacks affect all the people.
● The fast-technological changes will boom cyber attacks.
● A persistent fear everyone is impacted by cyberattacks.
● Rapid technical advancements will increase the frequency of cyberattacks.
Data Literacy 41
Types of Data Security Controls
Different types of data security controls are as follows:
● Strong Passwords: Strong password is a combination of atleast 8
characters with upper and lower-case letters, numbers, and special
characters that is difficult for unauthorised individuals or automated
programs to guess or crack. It is a very basic step that one should take
and never share the same with even the most trusted ones. Avoid using
birth dates, anniversary dates, common combinations of numbers.
Some examples of strong passwords are: m#P52s@ap$V, “N4&vQ2! p”.

● Authentication: It also refers to multi-factor authentication (MFA) and is

an additional security layer in online data systems. After a user enters their
password to log in, MFA requires them to provide one or more additional
forms of authentication to verify their identity. This could include one-
time generated code as a security token in smartphones or emails or a
fingerprint or facial recognition, or Passwords or PINs.

● Access Controls: Access controls refer to the security measures and protocols to
restrict access to sensitive data, ensuring that only authorised individuals or
entities can view, modify, or interact with it. This reduces the risk of unauthorised
access by limiting the number of users who can interact with sensitive data.

● Data Backup: Data backup refers to the process of creating copies of

data to ensure that it can be restored in the event of data loss due to
natural disasters, accidents, cyber-attacks, or other unexpected events.
Sometimes physical backup media is used to secure in access-controlled
environments. Another method to secure data can be the cloud backup
which is considered more reliable.

● Encryption: Encryption is a security technique that transforms readable data

(plaintext) into an unreadable format (ciphertext) using an algorithm and an
encryption key. This process ensures that only authorised individuals with
the correct decryption key can access the original data. Encrypted data is
meaningless if captured by attackers.

● Data Disposal: Data disposal refers to the process of securely destroying

or deleting data that is no longer needed to prevent unauthorised access,
recovery, and misuse. Proper data disposal practices are essential to
ensure that sensitive and confidential information does not fall into the
wrong hands. Paper documents, CDs, DVDs, and other physical media
can be shredded to render them unreadable. It is also referred as data
erasure or data destruction.

42 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

•• F
 irewall and Antivirus Software: Using firewall and antivirus software can
stop and alert users of any suspicious activity happening on their device.
With the timely updated versions of the same, can go a long way in ensuring
data security. Firewall use pre-configured rules to inspect all the packets
entering and exiting a network and, therefore, help stop malware and other
unauthorized traffic from connecting to devices on a network.

•• Data masking: It obscures data so that, even if criminals exfiltrate it, they
can't make sense of what they stole. Unlike encryption, which uses encryption
algorithms to encode data, data masking involves replacing legitimate data
with similar but fake data. This data can also be used by the company in
scenarios where using real data isn't required, such as for software testing or
user training.

•• T
 raining: Corporates must take up regular Data Security sessions
of their staff to sensitise them about following the data protection
processes being implemented and the importance of doing so.
Making them conscious of suspicious emails, links that they might
receive, not leaving their devices unlocked when unattended, keeping
software's up to date and not sharing passwords, are some of the
things that can be taken up.
•• A
 udits and Testing of Security System: Regular audits and testing of security policies, integrated malware
protection, firewalls, Wi-Fi connections security, Hardware-based security, checking applications security, email
security and compliance also play very important role in maintaining data privacy and providing data security.
•• O
 ther Basic Preventions: Being aware of surroundings and threats from insiders, complying with security
regulations which might be shared by entrusted agencies or bodies which track online cyber activities all across
the world are few other ways to provide cyber security.

Differences between Data Security and Data Privacy

Data Privacy Data Security
Data privacy ensures the ethical and lawful use of data. Data security ensures the protection of data from
unauthorised access and breaches
It focuses on how data is collected, used, shared, and It focuses on safeguarding personal data, business
stored so that the rights of individuals over their data data, intellectual property, and many more from
is protected. various threats.

How are Data Security and Data Privacy related to AI?

Data Security and Data Privacy are crucial components in Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Data Security in AI
AI systems often rely on vast amounts of data for training and operation. Unauthorised access and tampering
could lead to inaccurate AI models and compromised outcomes. Many AI applications process sensitive data,
such as personal, financial, or health-related information. Strong data security measures can stop data breaches
and unauthorised access.
Data Literacy 43
Data Privacy in AI
Data privacy brings the ethical use of AI. This ensures that AI systems comply with data privacy laws and
regulations (such as GDPR, CCPA) to help protect individuals’ rights and maintain public trust. AI systems must
ensure that data is collected, shared, and used in ways that users have explicitly consented to, maintaining
transparency and trust.

Best Practices for Cyber Security

Cybercrime is undoubtedly one of the fastest-growing crimes in the world and it continues to all the industries. To stay
protected from cyber attacks, one needs to be aware of the most up-to-date cybersecurity tips and best practices.

Cyber security involves protecting computers, servers, mobile devices, electronic systems, networks, and data from
harmful attacks. The best practices for cyber security are constantly evolving to keep up with the cyber threats.
Reference Links:

Video Session
Scan the QR code or visit the following link to understand the Internet safety tip for online
security:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aO858HyFbKI

What are some key takeaways from the video session on online security, specifically
regarding best practices for protecting personal information?

Task
Refer the given link and answer the following questions:
https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/documents/Cyber%20Safety.pdf
1. What are the key online security practices discussed in the PDF that can help protect personal information
from cyber threats?

2. What essential digital etiquette guidelines were highlighted in the PDF to ensure respectful and effective
online communication?

44 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

The following are the list of Do's and Don’t ‘s to be followed for best practices of cyber security:

Do’s Don’t’s
● U
 se strong, unique passwords with a mix of ● A
 void sharing personal info like real name or
characters for each account. phone number.
● A
 ctivate Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) for ● D
 on’t send pictures to strangers or post them on
added security. social media.
● D
 ownload software from trusted sources only and ● D
 on’t open emails or attachments from unknown
scan files before opening. sources.
● Prioritise websites with "https://" for secure logins. ● Ignore suspicious requests for personal info like
● Keep your browser, OS, and antivirus updated. bank account details.
● A
 djust social media privacy settings for limited ● K
 eep passwords and security questions private.
visibility to close contacts. ● D
 on’t copy copyrighted software without
● Always lock your screen when away. permission.
● Connect only with trusted individuals online. ● A
 void cyberbullying or using offensive language
● Use secure Wi-Fi networks. online.
● R
 eport online bullying to a trusted adult ● D
 on't respond to phone calls or emails asking for
immediately. confidential data.
● D
 o use privacy settings on social media sites to ●D
 on't leave wireless or Bluetooth turned on when
restrict access to your personal information. not in use.

Reboot
1. How are Data security and Data Privacy related?

2. List down the practices that can help you ensure data privacy.

Acquiring Data, Processing, and Interpreting Data

Working with data involves three key steps: acquiring, processing, and interpreting. First, gather data from
sources like surveys and databases. Next, process it by cleaning and organising it for accuracy.
Finally, analyse the data to find patterns and insights that help make informed decisions.

Types of Data
In statistics, various types of data are gathered, analysed, interpreted, and presented. These data consist of
individual factual pieces recorded for analysis. Data analysis involves interpretation and presentation, producing
statistics to get some meaningful insight from that data. Data classification and handling are crucial processes
that use multiple tags and labels to define data, ensuring its integrity and confidentiality. Artificial Intelligence is
crucial, with data serving as its foundation. We come across different types of data and information every day.

Data Literacy 45
 Data

Textual Numeric

Continuous Discrete

Nominal Data Ordinal Data

Data can be broadly classified under Textual data and Numeric Data as explained.

Textual Data (Qualitative Data)

Textual data is the information that is written or expressed using words and language. It includes things like
articles, books, emails, messages, and any other written content. Instead of numbers, it's made up of letters,
words, and sentences that convey meaning and information. Qualitative data is also called Categorical data.
Example: “Learning AI is fun”
Qualitative data is further categorized into two categories that includes,
•• Nominal Data
•• Ordinal Data

Nominal Data
It consists of categories or names that cannot be ordered or ranked. Nominal data is often used to categorize
observations into groups, and the groups are not comparable. Examples of nominal data include gender (Male
or female), and blood type (A, B, AB, O).

Ordinal Data
It consists of categories that can be ordered or ranked. Ordinal data is often used to measure opinions, where
there is a natural order to the responses. Examples of ordinal data include education level (Elementary, Middle,
High School, College), job position (Manager, Supervisor, Employee), etc.

Numeric Data (Quantitative Data)

Numerical data means information that's in numbers, not words or descriptions. It's often called quantitative
data because it's collected as numbers and can be used for math and stats. For instance, if you know the total
number of workers and how many are men, you can figure out how many are women by subtracting. This ability
to do math with numerical data makes it great for doing statistics and analysing data.
For example, Marks, Temperature, Height, Weight, etc.

46 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

Qualitative Data versus Quantitative Data
Quantitative Data Qualitative Data

Data is depicted in numerical terms Data is not depicted in numerical terms.

Can be shown in numbers and variables like Could be about the behavioural attributes of a person, or
ratio, percentage, and more things.

Example: 100%, 1:3, 123 Examples: loud behaviour, fair skin, soft quality, and more.

Numeric data can be further classified as Continuous Data and Discrete Data:

Continuous Data Discrete Data

Continuous data can take as a numeric value Discrete data refers to distinct single values. It consists
given within a range. of whole numbers without decimal parts that represent
distinct categories or values.
Continuous data is measurable. Discrete data is countable.

This type of data can be infinitely subdivided Discrete data cannot be subdivided meaningfully.
and often includes decimal points.

Often used to analyse using statistical It is used to analyse using frequency distributions, bar
techniques such as mean, median, standard charts, and probability distributions.
deviation, and correlation.
Example: Dimensions of classroom, Height, Examples: Number of girls and boys in class, Number of
Weight, Temperature, Time, etc. subjects in class 9th, Count of anything.

AI Domains and Type of Data

Various types of data are utilised across different domains to train models, make predictions, and generate
insights. Here are the types of data commonly used in three key domains of AI.

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

 atural Language Processing (NLP) is a field of computer science and a subfield of artificial intelligence that
N
aims to make computers understand human language. It all about teaching, training computers to understand
and work with human language. Types of data used in NLP are:
● Textual Data: This includes a wide range of written text, such as articles, books, emails, social media posts,
web content, PDF files, etc.
● Audio Data: Audio recordings of spoken language, which are transcribed into textual data.

Computer Vision
 omputer Vision is a field of artificial intelligence (AI) that uses machine learning and neural networks to teach
C
computers to derive meaningful information from digital images, videos and other visual inputs. It is like giving
eyes to computers. It helps them look at pictures and videos from the real world and understand what they’re
seeing. With Computer Vision, computers can figure out what’s in a picture or video, just like we do. They can
recognise objects, people, and even actions happening in videos.

Data Literacy 47
Types of data used in Computer Vision include:
● Image Data: Digital images captured by cameras or satellite imagery, medical scans, and surveillance footage.
● Video Data: Video data captured using camera

Machine Learning
 achine Learning is like teaching computers to learn from examples and make decisions on their own. Imagine if
M
you showed a computer lots of pictures of dogs and cats, and you told it which ones were dogs and which ones
were cats. After seeing many examples, the computer learns to tell dogs and cats apart on its own. Types of data
used in Machine Learning include:
● Numeric Data: Data taken from tables, Excel sheets, etc.

DAT
A1
DAT
A2
DAT
A3
DAT
A4
04

22
03

20
21
02

20
20
20
19
20
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

Visual data Textual data Numeric data

e.g. Images, Videos e.g. Documents, PDF files e.g. Tables, Excel sheets

CV NLP SD
Computer Vision Natural language Processing Statistical Data

Task
Let us now do an exercise to categorise the given data as Textual Data (Qualitative Data) or Numeric Data
(Quantitative Data):

Temperature
Gender
Show size
Comment on social media
Favourite colour
Newspaper article
Population number in a state
Email
Heart rate
Weight of a person

48 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 Data Acquisition/Acquiring Data

Data acquisition, also known as acquiring data, refers to the procedure of gathering data like raw facts, figures or
statistics from relevant sources either for reference or for analysis needed in AI projects. This involves searching
for datasets suitable for training AI models. The process typically comprises three key steps and plays a crucial
role in obtaining and preparing data for analysis.

1
Data
searching for new datasets
Discovery

2
Data Data
adding more data to the existing data
Acquisition Augmentation

3
Data
generating data if data is not available
Generation

Let’s say we want to collect data for making a CV model for a self-driving car.
The three key steps involved in Data Acquisition are given below:
Step 1: Data Discovery
Data discovery is about hunting for valuable information in different places, checking if it’s good quality, and
making sense of what we find. In the above example:
● We will require pictures of roads and the objects on roads.
● We can search and download this data from the Internet.

Data Literacy 49
Step 2: Data Augmentation
Data augmentation is the process of increasing the
amount and diversity of data. We do not collect
new data, rather we transform the already present
data. Data augmentation means increasing the
amount of data by adding copies of existing data
with small changes. The image given here does not
change, but we get data on the image by changing
different parameters like colour, rotation, flipping and
brightness. New data is added by slightly changing
the existing data.
In the above example:
● We apply flipping and rotation transformation to create variations of the original images.
● We also simulate occlusions such as objects partially blocking the view to train the model to handle obstructed
scenarios.
Step 3: Data Generation
Data generation refers to generating or recording data using sensors. Recording temperature readings of a building
is an example of data generation. Recorded data is stored in a computer in a suitable form.

In the above example, of self driving car. Data acquisition is done for creating fake driving scenarios with
different road conditions, traffic patterns, weather, and lighting to cover many possible situations.

Task
Visualise that you are in a big, mysterious forest and searching for hidden treasure.
Write four observations you will be making for finding the treasure and categorise them under the
heads viz: Data discovery, Data augmentation and Data generation.

Observations Categories

1. …………………………..……..………………………..……....……....…….. …………………………..……..………………………..……....……....……..

2. …………………………..……..………………………..……....……....…….. …………………………..……..………………………..……....……....……..

3. …………………………..……..………………………..……....……....…….. …………………………..……..………………………..……....……....……..

4. …………………………..……..………………………..……....……....…….. …………………………..……..………………………..……....……....……..

50 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

Sources of Data Acquisition
Various Sources for Acquiring Data can be Primary or Secondary as given below:

Primary Data Sources

The data generated from the experiment is an example of primary data. Some of the sources for primary data include
surveys, interviews, experiments, etc. Here is an Excel sheet showing the data collected for students of a class.

Name Gender Address Phone Percentage

Ridham Female A-12 Ramesh Nagar 5555555555 92

John Male K-15 Pitampura 5557777888 89

Rohit Male G-2 Faridabad 2323232323 90

Gaurav Male L-3 Karolbagh 3987678931 87.5

Secondary Data Sources

Secondary data sources are the external sources for collecting data, rather than generating it personally. Some
sources for secondary data collection are: Published Literature, Government Publications, Market research
reports, etc.

• UCI is a collection of
• Countries like
databases, domain
Australia, EU, India,
theories, and data
New Zealand, and
generators in
Singapore are openly
collaboration with
sharing datasets on
various portals Dataset Search the University of
Massachusetts

• Kaggle is an online
• This is a toolbox
community of data .gov by Google that can
UCI
scientists where you
can access different datasets search for data by
name Machine Learning Repository
types of data

Best Practices for Acquiring Data

1. Set Clear Goals: Understand why you need the data and what you want to achieve; specify the type, format,
and detail level required.
2. I dentify Data Sources: Use primary data you collect yourself (surveys, interviews) and secondary data from
others (reports, databases).
3. Evaluate Sources: Ensure data sources are trustworthy, relevant, accurate, and current; get necessary
permissions and respect privacy.
4. Collect and Prepare Data: Use surveys, interviews, sensors, and web scraping; clean data by fixing errors,
removing duplicates, and anonymising.
5. Validate, Document, and Store: Cross-check and sample for accuracy, keep detailed records and meta-
data, store data securely, and regularly update it while following laws and regulations.
Data Literacy 51
Checklist of factors that make data good or bad
Here’s a checklist of factors that can help determine whether data is of good quality (good) data or poor quality
(bad) data:

Good Data Bad Data

• Information is well structured • Information is scattered

• It is accurate • Contains a lot of incorrect values
• It is consistent • Contains missing and duplicate values
• It is cleanly presented • It is poorly presented
• Contains information which is • Contains information which is not
relevant to our requirement relevant to our requirement

Data Acquisition from Websites

The process of collecting data from websites using software is called Data Scraping. It is a common method for
extracting information from websites. It is commonly known as Web Scrapping.
Just like you might copy text from a book or form your friend, data scraping involves copying information from
websites. But instead of doing it manually, we use special tools or programs to do it automatically. These tools
can navigate websites, find the information we want, and copy it into the required format.
We scrape websites to get data needed for different reasons. It can be collecting prices for market research,
news articles for analysis, or customer reviews for a product.
While web scraping is not illegal, using data without permission is illegal. Think of web scraping like picking fruit
from someone else’s garden without their permission and it is also about what you do with the fruit afterwards
Using data with permission is legal and ethical, just like getting permission from the owner of garden to take
fruit. It’s all about respecting the rights of the website owner and following the rules.

