Note Making Format

Taking notes is a method of organising and summarising data from multiple sources. The
following components make up the standard note-taking format:
 TITLE: The title of your notes should reflect their main subject matter.
 SOURCE: Identify the notes’ source, such as the book, article, or lecture, in the text.
 CURRENT DATE: When taking notes, be sure to include the current date.
 TITLES & SUB TITLES: Take advantage of headings and subheadings to structure your notes
and facilitate later research.
 USE BULLETS: Use bullet points to highlight key points and specifics in a list. Use simple, direct
language, and zero in on the most important ideas rather than trying to include everything.
 USE ABBREVIATIONS: When taking notes, abbreviations can help you save time and space.
Use “w/” instead of “with” or “b/c” instead of “because,” etc.
 HIGHLIGHT IMPORTANT POINTS: Utilize highlighting to draw attention to specific points or
single out specific pieces of information that are crucial to your understanding of the whole.
 USE DIAGRAMS/VISUAL AIDS: Use visual aids, such as flowcharts or graphs, to break down
and internalise information that might otherwise be difficult to grasp and retain.
 SUMMARISE: Write a brief paragraph or two summarising the main ideas and information from
the notes. This is a great way to quickly review and recall the most crucial points.
 REVIEW: Regularly reviewing your notes is an excellent way to ensure that you retain the most
crucial information from the course.
(Title)
Note Format example-
1.
1.1 (sub-points)
1.2
1.3
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
3.
3.1
3.2
3.2.1 (sub-sub points)
3.2.2
4.
4.1
4.2

Key to Abbreviations
1
2
3
4
 5

Summary
Summary
(Heading)
–Body–

Points to remember- Note making and summarising

Effective Note making Strategies
 Select only the relevant data and include only the essential phrases from the passage.
 Try to use a minimum amount of words. Complete sentences would not be accepted as notes.
Thus, the usage of full sentences must be avoided.
 Only really important examples need to be included.
 Eliminate the use of auxiliary verbs, prepositions etc.
 It is necessary to give a suitable title to notes and maintain proper indentation.
 It is mandatory to make at least four headings and subheadings.
 The summary should be brief and should be made using notes prepared. It is important that one
keeps in mind the word limit of the summary and strictly adheres to the notes.
 It is mandatory to include at least four abbreviations in your notes. Add a full stop after each
abbreviation to make it clear for the reader. They should be common and easily identifiable. For
example- “carbs.” for carbohydrates
 It is necessary to prepare a key to abbreviations (minimum four) and enclose it within a box.
 The presentation of this writing skill is of utmost importance.
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Note Making Examples as per Previous Years Question

Papers| Note Making Sample
Here are a fe Note making Exercises based on previous year Question papers. By Going through
these examples, you will get a fairly good idea on how to attemt note making questions
Note Making Example 1: Read the passage given below:(Sample Question Paper CBSE, 2019-
20)
BALANCING THE SCALES
Artificial intelligence (AI) is making a difference to how legal work is done, but it isn’t the threat it
is made out to be. AI is making impressive progress and shaking up things all over the world
today. The assumption that advancements in technology and artificial intelligence will render any
profession defunct is just that, an assumption and a false one. The only purpose this assumption
serves is creating mass panic and hostility towards embracing technology that is meant to make
our lives easier.
Let us understand what this means explicitly for the legal world. The ambit of AI includes
recognizing human speech and objects, making decisions based on data, and translating
languages. Tasks that can be defined as ‘search-and-find’ type can be performed by AI.
Introducing AI to this profession will primarily be for the purpose of automating mundane, tedious
tasks that require negligible human intelligence. The kind of artificial intelligence that is employed
by industries in the current scene, when extended to the law will enable quicker services at a
lower price. AI is meant to automate a number of tasks that take up precious working hours
lawyers could be devoted to tasks that require discerning, empathy, and trust- qualities that
cannot be replicated by even the most sophisticated form of AI. The legal profession is one of the
oldest professions in the world. Thriving over 1000 years; trust, judgement, and diligence are the
pillars of this profession. The most important pillar is the relationship of trust between a lawyer
and clients, which can only be achieved through human connection and interaction.
While artificial intelligence can be useful in scanning and organizing documents pertaining to a
case, it cannot perform higher-level tasks such as sharp decisionmaking, relationship-building
with valuable clients and writing legal briefs, advising clients, and appearing in court. These are
over and above the realm of computerization.
The smooth proceeding of a case is not possible without sound legal research. While presenting
cases lawyers need to assimilate information in the form of legal research by referring to a
number of relevant cases to find those that will favour their client’s motion. Lawyers are even
required to thoroughly know the opposing stand and supporting legal arguments they can expect
to prepare a watertight defence strategy. AI, software that operates on natural language enables
electronic discovery of information relevant to a case, contract reviews, and automation
generation of legal documents.
AI utilizes big-data analytics which enables visualization of case data. It also allows for creation
of a map of the cases which were cited in previous cases and their resulting verdicts, as per the
website Towards Data Science. The probability of a positive outcome of a case can be predicted
by leveraging predictive analytics with machine learning. This is advantageous to firms as they
can determine the return on investment in litigation and whether an agreement or arbitration
should be considered.

