• Programming software is a set of tools

to aid developers in writing programs.

The various tools available are
compilers, linkers, debuggers,
interpreters and text editors.

• Application software is intended to

perform certain tasks. Examples of
application software include office
suites, gaming applications, database
systems and educational software.
Application software can be a single
program or a collection of small
programs. This type of software is what
consumers most typically think of as
"software."
Humanware

Humanware is hardware and software that

emphasizes user capability and
empowerment and the design of the user
interface. The process of building
humanware generally consists of these
steps:

1. Define users (age, mindset,

environmental context, previous product
experience and expectations, and so I
forth) and what they really want to do.

2. Identify tasks they will need to do or

capabilities they will want.
3. Specify usability objectives (if possible,
these should be measurable, such as
how long to do something or how many
mouse clicks to get to a specified task
point) for each task or capability.

4. Build a prototype of the user interface (it

can be a paper or simulated prototype if
time is short).

5. Test and verify or correct the prototype.

6. Provide the prototype and usability I

objectives to the program designers and
coders.

7. Test the code against the prototype and

objectives and, if necessary, redesign or
recode the software.
8. Test the product with users or valid test
subjects and revise as necessary.

9. Get feedback from users and

continually improve the product.

Firmware

Firmware is a software program or set of

instructions programmed on a hardware
device. It provides the necessary
instructions for how the device
communicates with the other computer
hardware. Firmware is typically stored in the
flash ROM of a hardware device. While
ROM is "read-only memory," flash ROM can
be erased and rewritten because it is
actually a type of flash memory.
Firmware can be thought of as "semi-
permanent" since it remains the same
unless it is updated by a firmware updater.
You may need to update the firmware of
certain devices, such as hard drives and
video cards in order for them to work with a
new operating system. CD and DVD drive
manufacturers often make firmware updates
available that allow the drives to read faster
media. Sometimes manufacturers release
firmware updates that simply make their
devices work more efficiently.
You can usually find firmware updates by
going to the "Support" or "Downloads" area
of a manufacturer's website. Keeping your
firmware up-to-date is often not necessary,
but it is still a good idea. Just make sure
that once you start a firmware updater, you
let the update finish, because most devices
will not function if their firmware is not
recognized.
The Q~g_S~OS) is the interface between the user and the hardware. A boot program loads an operating system. which is responsible for controlling all
other applications. The application requests access to its services through the APl(application programming interface)of the defined application program. And
for the end experience, the interfaces that interact with the application programs are the GUI (graphical user interface) and CLl(command line interface). In
simpler words. hardware can only process machine code. It is not understandable, which won't make any sense to a layman. Hence, here is where the operating
system comes into the picture and makes it easily accessible for the user. The objective of an operating system is to run programs in a smooth and systematic
manner.

What is the importance of the operating system?

An operating system enables interaction between an application and the hardware. The operating system manages hardware resources such as CPU, memory,
and disk space in order to interact with the application. It acts as the backbone of the computer system and enables it to manage hardware and run applications
with a user·friendty experience without the apptication needing to know any details of the hardware. Without an operating system, the UI of an application would
not be accessible or understood by the user. The operating system provides a platform for running the applications. It handles core functions like application
development, memory management. and CPU scheduling. It provides networking support. security features. and system services. We will talk about these
functions in depth further in the article. An operating system also includes two core components in its software known as the shell and the kernel. A shell and a
kernel-let's have a better look at their functions:

Shell:

A shell works on the outermost layer; in other words, it handles the user interaction. Shell is responsible for managing how users interact with the operating
system. It acts as an interpreter; it processes the user command and executes it in the programming utilities of the operating system. The shell interprets user
commands and interacts directly with the kernel.

Kernel;

A kernel acts as the barrier between the application and the data processing of the hardware. It is responsible for managing system resources. It works in a
privileged mode, as it has direct access to the hardware. It has full control over the internal communication between the software systems and the hardware.
Every action ordered by the software system is managed and controlled by the kernel.
While we are talking about the importance of the operating system. let's dive into the types and functions of the operating system.
Functions of Operating Systems:
Process Management:

The process management in the operating system is responsible for the planning. execution. and management of the resource. A program that is in execution is
called Process. Process management manages the resources, as there may exist more than one process running at the same time. and at such time the
allocation of resources is vital for the eHicient running of the system.

Memory Management;

Memory management is actually a collection of data in a defined storage format. It stores instructions and processes the data accordingly. The CPU fetches
instructions from the memory according to the instructions of the process. It oversees the allocation of the data.

Fite System:

A file represents the information in its logical form. The structure of files and directories is handled by operating systems, which also include techniques for data
archiving. retrieval. and access control. An operating system decides how the contents of a storage medium can be stored.

Device Management:

The hardware or virtual devices of a computer or PC is managed by the device management of an operating system. It manages communication with hardware
devices. including drivers, input/output operations, and resource allocation.

User Interface:

The human•computer interaction of a device is called the user interface. The operating system is responsible for managing the commands of the user and
providing a user·friendly e,cperience. It allows the user to interact with the computer system and execute tasks etticiently.

Security:

Access controls, user authentication, and data protection mechanisms are enforced by OSs to guarantee the safety of systems and data. Operating systems
security ensures the integrity. and confidentiality of data.
Types of Operating Systems:
Single-tasking OS:

Operating systems that support only one task at a time are known as single-tasking OSs. These operating systems are simple and are primarily found in embedded
systems and early personal computers.