Ethical Concerns in Data Acquisition

While gathering data and choosing datasets, certain ethical issues can be addressed before they occur:

Take steps to understand and avoid any preferences

Bias or partiality in data

Take necessary permissions before collecting or

Consent using an individual's data

Explain how you intend to use the collected data and

Transparency do not hide intentions

Protect the identity of the person who is the source

Anonymity of data

Take responsibility for your actions in case of misuse

Accountability of data

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 Usability, Features and Preprocessing of Data
Data is indeed a collection of information gathered through various means such as observations, measurements,
research, surveys or analysis. This information can include a wide range of elements like facts, numbers, names,
figures, or descriptions of things. To make data easier to understand and analyse, it is often organised into
formats such as graphs, charts, or tables.

Usability of Data
Let's take an example of completing a school project. You need clear instructions, a neat workspace, and accurate
information. Similarly, using data effectively relies on its clarity, organisation, and accuracy. There are three
primary factors determining the usability of data:
1. Structure of Data: Defines how data is stored. Data needs to have a clear structure. It should be organised
in a way that makes sense so that it can be used effectively.
Like when your mother starts cooking your favourite food she ensures before cooking that all ingredients
are available and are put in order for smooth and organised cooking.
For example:
Marks of a students arranged in a spreadsheet.

Rohit Rawat a student with ID

10187 of Class 12 Section D has
scored 72%.

Spreadsheet – Good structure Text document – Poor structure

Data is stored in a sheet with the details of each Data is stored in a text document
individual stored according to a set of rules. with no set of organising rules.
2. Cleanliness: Clean data should not have duplicates, missing values, outliers, and other anomalies so that
its reliability and usefulness for analysis is not affected. In the given example, cleaning of data removes the
duplicate values.

3. Accuracy: Accuracy is same as reliability so it indicates how well the data matches real-world values. Accurate
data closely reflects actual values without errors, enhancing the quality and trustworthiness of the dataset.
When your measurement is accurate, it makes your data really good. It’s like having a gold star on your
homework—it shows you did a great job!
Data Literacy 53
 In the example given below, we are comparing data gathered for measuring the weight of 12 eggs in a box in
grams.

Task
Open a website https://www.kaggle.com. Kaggle is like a playground for data enthusiasts! It’s an online
platform where people from all over the world come together to play with data, learn new things, and
compete in data science competitions.
Do this
The Titanic competition on Kaggle is a classic and beginner-friendly challenge that introduces you to the
basics of data analysis and machine learning. The goal is to predict whether a passenger survived the Titanic
shipwreck based on factors like age, gender, ticket class, and more.
Explore:
Kaggle provides tutorials and notebooks to help you get started with the Titanic competition. You can find
them under the “Notebooks” tab on the competition page.

Features of Data
Data features are also called the characteristics or properties of the data. They describe each piece of information
in a dataset. They define what each data point represents and help us make sense of the data. For example,
● In a table of student records, features could include things like the student’s name, age, or grade.
● In a photo dataset, features might include properties like the colour present in each image, the resolution,
brightness, or the presence of certain objects.

These features help us understand and analyse the data. In AI models, we need two types of features: Independent
and Dependent.

Independent
Independent variables (sometimes called predictor variables) are those that are used to generate predictions
about or to account for the variation in the dependent variable (the goal). These features are the input to the
model—they’re the information we provide to make predictions.

Dependent
The dependent variable is the variable about which predictions or explanations are being sought. These features
are the outputs or results of the model—they’re what we’re trying to predict. For example, imagine we’re
building an AI model to predict students’ final exam grades based on various factors. The independent features
would include:

54 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

•• Study Hours: The number of hours a student spends studying.
•• Attendance: Whether the student attended classes regularly or not.
•• Previous Grades: The grades the student received in previous exams.
•• Extracurricular Activities: Participation in extracurricular activities, such as sports or clubs.
The dependent feature, in this case, would be:
•• the final exam grade—the outcome or prediction that the model gives us.
Together, they help us understand and improve student outcomes using AI-driven predictions.

Input Processing Output

2 hr, 80%,
A
B Badminton
AI
3 hr, 90%, Model A+
A NaN

•• The independent variable is the cause. Its value is independent of other variables in your study.
•• The dependent variable is the effect. Its value depends on changes in the independent variable.

Data Preprocessing
Data preprocessing is an essential phase in the machine learning process that prepares datasets for effective
machine learning applications. It is the process of detecting and correcting (or removing) corrupt or inaccurate
records from a dataset. It includes multiple processes to clean, transform, reduce, integrate, and normalise data.
Data
Data Data Feature
Data Cleaning Integration &
Transformation Reduction Selection
Normalisation

Data Processing and Data Interpretation

Data processing means preparing and analysing raw information to train models or
predict outcomes, including tasks like cleaning and training. Data interpretation in AI
involves analysing model outputs to understand patterns, refine models, and make
informed decisions.
Observe and answer the following:
● How many large lollipops are there in the given picture?
● If each large lollipop represents 5 units of sweetness, how much total sweetness do
the three lollipops represent?
● Among the small round candies, which colour appears most frequently?
● What is the ratio of green round candies to blue round candies?

Data Literacy 55
● How many pink round candies are there in the image?

Data Processing Relates to Operation on data to produce

meaningful information.

Relates to Analysing data to arrive at meaningful

Data Interpretation
decisions.

Data Processing
Data processing involves tasks to refine raw data for analysis or application, including cleaning, organising,
transforming, and summarising information.
● It ensures data accuracy, relevance, and accessibility for effective decision-making and analysis.
● It is crucial across various sectors like business, science, and technology, facilitating better utilisation of data
assets.
● Data processing helps computers understand raw data.
● Use of computers to perform different operations on data is included under data processing.

Data Interpretation
Data interpretation is the process of making sense of data by analysing it to uncover patterns, trends, and
insights. It involves examining the data to understand its meaning, implications, and significance, helping to
inform decision-making and draw conclusions.
● It is the process of making sense out of data that has been processed.
● The interpretation of data helps us answer critical questions.

Process of Data Interpretation

● Acquire: This initial step involves gathering raw data from diverse sources such as surveys, databases, or
sensors. It ensures that all relevant information is collected to provide a comprehensive dataset for analysis.
● Process: Once the data is collected, it undergoes cleaning and organisation to remove errors, inconsistencies,
or irrelevant information. This step ensures that the data is in a standardised format and ready for further
analysis.
● Analyse: In this phase, the cleaned and organised data is scrutinised to identify patterns, correlations,
or trends. Statistical methods, algorithms, or data visualisation techniques may be employed to extract
meaningful insights from the data.
● Interpret: After analysing the data, the results are interpreted to derive actionable insights or conclusions.
This involves understanding the implications of the analysis findings in the context of the problem or question
at hand.
● Present: The final step involves presenting the interpreted findings in a clear and engaging manner. This
could include visualisations such as tables, graphs or charts, along with concise summaries, to effectively
communicate the insights derived from the data analysis.

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 Acquire Process Analyse Interpret Present

These steps make sure that working with data is organised, complete, and useful, so that organisations can
make smart choices based on the data.

Methods of Data Interpretation

Data Interpretation is the process of making sense out of a collection of data that has been processed. This
collection may be present in various forms like bar graphs, line charts and tabular forms and other similar forms.

There are two ways to interpret data-

Quantitative Data
Data Interpretation Interpretation
Methods
Qualitative Data
Interpretation

Quantitative Data Interpretation

It is the process of analysing and understanding quantitative or numeric data. This type of data often comes
from surveys, experiments, and numerical measurements. Quantitative data provides statistical insights and
helps in identifying patterns and trends. It requires statistical methods and techniques like mean, median,
standard deviation, etc. to interpret the data.
● The interpretation of quantitative data focuses on measurable outcomes and numerical relationships.
● It helps us answer questions like “when,” “how many,” and “how often”.
For example: (how many) numbers of likes on the Instagram post.

Data Collection Methods in Quantitative Data Interpretation

Data collection methods in quantitative data interpretation involve systematic techniques like surveys and
experiments to gather numerical data. These approaches ensure data accuracy, facilitating reliable analysis and
inference across various fields such as social sciences and healthcare. Following are some application areas of
quantitative data interpretation:

● Interviews: Quantitative interviews play a key role in collecting information.

● Polls: A poll is a type of survey that asks simple questions to respondents. Polls are usually limited to one
question.
● Observations: Quantitative data can be collected through observations in a particular time period.

Data Literacy 57
● Longitudinal Studies: A type of study conducted over a long time
● Survey: Surveys can be conducted for a large number of people to collect quantitative data.

Steps to Quantitative Data Analysis

The four steps involved in quantitative data analysis are:
1. Relate measurement scales with variables: Understand the type of data you have and match it with the
appropriate measurement scale. For example, if you are looking at student grades, use ordinal (A, B, C) or
ratio (numeric scores) scales.
2. Connect descriptive statistics with data: Use statistical measures to summarise and describe your data.
For example: If you have test scores for a class of students, calculate the mean score to know the average
performance, the median to understand the central tendency, and the standard deviation to see how varied
the scores are.
3. Decide a measurement scale: Choose the appropriate scale to measure your data based on the type of variable
and the level of detail required. For example, for measuring weight, use a ratio scale because weight can be zero
and can be measured precisely.
4. Represent data in an appropriate format: Display your data in a way that makes it easy to understand and
interpret. For example, if you want to show the distribution of test scores in a class, you might use a histogram.
If you want to show the relationship between study hours and test scores, a scatter plot would be appropriate.

Qualitative Data Interpretation

It is the process of analysing and understanding non-numeric data. This type of data is unstructured and often
comes from interviews, surveys, observations, or textual content. Qualitative data tells us about the emotions
and feelings of people. Qualitative data interpretation is focused on insights and motivations of people

Data Collection Methods in Qualitative Data Interpretation

Data collection methods in qualitative data interpretation involve techniques such as interviews and observations
to gather rich, descriptive data for nuanced analysis, fostering deeper understanding of complex human
experiences and behaviors. Some methods are as follows:
•• Record keeping: This method utilises the documents that are reliable and well curated and other similar sources
of information as the data source that are verified and maintained. It is similar to going to a library.
•• Observation: In this method, data is collected by observing the participants, their behavior and emotions,
carefully,
•• Case studies: In this method, data is collected from case studies.
•• Focus groups: In this method, data is collected after a group discussion on topics of relevance.
•• Longitudinal studies: In this data collection method, data is collected on the same data source repeatedly over
an extended period of time.
•• One-to-one interviews: In this method, data is collected using a one-to-one interview.

Open Ended Surveys and Questionnaires

They allow organisations to collect views and opinions from respondents without meeting in person.

58 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 Reviews by customers – Qualitative data

Pizza Veg farmhouse Jim and his friends are regular

toppings here pizza is the customers and Veg farmhouse
are so tasty! best here! pizza is a popular choice

Task
Let’s do a small activity based on Identifying trends.
•• Visit the link: https://trends.google.com/trends/?geo=IN (Google Trends)
•• Explore the website
•• Check what is trending in the year 2024 – Global
✶✶ Make a list of trending sports (top 5)
✶✶ Make a list of trending movies (top 5)
•• Check what is trending globally in the year 2024

List of trending athletes (top 5) List of trending movies (top 5)

Steps to Qualitative Data Analysis

The five steps involved in qualitative data analysis are:
1. Collect data: Gather qualitative data through various methods to understand people’s experiences, opinions,
or behaviors. This is done through interviews, surveys, observations, or documents. For example, a researcher
interviews patients about their experiences with a new healthcare app, recording their responses for further
analysis.
2. Organise and connect the qualitative data: Prepare and arrange the collected data in a systematic way
to make it easier to work with. For example, The researcher transcribes the recorded interviews into text
documents and organises them by participant or interview date.

Data Literacy 59
3. Set a code to the data collected: Assign labels or codes to different parts of the data to identify themes,
patterns, or categories. For example, the researcher reads through the interview transcripts and highlights
sections discussing “ease of use,” “technical issues,” and “benefits of the app,” tagging them with corresponding
codes.

4. Analyse your data for insights: Examine the coded data to identify deeper patterns, relationships, and
insights. For example, The researcher groups codes related to “ease of use” and “technical issues” into a
broader theme of “user experience” and analyses how these themes impact overall user satisfaction with the
app.

5. Reporting on insights derived form analysis: Present the findings clearly, using quotes and visual aids to
support your conclusions and recommendations. For example, the researcher writes a report highlighting
the main themes along with positive and negative feedback.
Difference Between Qualitative and Quantitative Data Interpretation

Qualitative Data Interpretation Quantitative Data Interpretation

Categorical Numerical

Provides insights into feelings and emotions Provides insights into quantity

Answers how and why Answers when, how many or how often

Methods – Interviews, Focus Groups Methods – Assessment, Tests, Polls, Surveys

Example question – Why do students like attending Example question – How many students like attending
online classes? online classes?

Task
Word Puzzle
Instructions:
•• Partner with a person to play the game.
•• There will be three rounds of Word puzzle.
•• After 3 rounds, answer the questions given on the next slide.
Now answer the following questions:
•• Who won round one?
•• Who won round two?
•• Who won round three?
If you answered any of the above questions, you collected data!

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 Types of Data Interpretation
There are three ways in which data can be presented:

Data Interpretation Types

Textual Tabular Graphical

Textual DI
Data is put into words, like in a paragraph, which works well for small amounts of data that can be easily
understood. But for larger amounts, this type of presentation may not be the best because it can get too
complicated. For instance, a paragraph might describe how a company's sales went up in the first quarter, and
how many units of each product they sold, as well as improvements in customer satisfaction.

Tabular DI
Data is organised systematically in rows and columns within a table, facilitating structured representation. In the
example given below, the title of the table, "Students Marks Analysis," provides a descriptive overview of the
table's content, summarising the analysis of student marks within the table.

Graphical DI
Some of the graphs include bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, and scatter plots, which help in visualising trends,
relationships, and distributions within the data.

Data Literacy 61
Bar Graphs
In a Bar Graph, data is represented using vertical and horizontal bars.

Pie Charts
 ie charts resemble pies, with each slice representing a portion of the
P
whole pie assigned to different categories. These circular charts are divided
into sections, and the size of each section corresponds proportionally to its
value within the dataset.

Line Graphs
A line graph connects data points to illustrate changes in quantity over time, aiding in visualising trends and patterns.

62 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 Reboot
Quiz Time: AI Quiz
Session Preparation
Logistics: For a class of 40 Students [Pair Activity]
Materials Required:
ITEMS QUANTITY
COMPUTERS 20

Brief:
The following are questions for the quiz. You can either go for a Pen/Paper Quiz or you can visit any
open-sourced, free, online portal; one of which is Kahoot, and create your quiz there. For Kahoot:
Go to https://kahoot.com/ and create your login ID. Then, add your own kahoot in it simply by
adding all the given questions into it. Once created, you can initiate the quiz from your ID and
students can participate in it by putting in the Game pin.
Quiz Questions
1. What are the basic building blocks of qualitative data?
a. Individuals b. Units c. Categories d. Measurements
2. Which among these is not a type of data interpretation?
a. Textual b. Tabular c. Graphical d. Raw data
3. Quantitative data is numerical in nature.
a. True b. False
4. A Bar Graph is an example of ………………………. data interpretation.
a. Textual b. Tabular c. Graphical d. None of the above
5. ………………………. relates to the manipulation of data to produce meaningful insights.
a. Data Processing b. Data Interpretation
c. Data Analysis d. Data Presentation

Importance of Data Interpretation

Data interpretation is crucial as it transforms raw data into actionable insights, guiding informed decision-
making. By analysing and understanding data, organisations can uncover trends, patterns, and relationships,
enabling them to optimise strategies, mitigate risks, and drive growth.

Informed Decision Making

A decision is only as good as the knowledge it is based on. It means when we analyse data, we get a clearer
picture of what’s going on. This helps us make decisions that are more likely to lead to success.
For example, if the average height of students is known, school can custom design the chairs and tables according
to the requirement of the class.

Reduced Cost
Identifying needs can lead to reduction in cost. It means by knowing what’s necessary, we can cut down on
waste. We can use resources more efficiently and not spend money on things that aren’t important.

Data Literacy 63
For example, restaurant owner could decide to drop/modify some dishes of the menu which aren’t popular or
have got bad reviews.

Identifying Needs
We can identify the needs of people by data interpretation. It means understanding what people want or require
by looking at the information we have.
For example, in a Pizza Shop there are possibilities that Veg Farmhouse Pizza is a popular choice among age
group 8-10.

Using Tableau for Data Presentation

Using Tableau for data presentation involves connecting to various data sources, creating diverse visualisations,
and enabling interactive features. It supports sharing and collaboration, offers advanced analytics capabilities,
and promotes best practices for clear and effective data communication.

What is Tableau?
Tableau is a powerful data visualisation and business intelligence tool for visualising and analysing data in order
to aid in business choices. It takes in data and produces various charts, graphs, maps, dashboards, and stories.

Steps to Download Tableau

1. Visit the link https://public.tableau.com/en-us/s/download
2. Click on DOWNLOAD TABLEAU PUBLIC. It will display the given screen where you enter your details.

3. Click on the DOWNLOAD THE APP button to begin with the download process as shown below:

4. After finishing with the downloading of the files, double-click the installer of the Tableau Public Desktop.
The Tableau Public 2024.1 Setup wizard opens.

64 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

5. Select the I have read and accept the terms of the license agreement check box to accept the terms of
the license agreement.
6. Click on the Install button. Process of installation begins as shown below:

As soon as the installation process is over the application is ready for use.

You can also open the Tableau application by double-clicking the shortcut icon of the Tableau application on
the Desktop.