(a) On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, make notes on it using
headings and subheadings. Use recognizable abbreviations (wherever necessary-
minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it.
(5)
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words. (3)
SAMPLE NOTE MAKING FORMAT FOR ABOVE QUESTION
Solution 1:
Suggested Notes by CBSE
Artificial Intelligence: Not a threat
1. Not a threat
1.1 is of help
1.2 makes life easier
1.3 no profession defunct
2. AI.will help legal field
2.1 recog.human speech and object
2.2 making decisions based on data
2.3 translates langs.
2.4 do search and find tasks
3. AI. cannot perform high level tasks like
3.1 writing legal briefs
3.2 advising clients
3.3 apprng in courts
3.4 sharp decision making
4. Function of AI.
4.1 collates data
4.2 predicts probable outcomes
4.3 tells return on invest.
4.4 considering agreement or arbitration

Key to Abbreviations

Abbreviations Words
 AI Artificial Intelligence

recog. recognises

langs. languages

apprng. appearing

invt. investment

Suggested Summary as per CBSE

Summary
Artificial Intelligence: Not a threat
Artificial Intelligence is not a threat but makes life easier especially in the legal field. It cannot
perform certain high-level tasks like writing legal briefs, advising clients, making sharp decisions
and appearing in courts but it can collate data, aid research and decisions based on data. It can
recognize human speech and translate languages. It can also predict probable outcomes, tell
return on investment, consider agreement or arbitration and is thus advantageous to legal firms.

Note Making Example 2: Read the passage given below: (Sample Question Paper CBSE,
2017-18)
1. Colour Therapy is a complementary therapy for which there is evidence dating back thousands
of years to the ancient cultures of Egypt, China and India. If we define it in simple terms, Colour
is a light of varying wavelengths, thus each colour has its own particular wavelength and energy.
2. Colours contribute to energy. This energy may be motivational and encouraging. Each of the
seven colours of the spectrum are associated with energy. The energy relating to each of the
seven spectrum colours of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet, resonates with the
energy of each of the seven main chakras/energy centres of the body. Colour therapy can help to
re-balance and/or stimulate these energies by applying the appropriate colour to the body.
3. Red relates to the base chakra, orange the sacral chakra, yellow the solar plexus chakra,
green the heart chakra, blue the throat chakra, indigo the brow chakra (sometimes referred to as
the third eye) and violet relates to the crown chakra.
4. Colour is absorbed by the eyes, skin, skull, our ‘magnetic energy field’ or aura and the energy
of colour affects us on all levels, that is to say, physical, spiritual and emotional. Every cell in the
body needs light energy – thus colour energy has widespread effects on the whole body. There
are many different ways of giving colour, including; Solarised Water, Light boxes/lamps with
colour filters, colour silks and hands on healing using colour.
5. Colour therapy can be shown to help on a physical level, which is perhaps easier to quantify,
however there are deeper issues around the colours on the psychological and spiritual levels.
Our wellbeing is not, of course, purely a physical issue. Fortunately, many more practitioners,
both orthodox and complementary, are now treating patients in a holistic manner.
6. Colour Therapy is a totally holistic and non-invasive therapy and, really, colour should be a
part of our everyday life, not just something we experience for an hour or two with a therapist.
Colour is all around us everywhere. This wonderful planet does not contain all the beautiful
colours of the rainbow for no reason. Nothing on this earth is here just by chance; everything in
nature is here for a purpose. Colour is no exception. All we need to do is to heighten our
awareness of the energy of colour, absorb it and see how it can transform our lives.
(a) On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, make notes on it using
headings and sub- headings. Use recognizable abbreviations (wherever necessary-
minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it.
(5)
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words. (3)
Solution 2:
Suggested Notes as per CBSE
NOTE MAKING FORMAT FOR ABOVE QUESTION
Colour Therapy
1. Age old therapy
1.1 Found in
1.1.1 Egypt
1.1.2 China
1.1.3 India
1.2 light of vryng wvlngth & energy
2. Colour relate to energy of chakras
2.1 red –base
2.2 orange – sacral
2.3 yellow – solar plexus
2.4 green – heart
2.5 blue – throat
2.6 indigo – brow
2.7 violet – crown
3. Holistic benefits
3.1 phy’l
3.2 spirit’l
3.3 emtn’l
Key to Abbreviations

