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Module Four

The document discusses harmonic progression (H.P.) and arithmetic geometric progression (A.G.P.), explaining their definitions and providing formulas for their terms and sums. It includes detailed proofs and examples to illustrate how to derive the closed form solutions for these sequences. The document emphasizes the relationships between the terms and provides a specific example of an arithmetic geometric series with a solution.

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4 views3 pages

Module Four

The document discusses harmonic progression (H.P.) and arithmetic geometric progression (A.G.P.), explaining their definitions and providing formulas for their terms and sums. It includes detailed proofs and examples to illustrate how to derive the closed form solutions for these sequences. The document emphasizes the relationships between the terms and provides a specific example of an arithmetic geometric series with a solution.

Uploaded by

adeyemop22
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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| Modute * | THE HARMONIC PROGRESSION (E.P.) Non- zero quantities whose reciprocals are in A.P. are said to be in “Harmonic progression” (written as H.P). Suppose a, @, b are in H.P. Then (1) Now finding 2 in-terms of a and from Equation (1), we have Ped ot 1 ms) agen 2-5 ny Wee te Stet Ee Ccdleekiy 1+1_a+b @. ab 2_a+b S32 = Sp (cross multiplying) 2ab = x(a + b) 2ab ate Hence, we have the H.P as a, 24%, 6. THE ARITHMETIC GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION The sequence of the form a, (a+d)z, (a+ 2d)2?, ..., [a+ (n—2)d]x"=?, [a+ (n—1)d)2"™-" (2) is called an arithmetic geometric progression. The sum of the terms of an arithmetic geometric sequence form an arithmetic geometric series. eg, for the general sequence in Equation (2), the sum of the first m terms is Sy = a+ (a+d)0+(a+2d)a?+...+[a+(n—2)d]x"? +[a + (n—1)d] a"! (3) Equation (3) is written in closed form (also in terms of n) as ag) ae (=a) “) @=2) a— [a+ (n—1)d)o" -[-esee - |e (iaF 2 PROOF ‘The closed form solution in Equation (4) is obtained by multiplying Equation (3) by @, we have Sq = ax-+(atd)a?+(a+2d)a°+.:.+ [a+ (n—2)d] 21+ [a+ (n— 1)d) 2" Subtracting the corresponding term of «S, from Sy, we have Su — 2Sq = [a — par + [92+ dz > ox — de®] + [2+ 2dz? — pa® — 2do*] + Capt stial gato ap? + (= 2)da”*? — ga’! — (m2) da] + (ay! + (n — 1)dat! - ax" — (n - 1)dz"] otis + dat + ae -t da" + de™™\— ax" — (n - 1)dz" atdz[l+o+27+...42"] -[a+(n-1)d)2" 3 S,(1-2)=atde[l+arta¢ +2") —[a+(n—- Ida Now, since 1a+ 2? +... 29-> x3". is a geometric series with a=1,r=2 and from the S,(1— a) on the L.H.S of the proof, x < 1, then using the formula S,_1 = ae r <1, we will have that Sy(1 =) = a + de [5y--1] — fa + (n —1)d]o* not [at (n—I)dj2" rearrengieg we howe, dx(1 — 1 4 8 5 & 8 n-1) =© =a—[at (n= Ida" + dividing through by (1 — @) we have + as required to show. 5, - [tre m= nde | ide [2A =] (=P EXAMPLE 1 i. Find’ $j, = 1+ (2 x 3) + (3 x3?) + (4 x 38) +... + (n x 3"). SOLUTION ‘This is an arithmetic geometric series since the first part of each term has a common difference of 1, while the second part of each term has a common ratio of 3. So, Sp = 1+ (2 x 3) + (3 x 3?) + (4x 39) +... + [(n = 1) x 37-7] + (nx 3) 3S, = 3+ (2 x 3?) + (3 x 3°) + (4x34) +... + [(n-1) x 38°F] + (nx 3") Sn - 35, = t4 3G28) SLPS RT Tp LAs =143[14343%4.. +3"y er 7 Coblactreg Whe Forms ee Neue = 1=n3" 43 [14349 +... +399 = [L- n+ B +3 434.2 + 30H] > S(L- 3) =[1—n3"] + [B+ 4374.44") But 3+ 37+ 39+...+3"-1 isa geometric series with a = 3, andr = 3=>¢>|- This implies using the formula S,_1 = %7==4. This is so because we have (n —1) number of terms in the series. Hente, -28, = [l= n3"] + | rat =(1-n3"] + ES] (dividing both sides of the equality signs by -2) __ fa=n3"] _ [3(a4 -1) ae fe) pet )) s.= f]- 3) (taking the L.C.M. of the R.H.S) Sn 7 gy = eae 8 5, = ed (0 pact 1)4+1 q Hence, Sy = }[3"(2n — 1) + 1]

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