Data Literacy 65
Creating a Bar Graph Using Tableau
The steps to draw a Bar Chart in Tableau are as follows:
1. Create an Excel file and save it as student.xlsx with
the following data:
2. Double-click on the Tableau app shortcut icon on the
Desktop.
The Tableau app opens.
3. Select the Microsoft Excel option from the Connect
pane to access the Excel data that is used for visualising
the representation in Tableau. The Opens dialog box
appears.
4. Navigate the location where the Excel file is stored.
5. Select the student.xlsx file
6. Click on the Open button.

The data of the Excel file is displayed in the Data Source window.
7. Click on Sheet 1 in the Sheet tab.

66 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

The data of the Sheet 1 of student.xlsx. In the Data pane, you will see the fields Student, Subject, and Score.

8. Drag the Student field to the Columns shelf.

9. Drag the Score field to the Rows shelf.
10. Drag the Subject field to the Columns shelf. Tableau generates a bar graph, as shown below:

You can sort the bars in graph in ascending or descending order by clicking the Ascending or Descending
option in the toolbar.

Changing Colour of the Graph

To make a colourful bar graph, drag the Subject field from the Data pane and place over the Color option in the
Marks card.

Data Literacy 67
A colourful Bar Graph is generated as shown below:

Changing Label of the Graph

The steps to change the label of the graph are as follows:
1. Click on the Label option in the Marks card. This opens up a box that allows us to change the font type, size,
colour, etc.
2. Select the Show mark labels check box to show the labels on the graph.
3. Change the font type and size according to your requirement. In this case, we have changed the font size to
12 and the font to Comic Sans MS. The labels are displayed in the graph with the specified font type and
size.

Change the Graph Type

Tableau often auto-selects the graph type based on the data. If the default graph type does not suit your data,
you can change it accordingly. Perform the following steps to change the graph type:
1. Click on the Show Me button. The Show Me panel appears.

68 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

2. Select the desired graph type from the Show Me panel. In this case, we have selected the Packed Bubbles
chart type. The type of the graph will be changed to Packed Bubbles chart type.

Duplicating a Chart
The steps to duplicate a chart are as follows:
1. Right-click the sheet in the Sheet tab whose chart you want to duplicate.
2. Select the Duplicate option from the context menu. A duplicate sheet is added in the Sheet tab.

Save and Share a Workbook

Once you have created a graph, you can save your workbook. The steps to save your Tableau Public workbook
are as follows:
1. Click on the File Æ Save as option from the menu bar. The Save as dialog box opens.
2. Navigate the location where you want to save you workbook.
3. Type the name of the workbook in the File name text box.
4. Click on the Save button. The tableau public workbook is saved with the specified name.
You can export the tableau workbook as package by selecting the Export Packaged Workbook options in the
File menu.
You can also share your tableau workbook by saving it to Tableau Public or Tableau Server if you have access
to those services. For this, you need to select the Save to Tableau Public option in the File menu.

Video Session
Scan the QR code or visit the following link to understand about tableau:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLCzpPRCc7U

How Ben solved his business related issue using Tableau?

Data Literacy 69
 Task
Your favourite songs
•• Think about songs! Which songs do you like to listen to? Which songs do you love to sing?
•• Do you have a favorite song, artist, album, or playlist?
•• Let’s start thinking about the different aspects of a song, like instruments played and lyrics.
•• Do your favorite songs have anything in common?
•• Maybe your favorite music falls within the same genre.
✶✶ A genre refers to the different styles of music.
✶✶ Common genres include hip-hop, pop, alternative, and rock.
✶✶ Classifying songs by genre, and other traits allows us to see trends in our favorite music.
✶✶ All of this information is valuable data that we can count, summarise, and present!

Instructions
•• Draw a grid with 6 columns as shown.
•• Title the first column Song Name, then write down the names of 5-10 of your favorite songs.
•• For this activity, we’re going to collect data about the Album, Artist, Genre, Year, and Song Length.
•• Add the headings to your table.
•• Fill out the table by looking up each song on Google, Spotify, or Apple Music.

Let’s visualise
•• Count the number of songs that fall into each genre.
•• M
 ake a bar chart to visualise the number of songs within each genre using your counting. Colour each bar
a different colour.
•• You will get a graph as shown in the image.

70 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

•• Using Data visualisation, can you tell which genre has the most songs?

Pop Funk Hip-Hop R&B

At a Glance
•• Data refers to any collection of raw facts, figures, statistics, or information that can be stored and processed by a
computer. It can be in different forms like numbers, text, images, audio, and video etc.
•• Literacy refers to the ability to read, comprehend and use information effectively.
•• To integrate data literacy skills into the organisational culture it is important to make data-driven decision-making
a fundamental part of everyday work.
•• Designing an evaluation metric for the data literacy program involves creating a structured framework to assess
participants' progress and the effectiveness of the program overall.
•• Data privacy referred to as information privacy is concerned with the proper handling of sensitive data including
personal data and other confidential data.
•• Data security is the practice of protecting digital information from unauthorised access, corruption, or theft
throughout its entire lifecycle.
•• Strong password is a combination of atleast 8 characters with upper and lower-case letters, numbers, and special
characters that are difficult for unauthorised individuals or automated programs to guess or crack.
•• Encryption is a security technique that transforms readable data (plaintext) into an unreadable format (ciphertext)
using an algorithm and an encryption key.
•• Data disposal refers to the process of securely destroying or deleting data that is no longer needed to prevent
unauthorised access, recovery, and misuse.
•• Using Firewall and Antivirus software can stop and alert users of any suspicious activity happening on their device.
•• Cyber security involves protecting computers, servers, mobile devices, electronic systems, networks, and data from
harmful attacks.
•• Data augmentation is the process of increasing the amount and diversity of data. We do not collect new data, rather
we transform the already present data.
•• The process of collecting data from websites using software is called Data Scraping.
•• Data processing refers to the manipulation and transformation of data into useful information through various
techniques and methods.
•• Data interpretation involves examining the data, identifying patterns, trends, and relationships, and translating the
findings into actionable information or decisions.
•• Data analysis is to examine each component of the data in order to draw conclusions.
•• Tableau is a powerful data visualisation and business intelligence tool for visualising and analysing data in order to
aid in business choices.

Data Literacy 71
 Exercise
Solved Questions
SECTION A (Objective Type Questions)
uiz
A. Tick ( ) the correct option.
1. Which of the following is not an example of data?
a. Audio b. Video
c. Text d. Hardware

2. The ………………………….. illustrates the progressive transformation of raw data into actionable wisdom.
a. Data b. Data literacy
c. Data Pyramid d. Information

3. The Data Pyramid begins with ………………………….. .

a. Top level b. Raw data
c. Information d. Knowledge 

4. Data literacy enhances ………………………….. ability in individuals based on evidence.

a. Programming b. Understanding
c. Decision making d. Information

5. Designing an ………………………….. metric for the data literacy program involves creating a structured framework.
a. Mathematical b. Logical
c. Skill d. Evaluation

6. ………………………….. is about hunting for valuable information in different places, checking if it's good quality, and making
sense.
a. Data discovery b. Data investigation
c. Data quality d. Data literacy

7. ………………………….. can recognise objects, people, and even actions happening in videos.
a. NLP b. Data Science
c. Data d. Computer Vision 
8. Which of the following is not the method of data collection in qualitative data interpretation?
a. Record keeping b. Observation
c. Case Studies d. Driving

9. ………………………….. should be organised in a way that makes sense so that it can be used effectively.
a. Data b. Knowledge 
c. Privacy d. Ethics

10. ………………………….. should not have duplicates, missing values, outliers, and other anomalies so that its reliability and
usefulness for analysis is not affected.
a. Text Data b. Clean data 
c. Visual data d. Ethical

72 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

B. Fill in the blanks.
1. ………………………. refers to any collection of raw facts, figures, statistics, or information that can be stored and processed
by a computer.

2. ………………………. is a person who can interact with data to understand the world around them.

3. ………………………. can equip individuals with skills and knowledge to improvise in a data driven world.

4. The data literacy ………………………. provides a comprehensive and structured approach to develop the necessary skills for
using data efficiently with all levels of awareness.

5. ………………………. means increasing the amount of data by adding copies of existing data with small changes.

6. The data generated from the experiment is an example of ………………………. .

7. Tableau is a powerful data visualisation and ………………………. tool

8. In ………………………. DI, data is represented systematically in the form of rows and columns.

9. Quantitative data interpretation is made on ………………………. data

10. In ………………………. data collection method , data is collected on the same data source repeatedly over an extended
period of time.

C. State whether these statements are true or false.

1. Data literacy framework is an iterative process.  ……….……

2. Data analysis is used to examine each component of the data in order to draw conclusions. ……….……

3. Qualitative data tells us about the numbers of the data.  ……….……

4. Data from people's experience is a data collection method in quantitative data.  ……….……

5. In a pie graph, data is represented using vertical and horizontal bars. ……….……

6. Data interpretation helps in making informed decisions by providing a clearer picture of the situation. ……….……

7. Descriptive statistics are not used in quantitative data analysis. ……….……

8. Reporting is one of the steps involved in qualitative data analysis.  ……….……

SECTION B (Subjective Type Questions)

A. Short answer type questions:

1. From the given image answer the following questions:

A B C D E F
In the given image typical levels of awareness in a Data Literacy Process Framework are shown.

Identify the labels marked as A, B, C, D, E, F

Ans. A- Plan

B- Communicate

C- Assess

D- Develop Culture

E-Prescriptive Learning

F- Evaluate

Data Literacy 73
 2. What is prescribed learning?
Ans. By implementing a prescriptive learning approach, organisations can provide a set of diverse resources that align with
individual learning styles.

3. What is Data Acquisition? Give an example

Ans. Data acquisition, also known as acquiring data, refers to the procedure of gathering data like raw facts, figures or
statistics from relevant sources either for reference or for analysis as needed in AI projects. For example: collection of
data to predict the topper of the school in the upcoming board examination.

4. Name the Sources of Data Acquisition

Ans. Sources for acquiring data can be Primary or Secondary.

5. Why is it important for data to be clean?

Ans. Clean data is free from duplicates, missing values, and anomalies, ensuring its reliability and usefulness for analysis.

6. What role does Tableau play in data presentation?

Ans. Tableau is a powerful tool for visualising and analysing data, aiding in business decisions by creating various charts,
graphs, maps, and dashboards.

7. Why is it important to choose the appropriate measurement scale for data analysis?
Ans. Choosing the correct scale ensures accurate measurement and representation of data, leading to valid analysis results.

8. Describe a scenario where identifying needs through data interpretation can lead to reduced costs.
Ans. A restaurant owner could use customer feedback data to modify or remove unpopular dishes from the menu, reducing
waste and costs.

9. What are some common features of bar graphs and line graphs?
Ans. Both graph types represent data visually, with bar graphs using bars and line graphs using points connected by lines to
show changes over time.

10. Give an example of a situation where record keeping would be a useful data collection method.
Ans. Using library documents as reliable and curated sources of information for data collection.

B. Long answer type questions:

1. Give the impacts of data literacy in Education and business?
Ans. Data Literacy has an immense impact on various aspects of society like business, education, healthcare, and public
policy, some of them are given here:

● Business: It improves the decision making skills of a person. Data-literate employees can effectively analyse data to
gain insights into market trends, customer behaviours, and operational performance.

● Education: It empowers the teaching-learning process. Students can engage more deeply with course material,
particularly in STEM fields.

2. List down the ways that will help you to become data literate.
Ans. Here is a guide to help you become data literate:

● Understand the Basics: Start from learning the concepts of data, types of data and how it can be used.

● Learn Data Analysis Tools: There are many data analysis apps available that can be learned in order to understand
the impact of right data.

● Gain Statistical Knowledge: Statistics play a vital role in data literacy. Its one of the vital components that must be
learned before you dive into the data driven world.

● Use Data Visualisation: Understand the techniques of data visualisation such as Graphics and Charts. Tools like
Tableau, matplotlib, python can be used effectively for this purpose.
● Learn Data Manipulation: Understanding how to manipulate data to meet the requirements is also one of the key

74 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 factors. Methods like filtering, sorting, grouping and omitting are essential for extracting insights from large data
set.

Practise Cleaning: Learning to remove data redundancy and data inaccuracy is essential to be data literate.

3. What are the steps involved in Data Acquisition?

Ans. The three key steps involved in Data Acquisition are as follows:

1. Data discovery is about hunting for valuable information in different places, checking if it's good quality, and making
sense of what we find.

2. Data augmentation It is the process of increasing the amount and diversity of data. We do not collect new data,
rather we transform the already present data. Data augmentation means increasing the amount of data by adding
copies of existing data with small changes.
3. Data generation It refers to generating or recording data using sensors. Recording temperature readings of a
building is an example of data generation. Recorded data is stored in a computer in a suitable form.

4. Explain the importance of having a clear structure in data and provide examples of good and poor data structure.
Ans. Clear structure in data ensures it is organised logically, facilitating efficient analysis and interpretation. For example,
marks of students arranged in a spreadsheet is a good structure, whereas a poor structure example if the student
records were stored in a disorganised manner, with inconsistent naming conventions or missing attributes, it would
impede data analysis and decision-making processes.

5. Why is Data Privacy important?

Ans. It is important because:

● A data breach at a government agency can put top secret information in the hands of an enemy state.

● A breach at a hospital can put personal health information in the hands of those who might misuse it.

● A breach at a corporation can put proprietary data in the hands of a competitor.

● A breach at a school can cause inconvenience to the parents, such as constant calling from tuition and coaching
centers that leads to disturbance.

6. Explain the term Computer Vision and the type of data used in this ?
Ans. Computer Vision is like giving eyes to computers. It helps them look at pictures and videos from the real world and
understand what they're seeing. With Computer Vision, computers can figure out what's in a picture or video, just like
we do with our eyes. They can recognise objects, people, and even actions happening in videos.

Types of data used in Computer Vision include:

● Image Data: Digital images captured by cameras or satellite imagery, and medical scans.

● Video Data: Video data captured using camera, and surveillance footage.

Unsolved Questions
SECTION A (Objective Type Questions)
uiz
A. Tick ( ) the correct option.
1. Data literacy is able to cultivate ………………………. skills to understand and explore data's implications by questioning
assumptions.
a. critical thinking b. programming
c. awareness d. probability

Data Literacy 75
 2. Data literacy fuels ………………………. by providing tools and techniques to explore data from different perspectives.
a. errors b. comprehension
c. innovation d. repetition 

3. ………………………. enables user to tackle complex problems and derive meaningful relevance.
a. Mathematics b. Trends 
c. project cycle d. Data literacy

4. Data literacy has an impact on which of the following?

a. Public Policy b. Cooking
c. Driving d. Jogging

5. By implementing a ………………………. learning approach, organisations can provide a set of diverse resources that align
with individual learning styles.
a. modern b. prescriptive
c. planned d. latest

6. The process of collecting data from websites using software is called ………………………. .
a. Data analysis b. Data reference
c. Data literacy d. Data Scraping

7. ………………………. is the process of increasing the amount and diversity of data.

a. Data augmentation b. Data filtering
c. Data processing d. Data modelling 

8. Digital images captured by cameras or satellite imagery, medical scans, and surveillance footage is ………………………. .
a. Text data b. Numeric data
c. Computer Vision d. Audio data

9. ………………………. is the process of making sense out of a collection of data that has been processed.
a. Data Interpretation b. Data scrapping
c. Data validation d. Data Handling

10. The ………………………. is the first step of data handling.

a. Plan b. Acquire 
c. Present d. Process

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. ………………………. refers to the ability to read, comprehend and use information effectively.
2. ………………………. is essential because it enables individuals to make informed decisions, think critically, solve problems,
and innovate.
3. ………………………. is a conceptual model that illustrates the hierarchical structure of data processing.
4. ………………………. data sources are the external sources for collecting data, rather than generating it personally.
5. ………………………. refers to generating or recording data using sensors.
6. ………………………. is all about teaching computers to understand and work with human language.
7. ………………………. are also called the characteristics or properties of the data.
8. Application involves putting acquired knowledge and ………………………. into practice in real-world contexts.

76 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 9. ………………………. is a combination of upper and lower-case letters, numbers, and special characters that are difficult for
unauthorised individuals or automated programs to guess or crack.
10. ………………………. refers to the process of creating copies of data to ensure that it can be restored in the event of data
loss due to natural disasters, accidents, cyber-attacks, or other unexpected events.

C. State whether these statements are true or false.

1. Data analysis is a common method for extracting information from websites. ……….……
2. Recording temperature readings of a building is an example of data generation. ……….……
3. Data augmentation is the process of increasing the amount and diversity of data.  ……….……
4. Secondary data includes data taken from surveys, interviews, experiments, etc.  ……….……
5. Good data has information scattered. ……….……
6. Data analysis is a common method for extracting information from websites  ……….……
7. Clean data should not have duplicates. ……….……
8. Accurate data closely reflects actual values with errors.  ……….……
9. Data features are also called the characteristics of the data.  ……….……
10. Data interpretation involves collecting the data.  ……….……

D. Match the following:

1. Computer Vision a. Primary

2. NLP b. Image Data

3. Textual Data c. Dataset search

4. Sources of data d. Data history

5. Data Discovery e. Audio Data

f. Qualitative Data

SECTION B (Subjective Type Questions)

A. Short answer type questions:

1. Image of a Data Pyramid is given here. Based on it, answer the following questions: A
i. What is a data pyramid?
B
ii. Name the areas marked as A, B, C, and D in the data pyramid.
C
iii. Give one important feature of each level.
D
2. Why is data literacy essential? List any two factors.
3. How can pie charts be useful in data presentation?
4. How does informed decision-making benefit from data interpretation?
5. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?
6. What is the purpose of data processing?
7. What is Kaggle and how can it be useful for data enthusiasts?
7. Define the term “Data Literacy Process Framework."
9. Why is the Data literacy framework an iterative process?
10. Give any two best practices that can help you ensure data privacy.