Abbreviations Words

vryng varying

wvlngth wavelength

& and

phy’l physical

spirit’l spiritual

emtin’l emotional

Summary
 Colour Therapy
Colour therapy is an age-old therapy found in the cultures of Egypt, China and India. Each colour
has light of varying wavelength and energy. Colours relate to the energy of chakras. Red is for
base chakra, orange to sacral, yellow to solar plexus, green to heart, blue to throat, indigo to
brow and violet to crown. Colour impacts us on all levels, including the physical, spiritual and
emotional well being. Colour therapy has holistic benefits.
Note Making Example 3: . Read the passage and answer the questions given below: (Sample
Question Paper CBSE, 2018-19)
1. There is a clear dichotomy between Jayashankar Prasad’s daily life and the one that found
expression in his literature. In his literary formulations, Prasad advocated an escape- from
personality ideals and categorically stated: “An artist‟s art, and not his person, is the touchstone
to assess his work . . . it is only after losing his personality that he emerges in his art as an artist”.
2. In Prasad‟s works – his poems, short stories, novels, dramas etc. – what emerges is life as
shaped in the writer’s inner self by his emotions, fancies, dreams, reveries . . . His writings are a
record not of outer reality, but of the artist’s inner world. As such, of a proper appreciation and
understanding of his works more emphasis needs to be placed on the working of his mind, than
the events of his dayto-day life.
3. Prasad was born in a renowned family of Varanasi. His grand-father Shiv RatanSahu, a dealer
in high quality perfumed tobacco (snuff). Besides being an astute businessman, he was endowed
with a marked cultural taste. His home was the meeting place of the local poets, singers, artists,
scholars and men of religion. Prasad‟s father Devi Prasad Sahu carried forward this high
tradition of family. Prasad, therefore, had a chance to study the various phases of human nature
in the light of the business traditions, artistic taste and religious background of his family.
4. When the business had somewhat recovered, Prasad planned the publication of a literary
journal. Prasad started the “Indu”. The inaugural number appeared in July 1909. By this time
Prasad’s notions of literature had crystallized into a credo. In the first issue of Indu, he
proclaimed, “Literature has no fixed aim; it is not a slave to rules; it is a free and all-embracing
genius, gives birth to genuine literature which is subservient to none. Whatever in the world is
true and beautiful is its subject matter. By dealing with the True and Beautiful it establishes the
one and affects the full flowering of the others. Its force can be measured by the degree of
pleasure it gives to the reader‟s mind as also by the criticism which is free of all prejudice”. The
words sound like the manifesto of romanticism in literature.
5. Even while recognizing the social relevance of literature, Prasad insisted, “The poet is a
creator . . . he is not conditioned by his milieu; rather it is he who moulds it and gives it a new
shape; he conjures up a new world of beauty where the reader for the time being, becomes
oblivious of the outer world and passes his time in an eternal spring garden where golden lotuses
blossom and the air is thick and pollen”. Thus, the chief aim of literature according to Prasad is to
give joy to the reader and to create a state of bliss in him. Later under the impact of Shiv
Advaitism, this faith of Prasad got further strengthened.
(Extract from ‘Jayashankar Prasad- His mind and Art’ by Dr. Nagendra)