Huhi·user OS:

As the name suggests, multi-user operating systems allow multiple users to access and use a computer system simultaneously. UNIX and Linux are prominent
examples. They employ user management mechanisms, such as user accounts and access control, to ensure data security and resource allocation among users.

Real-time OS:

ReaHime operating systems are designed for appfications that require precise and immediate responses to external events. They are commonly used in
industrial control systems, robotics, and aerospace applications. Real-time OSs prioritize tasks based on their urgency and criticality.

Networtr;OS:

Network operating systems are specificalty designed to facilitate network communication and resource sharing. They allow multiple computers to connect and
work together as a cohesive network. Examples include Windows Server and Linux distributions like Ubuntu Server.

Mobile OS:

Mobile operating systems are tailored for smart phones. tablets. and other mobile devices. They provide features like touch-screen interfaces. mobile app
support. and optimized power management. Popular mobile OSs include Android. iOS, and Windows Phone.
Some popular operating system examples include:
Windows:

Microsoft Windows is the most widely used general-purpose OS for personal computers. It offers a user-friendly interface, extensive software compatibility, and a
broad range of applications for different purposes.

HacOS:

Developed by Apple, macOS is the operating system for Macintosh computers. It combines a sleek user interlace, advanced multimedia capabilities, and seamless
integration with Apple's hardware and software ecosystem.

Linux:

Linux is an open-source general-purpose OS that offers high levels of customization, stability, and security. It has a large community of developers contributing to
various distributions such as Ubuntu. Fedora. and Oebian. which cater to diverse user requirements.

Unix:

Unix is a family of general-purpose operating systems known for their robustness, security. and multitasking capabilities. Variants like FreeBSO, OpenBSO, and
Solaris find applications on servers. mainframes. and embedded systems.

Chrome OS:

Chrome OS is a web-centric, lightweight operating system created by Google for gadgets like Chromebooks. It focuses on cloud-based applications and offers
fast boot times and simple maintenance.

These general purposes operating systems work as the main support of the computer system. Its multi-functional process provides a wide range of features and
services including multi-tasking, networking, security, and application support. Establishing a direct interaction between the software s,-stems and the hardware
enables users to use the system with ease.
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
[I]
Moumita Ghosh and A. Thirugnanam

Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science, which makes
the computers to mimic the human behavior to assist humans for better perfor-
mance in the field of science and technology. Replicating human intelligence, solving
knowledge-intensive tasks, building machines, which can perform tasks, that require
human intelligence, creating some system which can learn by itself are the few
specific goals of AI. Machine learning and deep learning are two subsets of AI which
are used to solve problems using high performance algorithms and multilayer neural
networks, respectively. With the help of machine learning process, structured data
like genetic data, electrophysical data, and imaging data are properly investigated
in medical diagnosis. AI provides advanced devices, advanced drug designing tech-
niques, tele-treatment, physician-patient communication using Chatbots and intel-
ligent machines used for analyzing the cause and the chances of occurrence of any
disease in the field of health care.

Keywords Anificial intelligence • Machine learning • Deep learning • Drug

development • Healthcare systems

1 Introduction

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a domain of computer science which deals with the
development of intelligent computer systems, which are capable to perceive, analyze,
and react accordingly to the inputs [I, 2]. It is well-known fact that humans are consid-
ered as the most intelligent and smart species on earth. The features which have helped
them to bag this title include the ability to think, apply logic, do reasoning, under-
stand the complexity, and make decisions on their own. They can also do planning,
innovation, and solve problems to a greater extent. Since the era of invention of fire to
reaching the Mars, man has invented many things for the benefit of humans. One such
invention is the computer, which plays a significant role in reducing the workload of
humans and solving many complex mathematical and logical problems. However,
for researchers, it can be considered that sky is not the limit for new inventions. So,
they tried to create a "man-made homosapien" species, which can be related to the
world of computers in the form of AI (which are Anificial, i.e., manmade, and Intel-
ligence, i.e., has thinking power). If a system can have the basic skills like learning,
reasoning, self-improvement (by learning from experience), language understanding,
and solving problems, then it can be assumed that there is the existence of Al. The AI
has been used and implemented in many fields especially in technological domain
and is expected to provide 2.3 million jobs by 2020. It is a cutting-edge technology
which has its impact in almost every field, be it business, defense, aerospace, or health
care systems. It can also be denoted as the method of simulation of human intelli-
gence designed or programmed by humans. With the help of Al, a well-equipped
life is generated where the automated machines work for humans, saving their time
and energy. Basically, two types of assistants are considered for humans, manual
(in the form of robots), and digital (Chatbots) which can perform risky, repetitive,
and troublesome tasks. The task of developing such machines is accomplished by
minutely studying the human behavior and implementing the logic in the form of
algorithms resulting in inventions of software, devices, robots, etc., making human
race smarter.
There are many areas which contribute to artificial intelligence which includes
mathematics (used for developing algorithms), biology, philosophy, psychology,
neuroscience (for studying human mind and its behavior), statistics (for handling
huge data), and last but not the least, computer science (to run the algorithm for
implementing the concepts). The basic aim of Al is to provide more transparent,
interpretable, and explainable systems which can help to establish a better-equipped
system used as an intelligent agent. The concept of trusting machine as a replica of
human started with the invent ofturing test in which the machine is tested irrespective
of the knowledge of examiner upon the instructions given considering it as human
and if it passes the test, the machine is considered as intelligent. No wonder AI has
affected many aspects of the society and presented a new modern era in this digital
revolution.