Data Literacy 77
B. Long answer type questions:
1. What are the ethical concerns while doing data acquisition?
2. Why is Data Security important?
3. Define the term “Data Backup."
4. How is Data Security Related to AI?
5. List any three best practices of cyber security.
6. Explain with example the two types of numeric data.
7. Explain in short the Types of Data used in three domains of AI.

C. Competency-based/Application-based questions:
1. Your teacher has asked students to give the choice of at least 3 co-curricular activities from the given list:
a. Painting e. Dance- Indian
b. Music - Western f. Best out of waste
c. Music - Indian g. English Theatre
d. Dance- Western h. Hindi Theatre
You're provided with a dataset containing errors, duplicates, and missing values. How would you approach organising
and cleaning this data to ensure its reliability and usefulness for analysis?
Outline the steps you would take to organise and clean the dataset, ensuring that it is free from errors, duplicates, and
missing values. Additionally, describe any methods or techniques you would use to address these issues and ensure the
dataset's reliability and usefulness for analysis.
2. The following dataset represents the students' academic performance, identify which features in the dataset would be
considered independent variables and which would be dependent variables in predicting students' final exam grade.

3. Examine the Following datasets:

Quantitative Data:
Number of petals on a flower: Height of flowers (in centimeters):
Rose: 32 Rose: 45
Lily: 24 Lily: 55
Sunflower: 89 Sunflower: 120
Tulip: 16 Tulip: 30
Qualitative Data:
Colour of flowers: Fragrance intensity:
Rose: Red Rose: Strong
Lily: White Lily: Mild
Sunflower: Yellow Sunflower: None
Tulip: Pink Tulip: Moderate

78 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 These datasets contain both quantitative data (number of petals and height) and qualitative data (colour and fragrance
intensity) for different types of flowers (Rose, Lily, Sunflower, Tulip).
a. Discuss the differences between quantitative and qualitative data interpretation.
b. Describe the methods and techniques commonly used for interpreting quantitative and qualitative data, highlighting
their respective strengths and limitations.
4. You are tasked with analysing the performance of a company's sales across different regions over the past year. How
would you utilise data visualisation techniques to present this information effectively to the company's stakeholders
during a quarterly review meeting? Describe the types of visualisations you would use and explain how they would help
convey the sales trends and patterns to the audience.

In Life
1. Prepare a questionnaire using Padlet.com, to know how data literacy is helpful in education.
2. Make a presentation to depict the Data Literacy Process Framework.

Deep Thinking
1. In today's digital age, data has become an incredibly valuable resource, much like gold was during the gold rush
era. In the context of Artificial Intelligence (AI), data is the raw material that fuels AI systems, How?
2. Who first said that Data is a new gold? Is data more precious than the gold? Justify

Lab
Ask students collect data of different coloured objects in the Lab and record it in a spreadsheet. Create a
basic bar chart to visualise the collected data using spreadsheet software. Later, ask students to present their
bar charts, followed by a brief discussion on the importance of data quality and ethical considerations in AI.

Answers
AI Quiz Section A (Objective Type Questions)
A. 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. d 6. a 7. d 8. d 9. a 10. b

Exercise
B. 1. Data 2. Data literate individual 3. Data literacy education 4. Framework
5. Data augmentation 6. Tabular 7. Numeric 8. Longitudinal
C. 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False
5. False 6. False 7. True 8. True
9. False 10. True

Data Literacy 79
 Ready 2
Answer the following questions:
1. Why do you think there’s a need to educate students about data literacy?

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..
2. Why is data privacy important? Give an example.

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..
3. What are the 3 C's of data literacy?

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..
4. What is meant by cyber attack? Give an example of it.

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

……………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………....................………………………………………..

80 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 UNIT-3
MATHS FOR AI
(STATISTICS & PROBABILITY)

Learning Outcomes

• How are Maths and AI Related? • Essential Mathematics for AI

• Statistics • Application of Statistics
• What is Probability in Statistics? • Applications of Probability

Mathematics is crucial to artificial intelligence (AI) because it provides the theoretical foundation and practical
tools for developing, assessing, and optimising AI systems. It is the backbone of AI algorithms and models,
empowering machines to process, analyse, and interpret vast amounts of data.
In general, mathematics guarantees that AI models are precise, effective, and able to resolve challenging issues.

How are Math and AI related?

Mathematics and AI are interconnected fields, with mathematics supplying the theoretical foundations for many
AI algorithms. Patterns are repeating designs or sequences that can be observed in numbers, shapes, images,
languages, or objects in our surroundings. They follow a specific order or arrangement, making them easily
recognisable. Mathematics aids in the study of these patterns. These patterns allow you to solve puzzles. They
helps identify an order or arrangement in lists of images or numbers. They are present everywhere around us.

Patterns in Numbers
Number patterns, often simply referred to as patterns, are sets of numbers that follow a specific order or rule.
There are various types of number patterns, including Fibonacci, geometric, algebraic, and arithmetic patterns.
Some tricks are given below for finding the patterns in numbers:
•• Number Sequences: Look for a sequence where each number is related to the one before it in a specific way.
This could be:
✶✶ Adding a constant value (e.g., 1, 4, 7, 10... +3 each time)
✶✶ Multiplying by a constant value (e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16... x2 each time)
✶✶ Following a formula (e.g., 2n + 1: 3, 5, 7, 9...)
•• Series: Analyse a series of numbers to identify the underlying rule for example square series, cube series, etc.
•• Even or Odd: Is the sequence made of even numbers (2, 4, 6...) or odd numbers (1, 3, 5...)?
•• Prime or Composite: Are the numbers prime (only divisible by 1 and itself) or composite (divisible by more
than two numbers)?
•• Fibonacci Sequence: This famous sequence starts with 0 and 1, and each subsequent number is the sum of the
two preceding numbers (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8...).

Maths for AI (Statistics & Probability) 81

Patterns in Images
Patterns in images refer to recurring visual elements or structures that can be recognised and analysed within
the context of an image. These patterns can be detected and utilised for various purposes, including image
recognition, classification, compression, and enhancement.
•• Repeating Shapes: Look for shapes that appear multiple
times in the image.
Are they of same size and colour?
Do they form a larger shape?
•• Symmetry: Does the image have a mirror effect where
one side reflects the other?
Is it symmetrical vertically, horizontally, or both?
•• Colour Patterns: Are there repeating colours or a specific
colour scheme used?
Do the colours alternate or follow a gradient?
•• Progression: Do the elements in the image change in size, colour, or position in a predictable way?

g
Thinkin
Critical
Task
1. Can you identify a pattern in the given image?

2×1 2×3 2×5 2×7 2×9

=2 =6 =10 =14 =18

2. Find the missing numbers in given series and draw the pattern.

0 1 4 25 36

3. How did you solve task 1 and 2?

82 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

Artificial Intelligence help computers to understand and recognise patterns, much like how humans do. Just as
we learn to recognise patterns in different things we see or hear, AI can do the same with various types of data,
whether it’s numbers, images, or even speech and text. These patterns help AI to solve puzzles – like identifying
dogs and muffins, or predicting flood, earthquakes, etc.

g
Thinkin
Critical
Task

Let’s think and answer a few more!

1. 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 - Can you find out the middle value from the given numbers?

2. 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,_____ – Can you find the next number in the given series?

3. 3, 6, 12, 24, ___, 96, ___ – Can you fill in the missing number and find the next number in the given series?

4. Identify the highest temperature in the given graph and mention the time of it.
Temperature v/s Time
Temperature

50
45
40
35
30

6 am 10 am 2 am 6 am
Time

5. How many faces are there in a dice?

6. How many sides does a coin have?

7. What is the shape of a ball?

Essential Mathematics for AI

Math will help us to better understand AI and its way of working, but what kind of math is needed for AI?
The kind of math needed for AI includes:
1. Probability and Statistics (exploring data): Probability theory and statistics are one of the key fundamentals
to many AI algorithms, particularly those involving machine learning. It is useful in tasks such as natural
language processing, computer vision, and decision-making.
2. Linear Algebra (finding out unknown or missing values): Linear algebra is involved in large scale data
processing playing a vital role in machine learning and AI. It performs operations in neural networks, image
processing, and data transformations.
3. Calculus (training and improving AI model): Calculus is essential for understanding the best possible
solution algorithms used in machine learning. It minimise mistakes and maximise the parameters of machine
learning models.
4. Graph Theory: Graph theory is used in AI representing trends using data visualisation.

Maths for AI (Statistics & Probability) 83

5. Information Theory: Information theory provides mathematical tools for data analysis.
6. Logic and set theory: Logic and set theory are used in concepts like expert systems, database systems
and knowledge graphs. Mathematics and AI are deeply integrated fields, with mathematics providing the
theoretical foundation for many AI algorithms and techniques.
7. Algorithm design: The design of the algorithms often uses mathematical principles and structures such as
functions, matrices and graphs.

Statistics
Statistics is used for collecting, exploring, and analysing the data. It also helps in drawing conclusions from data.
It enable AI systems to detect patterns, identify relationships, and infer conclusions from data.
•• Data is collected from various sources.
•• Data is explored and cleaned to be used.
•• Analysis of data is done to understand it better.
•• Conclusions and decisions can be made from the data.
Let’s consider an example to illustrate these steps:
A school wants to improve the performance of its students and decides to collect data on study habits and
grades.

• Collecting Data: The school conducts a survey where students report the number of hours they
study each week and their grades in various subjects.

• Exploring and Cleaning Data: The school first looks at the data to find patterns, like the
range of study hours and grades.
They also clean the data by fixing any missing or incorrect information (e.g., if some students
didn’t fill in all the fields or gave unrealistic answers).
• Analysing Data: The school summarises the average study hours and grades to get an overview.
They also check if there is a significant relationship between study hours and grades.

• Drawing Conclusions: The analysis might reveal that students who study more hours tend
to have higher grades. Based on this conclusion, the school might decide to implement study
support programs to encourage students to study more.

Thus, we can say statistics helps in transforming the raw data into meaningful insights, enabling better decisions
and strategies in various fields such as business, healthcare, education, and more.

a
Brainy Fact
During the COVID-19 pandemic, statistical models were used to predict the spread of the virus and
allocate medical resources efficiently. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in 2020 that
these models helped reduce the strain on healthcare systems by optimising resource distribution.

Application of Statistics
Statistics can be used in numerous fields because of its ability to extract meaningful insights from data and assist
in decision making. Let us discuss some of the fields where statistics is used.

84 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

Sports
•• Statistics helps you to assess how well players perform, how
teams plan their games, and the results of matches.
•• Statistics gives data that help you make smart decisions
about hiring players, training them, performance monitoring,
preventing injury, and planning game strategies.
•• Studying opponents’ strengths and weaknesses to devise
better game plans.
•• The Tokyo 2020 Olympics were postponed due to the
developing global situation of the Covid-19 pandemic. Statistics revealed that COVID cases sharply increased in
Japan during the planned period of Olympics.

Education
••  nalysing test scores and grades to evaluate student learning, identify
A
areas for improvement and allocating resources effectively.
••  sing data to identify gaps in the curriculum and areas where
U
students need more support.
••  nalysing how students and teachers use educational technology for
A
future implementations.
••  tatistics helps in determining the average skills of students in a
S
particular school or grade. This information shows which areas need
more focus and help improve education strategies.

Disaster Management
•• Authorities use statistics in analysing existing risks and alert the citizens Landslip
Meteori te

residing in places that might be affected by a natural disaster in near Flood

Storm

future. Pollu ted

Fi re

•• The disaster management teams use statistics to know about the

population, and about the services and infrastructure present in the Earthqua ke

affected area. Tsunami

•• Studying trends in disaster occurrence and impact to adapt strategies

Thunderstorm

over time. Tornado

•• Designing and evaluating public education campaigns to raise Blizza rd

awareness and preparedness levels.

Weather Forecast
•• S
 tatistical summaries create easy-to-understand weather
forecasts for the public.
•• S
 tatistics compare the weather conditions with the information
about past seasons and conditions.
•• U
 sing statistical methods to analyse long-term climate data and
detect trends related to global warming and climate change.
•• P
 redicting the future based on data from the past and provide
forecasts that express the likelihood of various weather events
(e.g., “There is a 70% chance of rain tomorrow”).

Maths for AI (Statistics & Probability) 85

Disease Prediction
•• Using statistical models to predict the spread and impact of infectious
diseases, such as influenza, COVID-19, and Ebola.
•• Analysing data to create epidemic curves that show the progression
of disease outbreaks over time.
•• The US government uses statistics to understand which disease is
affecting the population the most. This helps them in curing these
diseases more effectively. To understand the extent of any of the
infectious diseases in a given population.
•• For example, the government can analyse the areas where COVID cases
are increasing, or where the vaccination drive needs to be improved.

Options of Voters
Statistics are used in elections to enhance transparency for
• 
voters and encourage voters to participate in elections.
• By surveying a group of voters and analysing the results,
statistics can reveal what the majority of people think about
political candidates, policies, or upcoming elections. This helps
politicians and decision-makers to understand public opinion.
• Statistics play an important role in Election Forecasts, making
Campaign Strategies and micro-target individuals based on
available data.

Reboot
Explain any two application of statistics in education.

What is Probability in Statistics?

Probability is a branch of statistics that deals with the likelihood or chance of an event to happen or different
outcomes occurring in a given situation.
•• It measures the amount of certainty of an event.
•• It helps us make predictions about future events based on the data we have.
•• It helps us understand how likely something is to happen.
The formula for probability is given as the ratio of Number of Favourable Outcomes to the Total Number of
Possible Outcomes.
Number of Favourable Outcomes
P(A) =
Total Number of Possible Outcomes

86 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

Let us understand it using the example of a COIN,
When a coin is tossed, there are two possible outcomes: HEAD or TAIL.
What is the Probability of Getting a Head?
1
P(Head) =
2
1 1
So, we see the chances of getting head is and the chances of getting tail is .
2 2
Therefore, we conclude that when we toss a coin, there are equal chances of getting a head or a tail.
Let us take another example,
Consider the probability of rolling a fair six-sided die.
A fair six-sided die has six faces numbered from 1 to 6.
The probability of rolling any specific number (say, 3) on a fair six-sided die is calculated as,
Number of favourable outcomes (rolling a 3) = 1
Total number of possible outcomes = 6 (since there are 6 faces on the die)

So, the probability of rolling a 3 on a fair six-sided die is:

number of favourable outcomes 1
P(6) = =
total number of possible outcomes 6

Can you find the probability of getting even numbers in a Dice?

Task
Let’s understand Probability with the following activity.
Purpose: To understand the possibility of occurrence of an event.
Case 1: Varun went to the park to play football. Which pet is he more likely to see, a cat or a dog?

(A) Cat (B) Dog

Case 2: It’s Ankita’s birthday; which sweet is she most likely to distribute toffee or chocolate to her friends
in class?

(A) Chocolate (B) Toffee

Case 3: In the summer, Veer starts to drive and reaches a diversion, where one road takes him to Sunny Beach
and the other takes him to the mountains. What is the probability that he would select the mountain road?

(A) Beach Road (B) Mountain Road

Maths for AI (Statistics & Probability) 87

 g
Thinkin
Critical
Task
About the game
A deck containing 52 cards is grouped into four suits of clubs, diamonds, hearts, and spades. Each of
the clubs, diamonds, hearts, and spades have 13 cards each, which sum up to 52.
Game Structure
Find the probability of drawing a heart from a standard deck of 52 cards?

What is the probability of drawing a spade or diamond from a standard deck of 52 cards?

When discussing probability, we often rely on specific terms to describe the likelihood of events occurring.
Here’s an elaboration on each of these terms:

Certain events
These events are guaranteed to happen; there is no doubt about their occurrence. It will have a probability of 1.
For example:
✶✶ If you flip a fair coin, the probability of it landing heads up or tails up is certain, as one of these outcomes is
guaranteed.
✶✶ The occurrence of sunrise and sunset each day is certain.
✶✶ When you flip a light switch, the light bulb will either turn on or off.
✶✶ The act of inhaling and exhaling is certain as long as a person is alive.
✶✶ Time consistently moves forward, and each passing moment is certain.
✶✶ The beating of the heart is a certain event, as long as a person is alive.
✶✶ If it is Sunday today, it is certain, tomorrow is going to be a Monday.
Likely events
These events have a higher probability of occurring as compared to other events. For example:
✶✶ If you roll a fair six-sided die, the likelihood of rolling a number greater than 2 (3, 4, 5, or 6) is higher than
rolling a number less than or equal to 2 (1, or 2).
✶✶ If you visit a store known for carrying a wide variety of brands, it’s likely that you’ll find your favourite brand
among their products.
✶✶ If you study well for an exam, you’re more likely to pass with good grades.
✶✶ If you buy many raffle tickets compared to others, you’re more likely to win a prize.
Unlikely events
These events have a lower probability of occurring compared to other events. For example,
✶✶ If you randomly select a card from a standard deck, the probability of drawing an ace of spades is lower
compared to drawing a card of a different suit.
✶✶ Observing a shooting star in the night sky is an unlikely event compared to seeing regular stars.