(a) On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, make notes on it using
headings and subheadings. Use recognizable abbreviations (wherever necessary-
minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it.
(5)
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words. (3)
Solution 3:
Suggested Notes as per CBSE
Jayashankar Prasad- His life
1. His exprsn. in lit.
1.1 an escape
1.2 lose your personality
1.3 record of writer’s inner world
1.4 more emphsz. on mind than body
2. Personal life
2.1 renowned fam. of Varanasi
2.2 home- meeting place of the local poets, singers
2.3 grand-father- an astute businessman
2.4 had a chance to study phases of human nature
3. Started the “Indu”
3.1 in July 1909
3.2 proclaimed
a) lit. has no fixed aim
b) is free and all embracing genius
c) gives birth to genuine lit.
4. Social relevance of lit.
4.1 poet is a creator
4.2 moulds it
4.3 conjures up a new world of beauty
4.4 becomes oblivious of the outer world
5. Chief aim of lit.
5.1 give joy to the reader
5.2 create a state of bliss

Key to Abbreviations

Abbreviations Words

lit. literature

emphsz. emphasize

exprsn. expression

fam. family

Summary
Jayashankar Prasad- His life
Jayshankar Prasad found expression in literature and created an escape only after losing his
personality. His writings are a record of the writer’s inner world with more emphasis on mind than
body. He was from a renowned family of Varanasi where home-meetings of poets and singers
would take place. His grandfather was an astute businessman and therefore Prasad had a
chance to study phases of human nature. In July 1909, he started ‘Indu’, in which he proclaimed
that literature has no fixed aim, is free and all embracing genius and gives birth to genuine
literature. He recognised the social relevance of literature as the poet is the creator who mould it,
conjures up a new world and becomes oblivious to the outer world. The chief aim of literature is
to give joy to the reader and create a state of bliss.

Note Making Example 4: Read the following passage: (Question Paper CBSE, 2020)
1. How does television affect our lives? It can be very helpful to people who carefully choose the
shows that they watch. Television can increase our knowledge of the outside world; there are
high quality programmes that help us understand many fields of study, science, medicine, the
different arts and so on. Moreover, television benefits very old people, who can’t leave the house,
as well as patients in hospitals. It also offers non-native speakers the advantage of daily informal
language practice. They can increase their vocabulary and practise listening.
2. On the other hand, there are several serious disadvantages of television. Of course, it
provides us with a pleasant way to relax and spend our free time, but in some countries people
watch television for an average of six hours or more a day. Many children stare at the TV screen
for more hours a day than they spend on anything else, including studying and sleeping. It’s clear
that TV has a powerful influence on their lives and that its influence is often negative.
3. Recent studies show that after only thirty seconds of television viewing, a person’s brain
‘relaxes’ the same way that it does just before the person falls asleep. Another effect of television
on the human brain is that it seems to cause poor concentration. Children who view a lot of
television can often concentrate on a subject for only fifteen to twenty minutes. They can pay
attention only for the amount of time between commercials.
4. Another disadvantage is that television often causes people to become dissatisfied with their
own lives. Real life does not seem so exciting to these people. To many people, television
becomes more real than reality and their own lives seem boring. Also many people get upset or
depressed when they can’t solve problems in real life as quickly as television actors seem to.
5. Before a child is fourteen years old, he or she views eleven thousand murders on the TV. He
or she begins to believe that there is nothing strange about fights, killings and other kinds of
violence. Many studies show that people become more violent after viewing certain programmes.
They may even do the things that they see in a violent show.