88 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 ✶✶ Getting into a really good university, especially one that’s really hard to get into, is not very likely because
there are so many people applying.
✶✶ If a board result is declared, the chances to be the topper of the school is very unlikely as there is only one
topper in the school.
Impossible events
These events have no chance of occurring; they are not feasible outcomes. The event will never happen or is
impossible, it will have a probability of 0. For example,
✶✶ Rolling a fair six-sided die to get a number greater than 6 or less than 1.
✶✶ Drawing a card from a standard deck and it turns out to be both a red card and a black card at the same time.
✶✶ The probability that you can pick a red ball from a bag containing only blue balls is 0.
✶✶ Picking a random day of the week, and it turns out to be both Monday and Friday at the same time.
✶✶ Picking a guava in an orchard of apples.
✶✶ The probability of a fish to climb a tree is an impossible event.
Equal Probability events
In this scenario, each event has an equal chance of occurring. For example,
✶✶ If you roll a fair six-sided die, the probability of rolling any specific number (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) is the same
because each face of the die has an equal chance of landing face up.
✶✶ To guess a number between 1 and 10, each number has an equal probability of being selected.
✶✶ The chances of selecting a particular coloured marble from a bag of marbles containing equal number of red,
blue, and green marbles are equal.
✶✶ When students enter in a classroom and select their seats, each desk or chair has an equal chance of being
chosen.
✶✶ Selecting a boy or a girl from a class having equal number of girls and number of boys has an equal probability.
The probability of an event occurring is somewhere between impossible and certain. If an event is certain or sure
to happen, it will have a probability of 1.
For example, the probability that it will rain in the state of Florida at least once in a specific year is 1. If an event
will never happen or is impossible, it will have a probability of 0.
So, the probability of an even occurring lies between 0 and 1.

Impossible Unlikely Even Chance Likely Certain

0 1

1-in-6 Chance 4-in-5 Chance

Maths for AI (Statistics & Probability) 89

 Task
Its Arshia’s Birthday and she has a bag full of 7 toffees and 3 chocolates. She asked you to pick one from
the bag.
Try to fill in the blanks with – likely, unlikely, certainly, impossible, equal probability
1. If you pick from the bag without looking, it is that you will pick toffee.
2. If you pick from the bag without looking, it is that you will pick a chocolate.
3. If you pick from the bag without looking, it is that you will pick a cake.
4. If you remove 4 toffees from the bag, and pick without looking, there is an that you
pick a chocolate or a toffee.
5. If you pick from the bag with all toffees removed and pick without looking, you will
pick a chocolate.

Case 1
Health insurance companies often use probability to determine how likely it is that certain individuals will spend a
certain amount on healthcare each year and determine risk factors for contracting a disease and for being cured.
For example, a company might use factors like age, existing medical conditions, current health status, etc. to
determine that there’s a 90% probability that a certain individual will spend $10,000 or more on healthcare in a
given year.
Individuals who are likely to spend more on healthcare will be charged higher premiums because the insurance
company knows that they’ll be more expensive to insure.
•• Scenario 1: If the person is young, below 25 years of age, then insurance premium will be very low.

Age below 25 Age 40-60

Premium very low Premium very high

Age 25-40 Age above 60

•• S
 cenario 2: If the person is middle-aged (25–40), then the insurance premium will be of higher value than that
in the first category.
Age below 25 Age 40-60
Premium very low Premium very high

Age 25-40 Age above 60

•• Scenario 3: If the age of the person is 40-60, then the premium charged will be quite high.

Age below 25 Age 40-60

Premium very low Premium very high

Age 25-40 Age above 60

•• Scenario 4: If the person is above 60 years of age then the premium charged is of highest bracket.

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 Age below 25 Age 40-60
Premium very low Premium very high

Age 25-40 Age above 60

a
Brainy Fact
GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) is a large language model, released by OpenAI in
2020, has 175 billion parameters and uses probabilistic sampling techniques for text generation.

Case 2
Let there be a bet among friends that a person will have to perform a dare if the die rolls out 5 or 6 and otherwise
the person has to speak the truth.
•• Scenario 1: When die rolls into any number between 1-4. The person replies a question with truth

1 2 3 4 5 6

Truth Dare

•• Scenario 2: When the dice rolls out 5 or 6 then a person gets to do a dare.

1 2 3 4 5 6

Truth Dare

Applications of Probability

Probability has a wide range of applications across various fields, making it an essential concept in many areas
of study and professional practice. Here are some key applications of probability.

Sports
•• In cricket, the batting average represents how many runs
a batsman would score before getting out. Probability
can help in estimating the batting average. For instance,
if a batsman had scored 20 runs out of 80 from only
boundaries in the last match. Then, there is a chance
that he will score 25% of his runs in the next match from
boundaries.

Maths for AI (Statistics & Probability) 91

•• Probability helps in predicting the outcomes of sports events by analysing historical data and other relevant
factors. For example, in football (soccer), the probability of a team winning can be calculated based on home
advantage, current form, and historical head-to-head results.
•• Coaches and analysts use probability to predict individual player performance. For example, in basketball, the
probability of a player making a free throw can be estimated based on their past success rate.
•• During games, coaches use probability models to make strategic decisions. For example, in football, when
a team scores a touchdown, they have a choice. They can either kick the ball for an easy point or try for a
more challenging two-point conversion by running or passing the ball into the end zone again. Coaches use
probability to decide which option gives them the best chance of scoring more points.
•• Match Conditions: Teams with players suited to the ground conditions may have a higher probability of
winning. For example, if the nature of the pitch favours batsmen or bowlers, can have a substantial impact.

Weather Forecasting
•• Probability is used by weather forecasters to assess how likely it is that there will
be rain, wind, snow, clouds, etc., on a given day in a certain area.
For example, forecasters may say things like “there is a 70% chance of rain today
between 4 PM and 6 PM” to indicate a medium to high likelihood of rain during
certain hours.
•• Probability helps in understanding long-term climate patterns and changes.
For example, estimating the probability of extreme weather events under different
climate scenarios aids in planning and mitigation efforts.

Traffic Estimation
•• People often use probability when they decide to drive to someplace. Vehicular
traffic flow is examined, an estimate vehicle waiting time in each direction is
estimated through probability.
•• B
 ased on the time of day, location in the city, weather conditions,etc. people
tend to make probability predictions about how bad traffic will be during a
certain time. For example, if you think there’s a 90% chance that traffic will be
heavy from 6 PM to 7:30 PM in your vicinity then you may decide to wait during
that time.

Finance
•• Probability is used to assess the risk of investments and financial
decisions.
For example, calculating the probability of a stock’s return falling within
a certain range helps investors make informed decisions.
•• Probability models help investors spread their investments across
different assets to reduce risk.
For example, by looking at the chances of returns for various investments,
investors can build a balanced portfolio.
•• Probability is crucial in figuring out insurance costs and how policies are structured by various insurance agencies.
For example, actuaries use probability to predict events like accidents or natural disasters and set insurance
premiums based on those chances.

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 Medicine
•• P
 robability helps in understanding how diseases spread and how well
treatments work.
For example, by estimating the chance of disease transmission in different
situations, we can better plan public health measures.
•• Probability is used to determine the effectiveness of new treatments or drugs.
For example, researchers calculate the probability that observed treatment
effects are due to the drug rather than random chance.

Education
•• Probability is used to estimate how well students will do in exams
based on different factors.
For example, considering the study habits and attendance can
predict the chances of students getting certain grades.
•• Probability helps create fair and accurate standardised tests.
For example, figuring out the chances of different scores in tests, it
can better reflect how well students understand the subject taught.

At a Glance
•• Mathematics is crucial to artificial intelligence (AI) because it provides the theoretical foundation and
practical tools for developing, assessing, and optimising AI systems.
•• Mathematics and AI are interrelated fields, where mathematics provides theoretical concepts to many of
the AI algorithms.
•• Artificial Intelligence assist computers to understand and recognise patterns, much like how humans do.
•• Number patterns, often referred to as patterns, are sets of numbers that fit into a particular order.
•• Patterns in images refer to recurring visual elements or structures that can be recognised and analysed
within the context of an image.
•• Probability theory and statistics are one of the key fundamentals to many AI algorithms, particularly
those involving machine learning.
•• Linear algebra is involved in large scale data processing, playing a vital role in machine learning and AI.
•• Calculus is essential for understanding the best possible solution algorithms used in machine learning.
•• Statistics is used for collecting, exploring, and analysing the data. It also helps in drawing conclusions
from data.
•• Statistics can be used in numerous fields because of its ability to extract meaningful insights from data
and assist in decision making.
•• Probability is a branch of statistics that deals with the likelihood or chance of different outcomes occurring
in a given situation.

Maths for AI (Statistics & Probability) 93

 Exercise
Solved Questions
SECTION A (Objective Type Questions)
uiz
A. Tick ( ) the correct option.
1. are repeating designs or sequences that can be observed in numbers, shapes, images, languages, or
objects in our surroundings.
a. Patterns b. Iterations 
c. Sequences d. Statistics 

2. Which of the following statements is not true?

a. Mathematics helps in a study of patterns. 
b. With the use of mathematics, you can solve puzzles. 
c. Mathematics help to identify an order/ arrangement in the list of images or numbers. 
d. The patterns only exist in mathematics. 

3. measures the amount of uncertainty of an event.

a. Probability b. Calculus 
c. Series d. Pattern 

4. also helps in drawing conclusions from data.

a. Statistics b. Information 
c. Probability d. Sequence 

5. The of an event occurring is somewhere between impossible and certain.

a. possibility b. existence 
c. probability d. outcome 

6. If an event is certain or sure to happen, it will have a probability of .

a. 0 b. 1 
c. True d. None 

7. Picking a random day of the week, and it turns out to be both Monday and Friday at the same time. Identify events.
a. Likely events b. Unlikely events 
c. Impossible events d. Certain events 

8. If you toss a coin, the chance of getting head or tail is an example of .

a. equal probability b. unlikely events 
c. impossible events d. certain events 

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. assist computers to understand and recognise patterns, much like how humans do.
2. is used in AI representing trends using data visualisation.
3. is used for collecting, exploring, and analysing the data.

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 4. is a branch of statistics that deals with the likelihood or chance of different outcomes occurring in a
given situation.
5. events have a lower probability of occurring compared to other events.
6. Certain events are guaranteed to happen and have a probability .
7. helps in understanding long-term climate patterns and changes.
8. the famous sequence starts with 0 and 1, and each subsequent number is the sum of the two preceding
numbers.

C. State whether the following statement is True or False.

1. Mathematics helps in the study of lines. 
2. Data is collected only from a single source. 
3. Conclusions and decisions can be made from the data. 
4. Probability helps create fair and accurate standardised tests. 
5. Mean is used to determine the effectiveness of new treatments or drugs. 
6. AI can see patterns only in numeric data types. 
7. Information theory provides mathematical tools for data analysis 
8. Statistical methods are used to analyse long-term climate data and detect trends related to
global warming and climate change. 

SECTION B (Subjective Type Questions)

A. Short answer type questions.
1. What is Probability in Statistics?
Ans. Probability is a branch of statistics that deals with the likelihood or chance of different outcomes occurring in a given
situation.
2. How do you calculate probability?
Ans. The formula for probability is given as the ratio of Number of favourable outcomes to the total Number of Possible
outcomes.
Number of Favourable Outcomes
P(A) =
Total Number of Possible Outcomes

3. Define Statistics.
Ans. Statistics is used for collecting, exploring, and analysing the data. It also helps in drawing conclusions from data.
4. Explain the use of statistics in disease prediction.
Ans. Statistics models can predict the spread and impact of diseases, helping in planning public health measures.
5. What is an impossible event? Provide an example.
Ans. An impossible event has no chance of occurring, such as rolling a number greater than 6 on a fair six-sided die.
6. Why is calculus important for AI models?
Ans. Calculus is crucial for training and improving AI models by understanding the best possible solution algorithms.
7. What is an example of a certain event in probability?
Ans. The occurrence of sunrise and sunset each day is a certain event with a probability of 1.

Maths for AI (Statistics & Probability) 95

 8. Find the probability of getting two heads when five coins are tossed?
Ans. Number of outcomes of getting two heads = 5 × 2 = 10

Total number of Outcomes = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 32

10 5
P (two heads) = =
32 16
B. Long answer type questions.
1. What are the possible ways to express probability?
Ans Probability can be expressed in the following ways:

• Certain events: An event will happen without a doubt

• Likely events: The probability of one event is higher than the probability of another event

• Unlikely events: One event is less likely to happen than another event

• Impossible events: There’s no chance of an event happening

• Equal Probability events: Chances of each event happening is same

2. List down the areas of applications of Statistics.

Ans. The following are the areas of applications of Statistics:

• Sports

• Education

• Disaster Management

• Weather forecast

• Disease prediction

• Opinion of voters

3. In the upcoming elections, the election commissioner wants to know whether it will be a hung parliament or a party
will have a clear majority. Can this be achieved using Statistics? How?
Ans. Yes, it can be achieved. By surveying a group of voters and analysing the results, statistics can reveal what the majority
of people think about political candidates, policies, or upcoming elections. This helps politicians and decision-makers
understand public opinion.

4. How is probability helpful for a student in studying a specific topic?

Ans. • Students can use probability to estimate the likelihood of achieving certain grades based on their past performance
and study habits.

• By analysing the probability of different outcomes, students can prioritise their study time more effectively.

• If a topic has a high probability of appearing on an exam, students can prioritise their study efforts accordingly.

5. How can probability help in the field of medicine?

Ans. • Probability helps in understanding how diseases spread and how well treatments work. For example, by estimating
the chance of disease transmission in different situations, we can better plan public health measures.

• Probability is used to determine the effectiveness of new treatments or drugs. For example, researchers calculate the
probability that observed treatment effects are due to the drug rather than random chance.

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 Unsolved Questions
SECTION A (Objective Type Questions)
uiz
A. Tick ( ) the correct option.
1. are used in concepts like expert systems, database systems and knowledge graphs.
a. Math b. Logic and set theory 
c. Graph theory d. Calculus 

2. In an event, there’s no chance of an event happening.

a. unlikely b. certain 
c. impossible d. likely 

3. If an event will never happen or is impossible, it will have a probability of .

a. 1 b. 0 
c. >1 d. <1 

4. If you throw an arrow to this pie chart, in which colour is the arrow more likely to fall on?  [CBSE Handbook]

a. Red b. Blue 
c. Orange d. Green 

5. If you select a balloon from a bag having equal number of red, green and yellow balloons, how
likely is it that you pick up a blue balloon?  [CBSE Handbook]
a. Probable b. Certain 
c. Unlikely d. Impossible 

6. With one throw of a 6-sided die, what’s the probability of getting an even number?  [CBSE Handbook]
a. 1/5 b. 2/5 
c. 5/6 d. 1/2 

7. Time consistently moves forward, and each passing moment is .

a. uncertain b. likely
c. certain d. unlikely

8. GPT-3, released by OpenAI in 2020, has 175 billion parameters and uses sampling techniques for text
generation.
a. data b. probabilistic
c. statistical d. pattern

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. can see patterns in different types of data.
2. compare the weather conditions with the information about past seasons and conditions.
3. In events chances of each event happening is same.

Maths for AI (Statistics & Probability) 97

 4. The probability that you can pick a red ball from a bag containing only blue balls is .
5. During games, coaches use models to make strategic decisions.
6. If someone asks you to guess a number between 1 and 10, each number has an probability of being
selected.
7. helps us make predictions about future events based on the data we have.
8. can be used to analyse data to create epidemic curves that show the progression of disease outbreaks
over time.

C. State whether the following statement is True or False.

1. Data is explored and cleaned to be used. 

2. Getting seven in die thrown is a possible event. 

3. Probability can be used in estimating batting average in Cricket. 

4. Statistics can only be used in the mathematical field because of its ability to extract meaningful insights
from data and assist in decision making. 

5. Analysis of data is done to understand it better. 

6. Linear algebra is involved in small data processing. 

7. Understanding math will help us to better understand AI and its way of working. 

8. The design of the algorithms often uses Scientific derivations. 

SECTION B (Subjective Type Questions)

A. Short answer type questions.
1. How is mathematics and AI related? Explain in short.

2. What are patterns? Explain with examples.

3. What is meant by equal probability events?

4. What is the role of “Collecting Data” in Statistics?

5. Give any two applications of Statistics in real life.

6. If you have 10 red dresses and 3 white dresses. What is the probability of wearing white dress?

7. Give one use of statistics in disaster management.

8. Give one use of probability in finance.

B. Long answer type questions.

1. “Statistics is used for collecting, exploring, and analysing the data.” Elaborate with the help of an example.

2. List any three uses of statistics in Education.

3. Explain the concept of probability with the help of an example of a deck of 52 cards.

4. When discussing probability, we often rely on specific terms to describe the likelihood of events occurring. Explain any
one likelihood of an event with examples.

5. What role does probability play in estimating the traffic on the road? List any three with examples.

6. Identify the likely, unlikely, impossible and equal probability events from the following with proper explanation:

a. Tossing a coin b. Rolling an 8 on a standard die

c. Throwing ten 5’s in a row d. Drawing a card of any suite

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 7. Write any two examples of impossible and equal probability events.

8. Define certain events and likely events with examples.

C. Competency-based/Application-based questions:

1. Imagine a student preparing for a math exam that covers five topics. Based on past exams and the instructor’s hints,
the student estimates the probability of each topic appearing on the exam as follows:

Topic A: 0.8

Topic B: 0.6

Topic C: 0.4

Topic D: 0.7

Topic E: 0.5

How will this help him in preparing for the exam to score good marks?