(a) One the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it using headings
and subheadings. Use recognizable abbreviations (minimum four) and a format you
consider suitable. Supply a suitable title to it. (5)
(b) Make a summary of the above passage in about 80 words. (3)
Solution 4:
Suggested Notes as per CBSE
Advantages and Disadvantages of Watching Television
1. Benefits
1.1 increases know.
1.1.1 of outside world
1.1.2 science
1.1.3 medicine
1.1.4 diff. Arts
1.2 recreation for old ppl. & patients
1.3 informal lang. practice
1.4 increases vocab. & helps practise listening
2. Disadvantages
2.1 ppl. watch for 6 hrs. or more
2.2 students stare at screen for hrs.
2.3 negative influence
2.4 effect on human brain
2.4.1 poor conc.
3. Impact
3.1 feels life not very exciting
3.2 TV more real, life seems boring
3.3 depression when can’t solve problems
4. Violence shown on TV
4.1 children become violent
4.2 killings seem normal

Key to Abbreviations

Abbreviations Words

ppl. people
 know. knowledge

& and

diff. different

vocab. vocabulary

lang. language

hrs. hours

conc. concentration

TV television

Summary
Advantages and Disadvantages of Watching Television
Watching television increases knowledge of the outside world, science, medicine and different
arts. It helps old people and patients to recreate. It assists in informal language practice,
improving vocabulary and practise listening. However, watching television for more than six
hours and staring on screens has a negative influence on students. It affects the human brain
and leads to poor concentration. Television makes life boring and nothing feels exciting. People
can feel depressed when they are unable to solve problems as quickly as actors do. Television
normalises violence which can make children violent.
Note Making Example 5: Read the passage given below: (Question Paper, CBSE 2019)
1. Well-being is not just the absence of disease or illness. It is a complex combination of a
person’s physical, mental, emotional and social health factors. Well-being is strongly linked to
happiness and life satisfaction. In short, it could be described as how one feels about oneself and
one’s life. Every aspect of one’s life influences the state of one’s well-being. Researchers
investigating happiness have found the following factors which enhance a person’s well-being :
network of close friends, enjoyable and fulfilling career, enough money, regular exercise,
nutritious diet, sufficient sleep, fun hobbies and leisure pursuits, healthy self-esteem, optimistic
outlook and so on.
2. The factors that influence one’s well-being are interrelated. For example, a job provides not
just money but purpose, goals, friendships and a sense of belonging. Some factors also make up
for the lack of others; for example, a good marriage can compensate for a lack of friendship,
while religious beliefs may help a person to accept physical illness. Money is linked to well-being,
because having enough money improves living conditions and increases social status. But
various international studies have shown that it is the quality of our personal relationships, not
the size of our bank balance, which has the greatest effect on our state of well-being. Believing
that money is the key to happiness can also harm a person’s well-being.
3. Understanding the well-being of the population is very important. Measuring well-being,
however, in a population is difficult because the interpretation of well-being is so subjective —
how one feels about peoples’ lives largely depends on the way one sees it. Like the saying goes:
‘one person’s problem is another person’s challenge.’
4. Keeping track of a population’s well-being helps governments to decide on particular policies.
It also acts as an indicator for various population trends. For example, knowing the average
weekly income of a population helps to set the ‘poverty line’, which may then influence decisions
on social welfare reforms. Well-being can be achieved through a variety of means. Some are as
follows : developing and maintaining strong relationships with family and friends, making regular
time available for social contact, trying to find work that is enjoyable and rewarding, rather than
just working for the best pay, eating healthy, nutritious foods, doing regular physical activity,
involving oneself in activities that interest the people, joining in local organisations or clubs that
appeal, setting achievable goals and working towards them and trying to be optimistic and
enjoying each day.