2. Let’s say a company wants to launch a new product—a smartphone—into the market. Before launching the product,
the company conducts market research to understand consumer preferences and potential demand for the new
smartphone. What role will the statistics play in smoothening this process?

3. Predicting earthquakes with precise accuracy is incredibly challenging due to the complex nature of seismic activity.
However, probability can still play an important role in this. Can you find a few of the important applications of
probability in predicting earthquakes?

4. Aman is confused, how probability theory is utilised in artificial intelligence, help Aman by providing two examples to
illustrate its importance.

In Life
Students are introduced to the concept of probability at a very early stage of life, it begins with a real life situation. For
example, flip a coin and ask what the chances are that it will come out heads. Or, place the coin in one hand, and put
both hands behind your back. Ask one student to guess which hand it is in.
Discuss your findings with your classmates, and illustrate some more examples from real life.

Deep Thinking
The adoption of AI in healthcare could save between 5% to 10%. AI in healthcare statistics shows that 90% of nursing
tasks will still be performed by humans in 2030.
Considering the above facts, create a report on which all tasks of nurse shall be taken over by AI.

Maths for AI (Statistics & Probability) 99

t ry
ciplina
Interdis
Class Activity
1. Identify Dogs [CBSE Handbook]
ID: 3

ID: 3 ID: 3

ID: 3 ID: 3

ID: 0
Type: Dog
Breed: Chihuahua (41.0%)
Emotion: Scared (98.0%)
Scared (98.0%), Angry (2.0%), Happy (0.0%), Neutral (0.0%), Sad (0.0%)

2. Identify Owl from Apples

IMG: 5 IMG: 2

IMG: 6 IMG: 1
IMG: 5 IMG: 3

IMG: 8 IMG: 7

100 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 Type: Owl
Breed: Barn
Active: 100% (Awake) 0% (Sleeping)
Takeaways from the above activity
•• Just like we can recognise patterns in numbers, words, pictures, etc. AI can also recognise similar
patterns.
•• AI is a way to recognise patterns in order to make decisions.
•• AI needs Math to study and recognise patterns in order to take decisions
3. Can you identify any pattern in the image given below? [CBSE Handbook]

1 × 9 + 2 = 11
12 × 9 + 3 = 111 1
123 × 9 + 4 = 1111 1 1
1234 × 9 + 5 = 11111 1 2 1
12345 × 9 + 6 = 111111 1 3 3 1
123456 × 9 + 7 = 1111111 1 4 6 4 1
123457 × 9 + 8 = 11111111 1 5 10 10 5 1
12345678 × 9 + 9 = 11111111 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
123456789 × 9 + 10 = 111111111 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1

4. Find connections between sets of images and use that to solve problems, think smartly, and grasp
tricky ideas.


Complete the sequence in the left column by identifying the correct missing piece in the right column
out of the given options. [CBSE Handbook]

i. Column A Column B ii. Column A Column B

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Maths for AI (Statistics & Probability) 101

 Lab
Data Collection
● Visit the following link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4A5L3x3TVuc&ab_channel=CarvingCanyons
● Fill the table while watching the video using tally.

Car Colour Number of Cars spotted

Red
Black
White
Use the given Reference Tally to maintain the count of each
1 I 6 IIII I
2 II 7 IIII II
3 III 8 IIII III
4 IIII 9 IIII IIII
5 IIII 10 IIII IIII
Answer the following questions based on the table filled above:
Data Analysis
How many cars are spotted in total?

Which colour has been spotted the maximum amount of time?

Data Interpretation
What is the most common colour choice for the residents of this area?

Answers
Exercise (Section A)
A. 1. a 2. d 3. a 4. a 5. c 6. b 7. c 8. a
B. 1. Artificial Intelligence 2. Graph theory 3. Statistics 4. Probability 5. Unlikely
6. Order 7. Probability 8. Fibonacci Series
C. 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False 6. False 7. True 8. True

102 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 Ready 3
Answer the following questions:
1. Explain one example in your day to day life where you think that AI and Maths play a vital role.

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2. When you order food online, you receive a link for the feedback. Based on the questions asked by the chatbot, you are
able to give your feedback. What is the probability of the feedback shared by you is not altered by chatbot?

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3. How is probability affecting the weather forecast system?

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AI Ready 3 103
 UNIT-4
INTRODUCTION TO
GENERATIVE AI

Learning Outcomes

• Real Images vs AI Generated Image • AI or Real Image….How to Identify?

• Supervised Learning and Discriminative Modelling • Unsupervised Learning and Generative Modelling
• What is Generative AI? • Types of Generative AI
• Examples of Generative AI • Generative AI Boon or Bane
• Generative AI Tools • Ethical considerations of using Generative AI
• The Potential Negative Impact on Society • Responsible Use of Generative AI

The simple it is to understand the context through visualisation (images), more difficult it is to identify, whether the
image is real or artificial. Today 50% of the images we see online are a result of Generative Artificial Intelligence.
Let us learn more about it.

Real Images vs AI Generated Image

Real images are captured by cameras, they are visual representation depicting scenes, objects or people in the
same way as they exist in the real world. They are created on the same side of the lens or mirror as the viewer.
These images are either created by or clicked by humans.
AI generated images are created by AI algorithms. These algorithms use large amount of data and learn patterns
to create new images that look like real ones. Sometimes AI incorporates small details that don't exist in the
original picture to enhance the looks of the scene. AI can create images that can be modified and enhanced. It
can also create entirely new imaginative images.

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 Task
Purpose:
•• Examine the images marked as Image 1 and Image 2 and determine whether the image is a real image or
an AI generated image. Also, give reasons for your answer.
Image 1 Image 2

1. ________________________________________ a. ________________________________________

2. ________________________________________ b. ________________________________________

3. ________________________________________ c. ________________________________________

Introduction to Generative AI 105

 Image 1 Image 2

4. ________________________________________ d. ________________________________________

5. ________________________________________ e. ________________________________________

Brainy Fact
Companies like OpenAI, Google, Facebook, and NVIDIA have invested heavily in research and
development of generative AI technologies.

AI or Real Image….How to Identify?

Distinguishing between a real image and one generated by AI can be challenging as AI-generated images
continue to become more sophisticated. However, there are a few indicators you can look for:
•• Artificial intelligence shows inconsistencies if observed closely, although it tries to piece together its creations
from the original work. The artifacts can include unnatural blurriness, inconsistent lighting/shadowing, or
repeating patterns specially in the backgrounds.
•• AI-generated images may include elements that seem unrealistic or improbable, such as impossible perspectives,
mismatch colours, or objects that defy physics making the image appear unnatural or inconsistent with the
scene.
•• Odd outlines to sharpen or smoothen the edges, stray pixels to cover inconsistency, and abnormal shapes can
be easily seen, if an image is zoomed to the maximum, on each of its parts.

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 Supervised Learning and Discriminative Modelling
Supervised learning is a type of machine learning where we teach models using examples that have labels. It
uses labelled datasets to train algorithms to predict outcomes and recognise patterns.
These labels tell the model the correct answer for each example. Discriminative modelling is a special kind of
supervised learning that focuses on learning how to distinguish different classes. It looks at the features of the
data to figure out which class it belongs to.

Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is a machine learning where a model is trained on a labelled dataset, implying that each
input data point is associated with a corresponding output label. The goal of supervised learning is to learn the
mapping between input data and output labels, enabling the model to make predictions on new, unseen data.
In simple words, input data is paired with the desired output thus making the machine learn to predict the
output for new input data.
For example, In the given image, first is the input image and characteristics of this image are marked as boy
and ball which can be seen in center image . Now according to supervised learning it has to learn the mapping
between input labels and output labels, which is shown in last image and highlights "ball" as red, "boy" as purple
and "boy playing with a ball" in a rectangle.
In supervised learning, discriminative modelling contrasts with generative modelling, where the goal is to model
the joint probability distribution of both the input features and the output labels. Generative models can be
used to generate new data points that resemble the training data, whereas discriminative models are primarily
focused on classification or regression tasks.

Output
Input Features of given image
Label for the item

Boy     Ball Boy playing with a ball

In a supervised learning model, a labelled dataset is given to the machine. A labelled dataset is the information
which is tagged with identifiers of data. For example, clothes in a store are marked under various categories of
clothing like Shirts, Trousers, Coats, etc. They are further labelled as per gender and size.

Discriminative Modelling
Discriminative modelling is an approach in machine learning where the focus is on learning the boundary or
decision boundary that separates different classes or categories directly from the data. So, if an image contains
a combination of Dogs and Cats, the model is able to tell which is a Dog and which is a Cat.

Introduction to Generative AI 107

Input Image
Label: Dogs

Label: Cats

Output

Cats = 2 Dog = 1
In supervised learning, discriminative modelling contrasts with generative modelling, where the goal is to model
the joint probability distribution of both the input features and the output labels. Generative models can be
used to generate new data points that resemble the training data, whereas discriminative models are primarily
focused on classification or regression tasks.
Let us consider an example.
A father has two kids, Kid A and Kid B. Kid A has a special character whereas he can learn everything in depth.
Kid B have a special character whereas he can only learn the differences between what he saw.
One fine day, father shows his kids (Kid A and Kid B) two kinds of animals say a dog and a cat. After a few days,
father showed them an animal and asked both of them “Is this animal a dog or a cat?”
Kid A drew the image of dog and cat on a piece of paper based on what he saw earlier. He compared both
the images with the animal standing before him and answered based on the closest match of image & animal,
he answered: “The animal is Dog.” Kid B knows only the differences, based on different properties learned, he
answered: “The animal is a Dog”.
Here, we can see both of them is finding the kind of animal, but the way of learning and the way of finding
answer is entirely different. In Machine Learning, we generally call Kid A as a Generative Model & Kid B as a
Discriminative Model.

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A Discriminative model models the decision boundary between the classes. A Generative Model explicitly models
the actual distribution of each class. In final both of them is predicting the conditional probability P (Animal |
Features). But Both models learn different probabilities.

Unsupervised Learning and Generative Modelling

Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning where models are trained using data that does not have
labels. This means the model has to find patterns and relationships in the data on its own. Generative modelling
is a specific approach within unsupervised learning that focuses on understanding and modelling how the data
is generated. Generative models try to learn the underlying rules that produce the data, so they can create new
examples that look similar to the original data. In summary, unsupervised learning is about finding patterns in
unlabelled data, and generative modelling is a method within this type of learning that aims to understand and
replicate how the data is made.

Unsupervised Learning
Output
Input Example that's similar to
Emergent pattern/inherent
Unstructured/Unlabelled dataset what's in the dataset
structure

Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning where the model is trained on input data without any
corresponding output labels. The goal of unsupervised learning is to find patterns, structure, or representations
in the data without human intervention. An unsupervised learning approach works on an unlabelled dataset.
This means that the data which is fed to the machine is random and there is no know-how available about it to
the trainer.

Reboot
Hands on experience
1. Differentiate between supervised learning and unsupervised learning approach.

2. List any two points that can identify the difference between a real image and Gen AI image.

Introduction to Generative AI 109

Generative Modelling
Generative Modelling do not necessarily require labelled datasets. It can work with unlabelled data to learn the
underlying distribution of the data and can generate structured data from the Random Noise dataset. So, if
random images are fed as training data for the model it can create relevant output based on the features of the
input data. If there are random images which depict streets, cars, buildings, sky etc. In a given dataset of street
images, a Generative Modelling can learn to generate new street scenes that look like the ones in the dataset.
In another example, if given a dataset of news articles, a generative model can learn to generate new articles
that resemble the style and content of the training data. It can be explained further with the following example:
The following images are given as input to the Generative AI model:

The output produced based on input images by generative AI are as follows:

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The Generative AI model takes the input and can recreate its own set of objects in the image which may or may
not exist in reality.

Random Noise Dataset

A "random noise dataset" typically refers to a collection of data points or samples where each data point is
generated randomly. There are unpredictable fluctuations and disarranged data which makes it impossible to
identify target patterns or relationships in it. This may result in decreased accuracy or reliability of the output,
which are corrected by Generative AI.
Generative Samples

Random Noise

Generative
Model

Task
Examine the images and determine whether either of the images is a real image or an AI-generated image. Also, give
reasons for your answer.

Introduction to Generative AI 111

 Reboot
Hands on experience
1. What is “Random Noise” dataset? Give an example of it from life around you.

What is Generative AI?

Generative artificial intelligence (AI), also known as gen AI, encompasses algorithms designed to produce new
data closely resembling human-generated content across various forms, including audio, code, images, text,
simulations, and videos. Leveraging existing data and content for training, generative AI holds promise for
applications spanning natural language processing, computer vision, the metaverse, and speech synthesis. As it
undergoes continuous training with more data, this technology evolves, progressively refining its capabilities. Its
growing popularity stems from the intuitive interaction it enables, allowing users to prompt the AI using natural
language. Notably, the output generated by generative AI often achieves a level of quality indistinguishable
from human creation. Within generative AI, a "prompt" serves as the initial input or instruction guiding the
AI model in generating desired content. For instance, in a text generation model, a prompt may consist of a
sentence or keywords, while in an image generation model, it could entail a description of the desired image.

g
al Learnin
Experienti
Video Session
Scan the QR code or visit the following link to watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26fJ_ADteHo
This video gives you a clear picture of Generative AI. Now answer the following questions:
1. What is your understanding of generative AI?

2. Give two examples of generative AI.

Brainy Fact
Generative AI is now part of the workforce in the US, UK, Australia, and many other parts of the
world.

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Timeline of Generative AI
Generative AI has been getting better and better over the years. Scientists have been working hard to improve
the technology using things like neural networks and deep learning. They've been trying out different ideas and
making big discoveries in how to make it work better. Now, generative AI can do lots of cool stuff like writing
text, making pictures, and creating new things. It's been a long process of learning and making things better, but
now we can see all the amasing things it can do!
Flowchart of the timeline of Generative AI:

John McCarthy coined the term

1956 "Artificial Intelligence"
Frank Rosenblatt proposed the perceptron,
the world's first neural network 1958

First functioning generative AI—ELIZA

1964 chatbot was created
RNNs are designed to recognise patterns in
sequences of data by maintaining a memory 1982
of previous inputs
Complex architecture LSTM—allows efficient
1997 processing of long sequences of data and
identifies patterns

IBM’s Watson was introduced 2011

Variational autoencoders (VAE) were

2013 created

Creation of Generative Adversarial Networks

(GAN), which were a breakthrough in 2014
generative AI
Diffusion models were introduced,
2015 representing a novel approach to generative
modelling, example: Tensorflow

Google DeepMind's AlphaGo was introduced 2016

Deep learning architecture—transformer

2017 was proposed

OpenAI introduced Generative Pre-trained

Transformers (GPT)
2018

2019 GPT2 was introduced

GPT3 was introduced 2020

Introduction to Generative AI 113

 Open AI launched DALL-E, an AI platform
2021 designed to generate images from textual
descriptions
Two notable AI image-generating tools,
the open-source Stable Diffusion and the
proprietary Midjourney were introduced and 2022
ChatGPT was introduced
OpenAI released GPT-4, an advanced version of
its Generative Pre-trained Transformer series. Also
2023 Microsoft Copilot (previously Bing Chat), Google
Gemini (previously Google Bard), Adobe Firefly,
Meta Llama were introduced

Generative AI vs Conventional AI
Generative AI and conventional AI represent two different approaches in the field of artificial intelligence. The
difference between them is given in the following table:

Generative AI Conventional AI

Goal Generative AI creates new content which Conventional AI analyses, processes, and
mimics the original content. This content classifies data. It works to improve the
includes images, text, music, or other forms accuracy, precision, recall, and speed within
of media. the scope of the defined task.

Training Generative AI models are often trained Conventional AI models are typically
using techniques such as generative trained using supervised, unsupervised, or
adversarial networks (GANs), variational reinforcement learning techniques.
autoencoders (VAEs), or autoregressive
models.

Dataset Generative AI models typically require large Conventional AI models rely on smaller, more
amounts of diverse and representative curated datasets that are tailored to the task
data to learn effectively. These datasets at hand.
often contain thousands or even millions
of examples across various categories or
classes.

Output Generative AI output is fresh, innovative, Conventional AI produces more predictable

and often unexpected. output based on existing data.

Applications Generative AI is used in the fields of art, Conventional AI is used in banking, healthcare,
music, literature, gaming, and design. image recognition, and language processing.

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 Types of Generative AI

Generative AI comes in a variety of forms, each with unique advantages and uses. Some of the most typical
varieties are as follows:
•• Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)
•• Variational Autoencoders (VAEs)
•• Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)
•• Autoencoders (AEs)

Let's study about them in detail.

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)

GANs are neural networks that work to produce fresh data. It is made up of two neural networks which work
together in a unique adversarial process to create realistic synthetic data. These two neural networks are as
follows:
•• Generator Network: It produces the data that is as close as possible to real data.
•• Discriminator Network: It analyses the data and provides feedback, i.e. it takes real data and the data generated
by the Generator as input and attempts to distinguish between the two.

These two networks work together in a cycle where the Generator tries to create realistic fake data, and the
Discriminator tries to identify whether the data is real or fake. This back-and-forth process helps the Generator
improve and produce more convincing data over time.

Generator Discriminator
network: network:
produces the analyses the
data data and shares
feedback

Some of the examples of GANs are as follows:

•• It can create portraits of non-existing people.
•• It can convert images from day to night.
•• It can generate images based on textual description, for example, if we give description of a bird then it will
create an image that is similar to the description.
•• It can generate realistic video which can be used in film production, video games, and generating synthetic data
for training other AI models, etc.

Introduction to Generative AI 115

Variational Autoencoders (VAEs)
A variational autoencoder (VAE) is a generative AI algorithm that uses deep learning to generate new content,
detect anomalies and remove noise. This is another class of generative models. To produce fresh data, VAEs
learn the distribution of the data and then sample from it.

Latent Space

Distribution

Output
Input

Encoder Sample Decoder

Some of the examples of VAEs are as follows:

•• It can generate new images like the given training set. For instance, a VAE trained on images of faces can
generate new, realistic-looking faces.
•• VAE’s can produce new text that follows the same style and structure as the training data, assisting writers with
drafts and ideas.
•• It can be used for composing new music pieces or creating sound effects, music composition etc.

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)

RNNs are a special class of neural networks that excel at handling sequential data, like music or text. They excel
at tasks where the order of the data points is important, as they can remember previous inputs and use this
information to influence current outputs.
Recurrent Neural Networks
Recurrence

Output

Input

Hidden Layer

116 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

Some of the examples of RNNs are as follows:
•• It can generate novel text in the style of a specific author or genre, like creating new sentences that mimic the
style of Shakespeare or generating dialogue for a chatbot.
•• It can predict the next character or word in a sequence, like autocomplete features in text editors and predictive
text input on smartphones.
•• It can be used to predict future values in a time series, such as stock prices or weather data, by learning patterns
from historical data.

Autoencoders (AEs)
These are Neural networks that have been trained to learn a compressed representation of data. They work by
compressing the data into a lower-dimensional form (encoding) and then decompressing it back to its original
form (decoding). This process helps the network learn the most important features of the data.

Latent Space

Output
Input

Encoder Decoder

Some of the examples of AEs are as follows:

•• It can help in cleaning up noisy images to produce clear and highly realistic samples.
•• It can help in compressing high-resolution images for efficient storage and transmission.
•• It can create artistic images based on learned features from famous paintings.
•• It can help in drug discovery by learning and generating molecular structures that have desirable properties.

Autoencoders (AEs) and Variational Autoencoders (VAEs)

The similarities and differences between Autoencoders (AEs) and Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) are as follows:

Similarities
•• Both AE and VAE are neural network architectures that are used for unsupervised learning
•• Both AE and VAE consist of an encoder and a decoder network. The encoder maps the input data to a latent
representation, and decoder maps the latent representation back to the original data.
•• Both AE and VAE can be used for tasks such as dimensionality reduction, data generation, and anomaly detection.

Differences

AE VAE
Basic Function Neural network model that learns to Similar to AE but incorporates
encode input data into a compressed probabilistic elements to learn a latent
representation and then decode it space representation of input data.
back to the original data.

Introduction to Generative AI 117

 Latent Space Deterministic, fixed-dimensional Probabilistic, continuous latent space
Representation encoding of input data. representation, allowing for sampling of
data points.
Reconstruction Loss Minimises the difference between Same as AE but also includes a
the input data and its reconstructed regulariser to enforce a Gaussian-like
output. distribution in the latent space.
Handling Overfitting Can suffer from overfitting due to the Less prone to overfitting due to the
fixed encoding structure. probabilistic nature of the latent
space, which allows for smoother
generalisation.
Applications Image compression, denoising, feature Data generation, unsupervised learning,
extraction. anomaly detection.
Training Complexity Relatively simpler training process. More complex training process due to
the inclusion of regularisation terms and
sampling from the latent space.

Examples of Generative AI
Generative AI has many applications, from art and music to language and natural language processing.
Let's study about some examples of how generative AI is being used in various fields.

Art
Generative AI can create new artworks by learning styles from famous painters and generating novel pieces in
similar styles. For example:
•• AI artists like "AI Portraits" and "DeepArt" have gained popularity for their ability to create visually stunning images.
•• The Next Rembrandt project used data analysis and 3D printing to create a new painting in the style of Rembrandt.

Gen AI can be used for Style Transferring & Portrait Creation

Object Style

Gen AI created an image with given style

Portrait Creation

Style Transferring

118 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 g
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Experienti
Video Session
Scan the QR code or visit the following link to watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuygOYZ1Ngo
This video is on The Next Rembrandt. Now, answer the following questions:
1. What are the points to be noted while using generative AI in recreating traditional art?

Music
Generative AI is transforming the music industry by enabling the creation of new music, either through composing
original pieces or remixing existing ones.

One prominent example of this innovation is AIVA, an AI composer capable of creating original music in various genres.

Music composition Music Genre

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Scan the QR code or visit the following link to watch the video:
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This video is on How AI could compose a personalised soundtrack to your life | Pierre Barreau.
Now, answer the following questions:
1. What is the name of AI composer mentioned in the video?

Introduction to Generative AI 119

Language
Generative AI is being used to generate new languages, such as chatbots that can hold conversations with users
or natural language generation systems that can produce written content.

GenAI in Language

Language translation Text to speech Data creation

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Video Session
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This video is on What is ChatGPT, the AI software taking the internet by storm? – BBC News. Now,
answer the following questions:
1. ChatGPT is being used by masses, what are the concerns arising because of it?

Generative AI Boon or Bane

Generative AI, a powerful new technology, has both advantages and disadvantages. On one hand, it helps people
be more creative, makes complex tasks easier, and sparks new ideas in various fields. Artists and writers can use
it to come up with fresh concepts, and ideas, and businesses can work more efficiently. On the other hand, it can
cause problems like ethical issues, job loss, and being used for harmful purposes. For example, it can create fake
images or spread false information, which can be dangerous. To make the most of generative AI while avoiding its
risks, we need smart rules and careful use. It can be a great tool or a big problem, depending on how we manage it.

Benefits of using Generative AI

In general, generative AI brings many good things to the table. It boosts creativity, helping to come up with new
and interesting ideas. It also makes things run smoother and faster, saving time and effort. Plus, it tailors things
to each person's preferences, making experiences more personal. With generative AI, businesses and groups can
explore new possibilities and reach more people. It's also easier for everyone to use, making it accessible to a

120 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

wider audience. And as needs grow, generative AI can easily adapt and handle bigger
tasks. By tapping into these advantages, businesses and organisations can make their
content creation processes better and give their users even better experiences.
•• Creativity: Generative AI is a real game-changer when it comes to creativity.
It helps artists, designers, and musicians explore new horizons and make their
creative work more efficient and personal. Whether it's coming up with fresh and
innovative ideas, refining designs, or composing music, generative AI can lend
a hand in making the creative process smoother and more tailored to individual
tastes. This is super valuable in fields like art, design, advertising, and music,
where pushing the boundaries and expressing unique visions are key.

•• Efficiency: Generative AI is all about making things easier and quicker.

By automating content creation, it helps save a ton of time and money
compared to doing things manually. Instead of spending hours or even days
creating content, generative AI can whip up something in a fraction of the
time. This efficiency boost is a huge advantage, especially for businesses and
organisations looking to streamline their operations and get things done
faster.

•• Personalisation: Generative AI takes personalisation to a whole new

level. It can tailor content specifically for each person, taking into
account their likes, dislikes, and behaviors. This means that instead of
getting generic recommendations or articles, users get content that's
made just for them. Whether it's suggesting products they might love
or delivering news articles on topics they're interested in, generative
AI ensures that each user's experience is unique and relevant to their
tastes and preferences. It's like having a personal assistant that knows exactly what you want, making the
online experience more enjoyable and engaging.

•• Exploration: Generative AI helps us explore new things and make

existing stuff better. For example, it can help scientists design new
drugs or make industrial processes work smoother. It's like having a
super-smart assistant that helps us discover new ideas and improve
how things work in different fields.

•• Accessibility: Generative AI makes it easier for everyone to create

top-notch content, even if they don't have fancy tools or tons of know-
how. It's like leveling the playing field, giving everyone a chance to
make something awesome without needing special skills or expensive
equipment. Whether it's designing graphics, writing stories, or making
music, generative AI opens up a world of creative possibilities for people
from all walks of life.

Introduction to Generative AI 121

 •• Scalability: Generative AI is a powerhouse when it comes to creating
lots of content in a short time. It's like having a super-speedy content
creator that can churn out stuff at large scale without breaking a sweat.
This makes it perfect for businesses and organisations that need to
produce heaps of content, whether it's articles, images, videos, or
anything else. With generative AI, scaling up content production is
a breeze, helping businesses keep up with demand and reach more
people without sacrificing quality.

Limitations of Using Generative AI

Data Bias: When generative AI learns from biased or incomplete data, it tends to reflect those biases in its
output. This means the results may be skewed or flawed, especially in critical areas like facial recognition or
natural language processing, where accuracy is paramount.
Uncertainty: Generative AI has a knack for surprising us with unexpected results. While this can sometimes lead
to exciting discoveries, it can also be a bit of a mixed bag, as the outcomes can be unpredictable.
Computational Demands: Generative AI isn't shy about its appetite for computational power. It demands hefty
resources for training and generating output, which can be both expensive and time-consuming. So, while it's
undeniably powerful, it can also drain the resources.

Task
GAN Paint CBSE Handbook
Link: https://ganpaint-v2.vizhub.ai/
● GAN Paint directly activates and deactivates neurons in a deep network trained to create pictures.
● Each left button ("door", "brick", etc.) represents 20 neurons.
● The software shows that the network learns
about trees, doorways, and roofs by drawing.
● Switching neurons directly shows the
network's visual world model.
● To use GAN Paint, you will first need to select
a base image from the website's library. You
can then use the brush tool to add objects
and textures to the image. As you paint, the
GAN network will learn to generate more
realistic images.
● You are encouraged to experiment with GAN
Paint and see what you can create. Have fun!

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 Generative AI Tools
There are many generative AI tools available today that enable users to create and experiment with generative
models. These generative AI tools offer strong abilities for both creative and practical uses in many areas. By
using these tools, people can improve their projects, create new content, and discover the potential of AI-driven
creativity. Let's study about some of the popular tools.

Artbreeder
Artbreeder is a web-based tool where you can
make and change pictures using advanced
AI technology called generative adversarial
networks (GANs). With Artbreeder, you can mix
different images and text together and adjust
specific features to create completely new and
unique artworks.
You may work on Artbreeder using the given link
https://www.artbreeder.com/
You can use it for free with some limitations or
choose a paid plan for more features and options.
It helps you:
•• create new characters by blending and modifying existing images.
•• generate imaginative and unique artworks to use in stories, games, or movies.
•• experiment with different image combinations and features to discover new artistic possibilities.

Task
Generate Images with Text Prompt
1. Go to artbreeder.com
2. Select Create from the menu bar and click on New Image under the Poser category.

Introduction to Generative AI 123

 3. Enter text in the Description box and click on the generate button. See how AI generates a picture based
on the description

4. Try it yourself: Create a new image of a boy standing in rain.

5. You may try creating new images.

ChatGPT
It is an AI tool created by OpenAI. It generates responses like humans in real-time, based on the user’s input.
It can give natural answers to questions in a conversational tone and can generate stories, essays, and poems.
You may work on ChatGPT using the given link https://chat.openai.com/
It can:
•• answer any type of questions
•• solve maths or scientific problems
•• translate between languages
•• debug and fix code
•• write a story/poem
•• differentiate the things given as input.
•• rephrase text input

Runway ML
Runway ML is a platform for creating, training, and deploying generative models. It provides a user-friendly
interface for building and training various types of generative models, including GANs, VAEs, and image classifiers.
You may work on Runway ML using the given link https://runwayml.com

124 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 g
al Learnin
Experienti
Video Session
Scan the QR code or visit the following link to watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=trXPfpV5iRQ
Try the following activities:
Explore AI Magic Tools Of Runway ML
1. Go to https://runwayml.com/

2. Explore the AI Magic Tools

3. Select a tool of your choice and generate new content with it

Create a video by giving text commands.

Brainy Fact
ChatGPT, the world’s most popular genAI platform, had an average of 1.5 billion monthly visits
in 2023.

Gemini
Gemini is a generative multimodal AI model created by Google. Just like ChatGPT, Google Gemini is designed to
understand text, images, audio, video, computer code, and more.
You may work on Gemini using the given link https://gemini.google.com/
It can:
•• answer any type of questions
•• solve maths or scientific problems
•• translate between languages
•• debug and fix code
•• write a story/poem
•• differentiate the things given as input.

Introduction to Generative AI 125

 Task
1. Goto https://gemini.google.com/

2. Click Chat with Gemini and follow the screens.

3. On the Welcome page, give the prompts listed below and see the answer that you get.

4. Try it yourself: Explore some new AI apps which can help ease your work.

Copilot
Copilot is an AI tool designed by Microsoft. It can do all the jobs just like ChatGPT and Gemini but it focuses
more on software development assistance to streamline the coding process, increase productivity, and assist
developers in writing high-quality code faster.
You may work on Copilot using the given link https://copilot.microsoft.com/

126 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 Task
1. Goto https://copilot.microsoft.com/

2. Give the prompts listed below and see the answer that you get.

4. Try it yourself: Create a new image of a man buying groceries.

5. You may try creating new images.

Some More Generative AI Tools

Some of the popular Generative AI tools that can be used in various fields are shown in the given table.

Video Muse AI Vista AI Topaz AI

Text Quillbot Notion AI Compose

Images Midjourney Magic Studio Pebblely

Design Viesus Piggy AI Galileo

Introduction to Generative AI 127

 Coding Bugasura CodeGPT Replit Ghostwriter

Audio
FineShare Boomy AI Playlist AI

Productivity
Briefly AI Socra AI Leexi AI

Ethical considerations of using Generative AI

While Generative AI offers many benefits, there are also several ethical considerations that should be considered
when using this technology.
•• Ownership: There's a gray area concerning who owns content created by generative AI. This is especially
significant in creative fields like music, literature, and art, where AI can produce original works that blur the lines
between human and machine authorship.
•• Human Agency: Generative AI prompts questions about human control and autonomy. As technology advances,
it may become harder to distinguish between content made by humans and that made by machines. This
blurring of lines could result in a loss of human agency and control.
•• Bias: Generative AI learns from the data it's fed, meaning biased data can result in biased AI-generated content.
This bias can have harmful effects, particularly in high-stakes areas like hiring, loan approvals, or criminal justice.
•• Misinformation: Generative AI can be used to create fake news or deep fakes, which can spread misinformation
and sway public opinion. This poses a threat to democracy and undermines trust in authorities.
•• Privacy: There's a risk that generative AI could be used to generate sensitive personal information, such as credit
card numbers or medical records, which could then be exploited for malicious purposes. Protecting privacy is
crucial in preventing such misuse.

The Potential Negative Impact on Society

1. Spread of Misinformation and Fake News

Fake News: AI can generate convincing fake news articles and social media posts, spreading misinformation
a. 
quickly and widely.

Deepfakes: The term "deepfake" combines "deep learning" and "fake," referring to AI techniques that
b. 
create realistic but fake videos and audio. These AI-generated videos can mislead people by making it
seem like someone said or did something which they didn't, undermining trust in public figures and
institutions.

2. Lead to job displacement

Automation: Generative AI can perform tasks traditionally done by humans, such as writing, graphic
a. 
design, and customer service, potentially leading to significant job displacement.

128 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 Economic Disruption: Workers who lose their jobs may struggle financially, face higher unemployment,
b. 
and find it harder to get new jobs without the required skills.
3. Privacy and Data Security Risks
Sensitive Information: AI can inadvertently or maliciously generate sensitive personal information, like
a. 
social security numbers or medical records, which can be exploited for identity theft or fraud.
Data Breaches: The misuse of AI to access or generate personal data poses significant risks to individual's
b. 
privacy and security.
4. Ethical and Moral Concerns
Bias and Discrimination: AI models trained on biased data can produce biased outputs, reinforcing
a. 
stereotypes and discrimination.
Dehumanisation: Relying too much on AI for tasks that need human understanding and compassion
b. 
can make services and interactions feel less personal and caring.
5. Security Threats
Cyber Attacks: AI can be used to develop sophisticated cyber-attacks, including generating malicious
a. 
code or automated phishing schemes.
Weaponisation: : Generative AI could be used to create harmful technologies or weapons, posing
b. 
significant national security risks.

6. Environmental Impact

a. Training and running large AI models require significant computational resources, contributing to high
energy consumption and environmental impact.

b. Many devices are being exchanged due to outdated hardware leading to increase in e-waste.

Reboot
Hands on experience
1. Provide examples illustrating instances where biases in Generative AI are evident.

2. What is Deep Fake?

Responsible Use of Generative AI

The responsible use of generative AI involves:
•• Ensuring that the training data used are diverse and representative. Use datasets that reflect a wide range
of demographics, cultures, and contexts to avoid biases in AI outputs. Regularly audit and adjust datasets to
address and reduce biases.

Introduction to Generative AI 129

•• The outputs are scrutinised for bias and misinformation. Implement tools and processes to detect biases in
AI-generated content.
•• Prioritising user privacy and informed consent. Apply strong encryption and data anonymisation techniques to
protect user data. Ensure users are aware of and consent to how their data is being used by AI systems.
•• Educating Stakeholders on ethical use and risks. Provide ongoing education for developers on ethical AI practices
and the potential risks of AI misuse. Educate users about the capabilities, limitations, and ethical considerations
of AI technology.
•• Establishing clear guidelines on ownership and attribution. Define and enforce guidelines regarding the
ownership of AI-generated content. Clearly attribute AI-generated content to its sources, distinguishing between
human and AI contributions.
•• Engaging in public discussions around the social and ethical implications. Foster open discussions with the public
about the benefits and risks of generative AI. Collaborate with policymakers, ethicists, and other stakeholders to
develop guidelines and regulations that ensure AI is used in socially beneficial ways.