(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage, make notes on it using
recognizable abbreviations (minimum four), wherever necessary. Use a format you
consider suitable. Give it a suitable title also. (5)
(b) Write a summary of the above passage in about 80 words. (3)
Solution 5:
Suggested Notes by CBSE
Well Being
1. Definition of WB
1.1 absence of disease & illness
1.2 combination of physical, emotional & health factors
1.3 strongly linked to happiness & satisfaction
2. factors which improve WB
2.1 network of close friends
2.2 enjoyable, fulfilling career
2.3 enough money, good health
2.4 religious beliefs
3. Imp. of understanding people’s WB
3.1 helps govt. frame good policies
3.2 helps determine poverty line
3.3 helps take appropriate action
4. How best achieved
4.1 having strong relationship with family & friends.
4.2 enjoyable, rewarding work
4.3 involvement in interesting activities
4.4 nutritious food & good health

Key to Abbreviations

Abbreviations Words

WB Well being

Imp. Importance

govt. government
 & and

Summary
Well Being
Well- being not just refers to absence of disease and illness, rather it is a combination of
physical, emotional and health factors. Well being is strongly linked to happiness and
satisfaction. The factors that improve well being include a network of close friends, enjoyable and
fulfilling career, money, good health and religious beliefs. It is important to understand people’s
well being to frame government policies which would further help to determine the poverty line
and take appropriate action. Well-being is best achieved by having strong relationships with
family and friends, doing enjoyable and rewarding work, involvement in interesting activities and
eating nutritious food for good health.
Note making Example 6: Read the passage given below: (Question Paper CBSE, 2018)
Keeping cities clean is essential for keeping their residents healthy. Our health depends not just
on personal hygiene and nutrition, but critically also on how clean we keep our cities and their
surroundings. The spread of dengue and chikungunya are intimately linked to the deteriorating
state of public health conditions in our cities.
The good news is that waste management to keep cities clean is now getting attention through
the Swachh Bharat Mission. However, much of the attention begins and stops with the brooms
and the dustbins, extending at most to the collection and transportation of the mixed waste to
some distant or not so distant place, preferably out of sight.
The challenge of processing and treating the different streams of solid waste, and safe disposal
of the residuals in scientific landfills, has received much less attention in municipal solid waste
management than is expected from a health point of view.
One of the problems is that instead of focusing on waste management for health, we have got
sidetracked into ‘‘waste for energy’’. If only we were to begin by not mixing the biodegradable
component of solid waste (close to 60 percent of the total) in our cities with the dry waste, and
instead use this stream of waste for composting and producing a gas called methane.
City compost from biodegradable waste provides an alternative to farmyard manure (like cow-
dung). It provides an opportunity to simultaneously clean up our cities and help improve
agricultural productivity and quality of the soil. Organic manure or compost plays a very important
role as a supplement to chemical fertilisers in enriching the nutrient-deficient soils. City compost
can be the new player in the field.
Benefits of compost on the farm are well-known. The water holding capacity of the soil which
uses compost helps with drought-proofing, and the requirement of less water per crop is a
welcome feature for a water-stressed future. By making the soil porous, use of compost also
makes roots stronger and resistant to pests and decay. Farmers using compost, therefore, need
less quantity of pesticides. There is also evidence to suggest that horticulture crops grown with
compost have better flavour, size, colour and shelf-life.
City compost has the additional advantage of being weed-free unlike farmyard manure which
brings with it the seeds of undigested grasses and requires a substantial additional labour cost
for weeding as the crops grow. City compost is also rich in organic carbon, and our soils are
short in this.
Farmers clearly recognize the value of city compost. If city waste was composted before making
it available to the farmers for applying to the soil, cities would be cleaned up and the fields
around them would be much more productive.
Quite apart from cleaning up the cities of biodegradable waste, this would be a major and
sustainable contribution to improving the health of our soil without further damage by excessive
chemical inputs. What a marvellous change from waste to health!
The good news is that some states are regularly laying plastic roads. Plastic roads will not only
withstand future monsoon damage but will also solve a city’s problem of disposing of non-
recyclable plastic. It is clear that if the mountains of waste from our cities were to be recycled into
road construction material, it would tackle the problem of managing waste while freeing up
scarce land.
(a) On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, make notes on it using
headings and sub- headings. Use recognisable abbreviations wherever necessary
(minimum four) and a format you consider suitable. Also supply an appropriate title to it.
(5)
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words. (3)
Solution 6:
Suggested Notes as per CBSE
Waste Management: Some Facts
1. Reasons for keeping cities clean
1.1 to keep the residents healthy
1.2 health depends on
1.2.1 personal cleanliness
1.2.2 cleanliness of city
2. Reasons for waste management
2.1 being promoted through SBM
2.2 to sensitize imp. of waste separation
3. Challenges of waste management
3.1 has received less attn.
3.2 no focus on WM for health
3.3 biodegradable being mixed with solid waste
4. Benefits of organic manure
4.1 supplement of chem. fertilisers.
4.2 drought-proofing
4.3 makes roots stronger
5. Benefits of city compost
5.1 weed-free
5.2 more productive fields
5.3 chemical inputs avoided
6. Benefits of plastic roads
6.1 withstand monsoon damage
6.2 free lands from dumping waste