All these points ensure the responsible use of Generative AI. By emphasising ethics, creating trust, limiting
negative repercussions, defining legislation, and encouraging innovation, we maximise Generative AI’s potential
and use it in ways that benefit the society.

At a Glance
•• AI generated images are created by AI algorithms.
•• Distinguishing between a real image and one generated by AI can be challenging as AI-generated images continue
to become more sophisticated.
•• Artificial intelligence shows inconsistencies if observed closely, although it tries to piece together its creations from
the original work.
•• AI-generated images may include elements that seem unrealistic or improbable, such as impossible perspectives,
mismatched colors, or objects that defy physics.
•• In a supervised learning model, a labelled dataset is given to the machine.
•• A labelled dataset is the information which is tagged with identifiers of data.
•• Discriminative modelling is an approach in machine learning where the focus is on learning the boundary or decision
boundary that separates different classes or categories directly from the data.
•• Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning where the model is trained on input data without any
corresponding output labels.
•• An unsupervised learning approach works on an unlabelled dataset.
•• In Generative Modelling there is no labelled dataset, and the model can generate structured data from the Random
Noise dataset.
•• A "random noise dataset" typically refers to a collection of data points or samples where each data point is generated
randomly.
•• Generative Artificial Intelligence also called gen AI, refers to the algorithms that generate new data that resembles
human-generated content, such as audio, code, images, text, simulations, and videos.
•• Generative AI is trained with existing data and content, creating the potential for applications such as natural
language processing, computer vision, the meta-verse, and speech synthesis.
•• GANs are neural networks that work to produce fresh data.
•• Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) produces fresh data, learn the distribution of the data and then sample from it.
•• RNNs are a special class of neural networks that excel at handling sequential data, like music or text.
•• Autoencoders are Neural networks that have been trained to learn a compressed representation of data.

130 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 Exercise
Solved Questions
SECTION A (Objective Type Questions)
uiz
A. Tick ( ) the correct option.
1. ………………………. are captured by cameras, they are visual representations depicting scenes, objects or people in exactly
the same way as they exist in the real world.
a. Real images b. AI generated images
c. Imaginative images d. Drawings

2. ………………………. generated images can add modifications, enhancements and even entirely new imaginative details.
a. Computer b. AI
c. Algorithm d. Real

3. In Generative Modelling, the model can generate structured data from the ………………………. dataset.
a. Random Noise b. labelled
c. unlabelled d. Temporary

4. ………………………. refers to AI techniques that create realistic but fake videos and audio.
a. AI b. Deep Fakes
c. Copyright d. Plagiarism

5. Creating portraits of non-existing people can be done using ……………………….:

a. Paint b. GANs
c. VAEs d. RNNs

6. In a supervised learning model, a ………………………. dataset is given to the machine.

a. Unlabelled b. labelled
c. New d. Stored

7. ………………………. can be used to generate large volumes of content quickly and efficiently.
a. Supervised learning b. Unsupervised
c. Generative AI d. Deep Fake

8. Name the type of Generative AI used for creating new sentences that mimic the style of Shakespeare or generating
dialogue for a chatbot.
a. Real Data b. GANs
c. VAEs d. RNNs

9. In generative AI, a ………………………. is the initial input or instruction given by the user to the AI model to guide it in
generating the desired content.
a. dataset b. prompt
c. data d. information

Introduction to Generative AI 131

 10. Name the type of Generative AI used for artistic image creation based on learned features from famous paintings.
a. Autoencoders b. GANs
c. VAEs d. RNNs

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. An AI generated image is created by AI ………………………..

2. The classification of data elements into categories or labels was initially taught to the machine learning models by
………………………..

3. A ………………………. dataset is the information which is tagged with identifiers of data.

4. In Generative Modelling there is no ………………………. dataset.

5. Gen AI is gaining popularity due to the fact that people can use ………………………. to prompt AI.

6. GAN stands for ………………………. .

7. If generative AI is trained on biased or incomplete data, the output may be similarly ………………………..

8. ………………………. is a platform for creating, training, and deploying generative models.

9. ………………………. is a web-based tool where you can make and change pictures using advanced AI technology called
Generative Adversatial Networks (GANs).

10. ………………………. is a generative multimodal AI model created by Google.

C. State whether these statements are true or false.

1. Generative AI is trained with new data and content. ……….……

2. In a text generation model, a prompt could be a sentence or a few keywords. ……….……

3. In a supervised learning model, an unlabelled dataset is given to the machine. ……….……

4. Generative AI can produce content even better than humans. ……….……

5. GNNs work by compressing the data into a lower-dimensional form (encoding) and then
decompressing it back to its original form (decoding). ……….……

6. “The Next Rembrandt Project used in data analysis” is an example of Generative AI in Music. ……….……

7 The Discriminator in GANs helps to distinguish between real and generated data. ……….……

8. Misinformation created by generative AI does not have any serious social impacts. ……….……

9. Generative AI tools are not capable of personalising content for individual users. ……….……

10. Privacy concerns in generative AI include the risk of generating sensitive personal information. ……….……

D. Match the following:

1. Labelled Data a. Cameras

2. Real images b. AI algorithm

3. AI generated images c. Generating human-like text responses

4. Conventional AI d. Discriminative modelling

5. ChatGPT e. Generating code as response.

f. Banking

132 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 SECTION B (Subjective Type Questions)

A. Short answer type questions:

1. How can you tell if an image is real or AI?
Ans. Artificial intelligence shows inconsistencies if observed closely, although it tries to piece together its creations from
the original work. Odd outlines to sharpen or smoothen the edges, stray pixels to cover inconsistency, and abnormal
shapes can be easily seen, if an image is zoomed to the maximum, on each of its parts.

2. What is a Random Noise Dataset?

Ans. It is unpredictable fluctuations and disarranged data which makes it impossible to identify target patterns or relationships
in it. This may result in decreased accuracy or reliability of the output, which the Generative AI model takes care of.

3. List the important features of Real Images captured by camera.

Ans. Real images captured by cameras are visual representations depicting scenes, objects or people in exactly the same
way as they exist in the real world. These images are created by humans or nature and are unaltered.

4. What is a supervised learning model?

Ans. In a supervised learning model a labelled dataset is given to the machine. A labelled dataset is the information which
is tagged with identifiers of data. For example, clothes in a store are marked under various categories of clothing like
Shirts, Trousers, Coats, etc. They are further labelled as per gender and size.

5. Explain the term deep fake.

Ans. The term "deepfake" combines "deep learning" and "fake," referring to AI techniques that create realistic but fake videos
and audio. These AI-generated videos can mislead people by making it seem like someone said or did something they
didn't, undermining trust in public figures and institutions.

6. What is the use of Generative Modelling?

Ans. The Generative Model can draw sense out of the input and can create its own depiction of street image which might
not be present actually.

7. What is a Random Noise Dataset?

Ans. A "random noise dataset" typically refers to a collection of data points or samples where each data point is generated
randomly. There is unpredictable fluctuations and is disarranged data which makes it impossible to identify target
patterns or relationships in it. This may result in decreased accuracy or reliability of the output, which the Generative AI
model takes care of.

8. What is Generative AI?

Ans. Generative artificial intelligence (AI) also called gen AI, refers to the algorithms that generate new data that resembles
human-generated content, such as audio, code, images, text, simulations, and videos.

9. Differentiate between Generative AI and Conventional AI in terms of Goals.

Ans. Generative AI creates new content which mimics the original content. This content includes images, text, music, or
other forms of media. Whereas Conventional AI analyses, processes, and classifies data.

It basically works to improve the accuracy, precision, recall, and speed within the scope of the defined task.

10. Explain VAEs with example.

Ans. This is another class of generative models. In order to produce fresh data, VAEs learn the distribution of the data and
then sample from it.

Example: Generation of new images similar to the given training set. For instance, a VAE trained on images of faces can
generate new, realistic-looking faces.

Introduction to Generative AI 133

B. Long answer type questions:
1. How can you tell if an image is real or AI?
Ans. ● Artificial intelligence shows inconsistencies if observed closely, although it tries to piece together its creations
from the original work. The artifacts can include unnatural blurriness, inconsistent lighting/shadowing, or repeating
patterns.

● AI-generated images may include elements that seem unrealistic or improbable, such as impossible perspectives,
mismatch colours, or objects that defy physics.

● Odd outlines to sharpen or smoothen the edges, stray pixels to cover inconsistency, and abnormal shapes can be
easily seen, if an image is zoomed to the maximum, on each of its parts.

2. What are the limitations of Gen AI?

Ans. Limitations of Using Generative AI

● Data Bias

If generative AI is trained on biased or incomplete data, the output may be similarly biased or flawed. This can
lead to inaccurate or problematic results in certain applications, such as in facial recognition or natural language
processing.

● Uncertainty
Generative AI can produce unexpected and often unpredictable results, which can be both a benefit and a drawback.

● Computational Demands

Generative AI requires significant computational resources to train and generate its output, which can be expensive
and time-consuming.

3. What are Recurrent Neural Networks ? List its important features with example.
Ans. ● RNNs are a special class of neural networks that excel at handling sequential data, like music or text.

● They excel at tasks where the order of the data points is important, as they can remember previous inputs and use
this information to influence current outputs.

● Example:

Generating novel text in the style of a specific author or genre,Example: Creating new sentences that mimic the style
of Shakespeare or generating dialogue for a chatbot.

4. Explain how generative AI is being used in Art.

Ans. ● Generative AI can create new artworks by learning styles from famous painters and generating novel pieces in
similar styles.

● AI artists like "AI Portraits" and "DeepArt" have gained popularity for their ability to create visually stunning images.

● The Next Rembrandt project used data analysis and 3D printing to create a new painting in the style of Rembrandt.

5. Give three benefits of using Generative AI.

Ans. Creativity

Generative AI can assist creatives in pushing the boundaries in making creative processes more efficient and personalised.
This can be particularly valuable in fields such as art, design, and music.

Efficiency

Generative AI can automate content creation processes, which can save time and reduce costs compared to traditional
manual processes.

Personalisation

Generative AI can be used to create personalised content for individual users based on their preferences and behaviours,
such as customised product recommendations or personalised news articles.

134 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 Unsolved Questions
SECTION A (Objective Type Questions)
uiz
A. Tick ( ) the correct option.
1. Based on the ………………………. data in Discriminative Modelling, the model is able to identify individual datasets.
a. Unlabelled b. New
c. labelled d. Named

2. ………………………. is unpredictable fluctuations and disarranged data which makes it impossible to identify target patterns
or relationships in it.
a. Deep fake b. Random Noise Dataset
c. Gen AI d. Discriminative Modelling

3. Which of the following is not a Generative AI tool:

a. Galileo b. CodeGPT
c. Magic AI d. Vista AI

4. ………………………. are neural networks that work to produce fresh data.

a. Deep Fake b. Gen AI
c. GANs d. VAE

5. What is a primary advantage of using autoencoders?

a. Generating realistic videos b. Creating noise-free images
c. Handling sequential data d. Generating new text

6. Which generative AI tool is designed to understand text, images, audio, video, and code?
a. ChatGPT b. Runway ML
c. Gemini d. Copilot

7. What potential negative impact on society is associated with generative AI?

a. Enhanced creativity b. Job displacement
c. Increased efficiency d. Personalisation of content

8. What does a "prompt" in generative AI refer to?

a. The initial input or instruction given by the user to the AI model
b. The output generated by the AI model
c. The training dataset used by the AI model
d. The algorithm used to train the AI model

9. Which technology introduced the concept of the world's first neural network?
a. Transformers b. Perceptron
c. RNNs d. GAN

Introduction to Generative AI 135

B. Fill in the blanks.
1. An ………………………. learning approach works on an unlabelled dataset.

2. In ………………………. there is no labelled dataset.

3. The full form of VAE is ………………………. .

4. The ethical consideration of ………………………. in generative AI involves the risk of generating biased or discriminatory
content.

5. One of the primary advantages of autoencoders is their ability to create ……………………….free images.

6. A major risk associated with generative AI is the potential to create misinformation, such as ………………………. and
deepfakes.

7. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are especially good at handling ………………………. data like text and music.

8. Generative AI refers to algorithms that create new data resembling ………………………. generated content.

9. The AI tool Artbreeder is used for blending and modifying ………………………. using GANs.

10. ………………………. is a web-based platform for creating and deploying generative models.

C. State whether these statements are true or false.

1. Generative AI can explore new design spaces and optimise systems. ……….……

2. ChatGPT is a tool used for generating human-like text responses. ……….……

3. The Generator in GANs evaluates the generated data to ensure it is realistic. ……….……

4. An important application of RNNs is predictive text input. ……….……

5. Autoencoders are used to create noise-free images. ……….……

6. Runway ML is a platform for creating and deploying Art work and is part of chatGPT. ……….……

7. Generative AI is not capable of composing new music or remixing existing pieces. ……….……

8. Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) are used to sample new data from learned data distributions. ……….……

9. Generative AI algorithms are primarily used to analyse data rather than create new data. ……….……

10. We have no setbacks using Generative AI.  ……….……

D. Match the following:

1. Supervised Learning model a. Arts
2. GAN b. Initial input given to the AI model
3. Generative AI c. Generator Network & Discriminator Network
4. Prompt d. Creates noise-free images
5. VAEs e. Labelled

SECTION B (Subjective Type Questions)

A. Short answer type questions:

1. Give full forms of the following:

▪ GANs ▪ VAEs ▪ RNN

136 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 2. Give two differences between Real and AI generated images.

3. What is Discriminative modelling?

4. What do you know about Deep Fake?

5. Differentiate between Generative AI and Conventional AI in terms of Applications.

6. Give two important features of GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks)

7. Explain the Limitations of Using Generative AI in terms of Data Bias

8. Give two important feature of the popular tool - Artbreeder

9. Give two ethical considerations of using Generative AI.

10. “Generative AI is a threat to Privacy and has Data Security Risks.”Explain in short

B. Long answer type questions:

1. Explain in detail the use of Generative AI in the field of music.

2. What are Autocoders ? List its important features with examples.

3. What do you understand about Generative Artificial Intelligence? Give any two examples.

4. Write any two AI tools each for the following-

● Generative AI image generation tools

● Generative AI text generation tools

● Generative AI audio generation tools

5. Give one point ot support how Generative AI can be helpful in following fields-

● Architecture
● Coding
● Music
● Content Creation
C. Competency-based/Application-based questions:
1. Sakshi has been assigned a homework essay on the topic, “The Impact of Climate Change on Coral Reefs.” The essay
requires Sakshi to research and explain various aspects of climate change, such as ocean acidification and rising sea
temperatures, and their effects on coral reef ecosystems. His friend suggested using some text generation tool. List
some guidelines for Sakshi to prevent misuse of Generative AI and use it constructively.
2. How do you think generative AI can revolutionise the creative industry, such as art and fashion, by enabling the
generation of unique and innovative designs?
3. Considering the ethical challenges associated with generative AI, what are your thoughts on establishing guidelines or
regulations to ensure responsible use of these technologies? How can we balance the potential benefits and risks?
4. Find out ChatGPT vs Gemini vs Copilot on the basis of
● Parameter 1: Human-Like Response.
● Parameter 2: Training Dataset and Underlying Technology.
● Parameter 3: Authenticity of Response.
● Parameter 4: Access to the Internet.
● Parameter 5: User Friendliness and Interface.
● Parameter 6: Text Processing: Summarisation, Paragraph Writing, Etc.

Introduction to Generative AI 137

 ● Parameter 7: Charges and Price
5. Shinjini is a university student majoring in Architecture. She is working on a project for her digital art class where she
need to create a series of concept sketches for designing a fictional bridge. However, she is struggling to come up with
creative ideas and wants to explore different concepts quickly where Generative AI can be used.
List how she can responsibly use Generative AI to design her project.

In Life
Generative AI enables media and entertainment companies to streamline content creation processes. These AI models
can generate original scripts, articles, and even music compositions, freeing up human creators to focus on more complex
and creative tasks. Using one of these tools, prepare a skit for your morning class assembly related to the topic chosen.

Deep Thinking
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that uses multi-layered neural networks, called deep neural networks,
to simulate the complex decision-making power of the human brain. Some form of deep learning powers most of the
artificial intelligence (AI) in our lives today. List some of the recent developments in deep learning.

inking
tatio nal Th
Lab Compu

1. Visit the shared link and determine which one is a real image or an AI generated image.
https://britannicaeducation.com/blog/quiz-real-or-ai/
State 5 points you have noted for easy identification of AI generated image.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Students can use spreadsheet software to clean this data by removing duplicates, filling in missing values,
and correcting errors to make it usable for analysis.
2. Hands-on Activity
Explore the Chatgpt tool
a. Goto https://chat.openai.com/
b. Give the prompts listed below and see the answer that you get.

138 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-IX

 3. Enjoy Exploring!

Answers
Quiz
1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. b 7. c 8. d 9. b 10. d

Exercise
B. 1. algorithms 2. humans 3. labelled 4. labelled 5. Natural Language
6. GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks) 7. biased 8. Runway ML
9. Artbreeder 10. Gemini
C. 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False
6. False 7. True 8. False 9. False 10. True
D. 1. d 2. a 3. b 4. f 5. c

Introduction to Generative AI 139

 Ready 4
1. Can we consider the data acquired from ChatGPT to be authentic? Justify your answer.

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

2. What sets Gemini apart from ChatGPT?

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

……………………….………………………………………….……………………….……………………….……………………….………………………………………..……..

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3. List any two jobs in the field of Art that will be soon replaced by AI.

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4. Expand the term RNN. Give two applications of RNN.

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