Key to Abbreviations

Abbreviations Words

SBM Swachh Bharat Mission

imp. importance

attn. attention

WM waste management

chem. chemicals
 Summary
Waste Management: Some Facts
It is important to keep the cities clean to keep the residents healthy. Their health depends on
personal cleanliness and the cleanliness of the city. It is crucial to sensitise the importance of
waste separation. Waste management is promoted through Swachh Bharat Mission. Waste
management is given less attention and biodegradable waste is mixed with solid waste. There is
no focus on waste management for health. Organic manure acts as a supplement to chemical
fertilisers, makes roots stronger and leads to drought-proofing. City compost is weed-free, avoids
chemicals and leads to productive fields. Plastic rods are able to withstand monsoon and
dumping is avoided.
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NOTE MAKING AND SUMMARIZING EXTRA QUESTIONS
Check out Important Questions (extra) for Note Making Class 11 which will be helpful for your
final exams
Q1. List down the steps involved in note making.
A. Here are the steps to write a note in a question on note-making-
(i) Read through the given passage slowly and carefully to understand the main idea of the
passage. It will help you understand what the passage deals with.
(ii) Read again slowly to understand different associated ideas. Try to understand how the writer
develops the theme.
(iii) If the passage is divided into paragraphs, then try to find out the main idea of each
paragraph. Give a separate heading to each of them.
(iv) If the passage is one continuous paragraph, then put a mark wherever a new idea begins.
Then look for the main idea.
(v) All unessential facts, illustrations, details, repetitions, quotations and questions should be
deleted.
(vi) The important facts should be given in proper order. Pay attention to the way you would like
to organise and present your notes, that is, the format you would like to use.

Q2. How to summarize in note making?

A. Summarising or abstraction generally follows note- making. It is the paraphrasing of the
passage in the required word length. It involves the following points:
(i) It must possess unity and sequence.
(ii) As far as possible, the order of the notes must be followed.
(iii) Gist of the passage must be revealed in a logical order.
(iv) Examples, explanations and repetitions should be avoided.
(v) It should be developed in full sentences.
(vi) It should contain all the main ideas contained in the passage.
(vii) The title can be a word or a phrase or a short sentence that sums up the main theme of the
passage. It should be short and precise.

Q3. What is note making?

A. Note making is an art of writing vast varieties of information in a shorter and sequential way for
a quick reference. Following are the main reason to make notes:
(a) We make notes to revise before an examination.
(b) We make notes before we write an essay.
(c) We make notes when we hear an important lecture, to summarise the important points made.
(d) We make notes when we plan to write a speech or a discussion.
(e) We make notes when we have to convey a telephonic message, or an order to be written as
a notice, or a circular to be sent immediately after a meeting.
(f) And last, we make notes to summarise a book we have read or some text we have read. They
help us to understand the text better.

Q4. Give some tips to score full marks in note-making.

A. Apart from preparing well, there are certain points to keep in mind while answering the
questions related to note making. They are:
(i) Notes are not written in complete sentences or traditional, grammatically correct sentences.
(ii) Notes are much shorter than the original texts. In notes, you can clearly see the main points
and separate them from the supporting details.
(iii) Recognisable abbreviations, numbers, symbols and shorter words are used.
(iv) Certain words, like the articles, words that are repetitive, verbs which can be understood in
the context, relative pronouns, conjunctions, etc., are often dropped.
(v) Do not forget to give a suitable title to your content.