Automation with Shell Scripting & Python in

DevOps
In DevOps, automation is key for improving efficiency, reducing errors, and
speeding up deployments. Python and Shell scripting are both widely used, each
offering unique advantages depending on the task.

When to Use Shell Scripting:

● System Administration: Automate tasks like file management, user

permissions, and service control.
● Command Line Interactions: Ideal for interacting with command-line tools
(e.g., for logging and container management).
● Infrastructure Automation: Used in tools like Ansible for server
provisioning and maintenance.
● Quick Prototyping: Fast to write for simple, one-off tasks.
● Log and Text Processing: Efficient for parsing and extracting data from
logs.

When to Use Python:

● Complex Workflows: Ideal for multi-step automation, APIs, and handling

intricate logic.
● Cross-Platform: Works seamlessly across Linux, Windows, and macOS.
● CI/CD Pipeline Automation: Integrates well with tools like Jenkins and
GitLab CI.
● API and Cloud Integration: Excellent for interacting with cloud services
and infrastructure tools.
● Scalable and Reusable Code: Python is great for large automation projects
requiring maintainable code.
Key Differences:

● Shell Scripting: Best for system-level tasks and rapid automation; tied to
Unix-like environments.
● Python: More versatile, with a vast ecosystem of libraries, making it
suitable for complex, cross-platform automation.

Conclusion:

Shell scripting is great for quick, system-level tasks, while Python excels in
complex, scalable automation. Using both together can create a flexible and
efficient DevOps automation strategy.

Automation with Shell scripting for DevOps

1. Automating Server Provisioning (AWS EC2 Launch)

#!/bin/bash

# Variables

INSTANCE_TYPE="t2.micro"

AMI_ID="ami-0abcdef1234567890" # Replace with the correct AMI ID

KEY_NAME="my-key-pair" # Replace with your key pair name

SECURITY_GROUP="sg-0abc1234def567890" # Replace with your security

group ID

SUBNET_ID="subnet-0abc1234def567890" # Replace with your subnet ID

REGION="us-west-2" # Replace with your AWS region

# Launch EC2 instance

aws ec2 run-instances --image-id $AMI_ID --count 1 --instance-type

$INSTANCE_TYPE \

--key-name $KEY_NAME --security-group-ids $SECURITY_GROUP --subnet-id

$SUBNET_ID --region $REGION

echo "EC2 instance launched successfully!"

2. System Monitoring (CPU Usage Alert)

#!/bin/bash

# Threshold for CPU usage

CPU_THRESHOLD=80

# Get the current CPU usage

CPU_USAGE=$(top -bn1 | grep "Cpu(s)" | sed "s/.*, *\([0-9.]*\)%* id.*/\1/" | awk

'{print 100 - $1}')
# Check if CPU usage exceeds threshold

if (( $(echo "$CPU_USAGE > $CPU_THRESHOLD" | bc -l) )); then

echo "Alert: CPU usage is above $CPU_THRESHOLD%. Current usage is

$CPU_USAGE%" | mail -s "CPU Usage Alert" [email protected]

fi

3. Backup Automation (MySQL Backup)

#!/bin/bash

# Variables

DB_USER="root"

DB_PASSWORD="password"

DB_NAME="my_database"

BACKUP_DIR="/backup"

DATE=$(date +%F)

# Create backup directory if it doesn't exist

mkdir -p $BACKUP_DIR
# Backup command

mysqldump -u $DB_USER -p$DB_PASSWORD $DB_NAME >

$BACKUP_DIR/backup_$DATE.sql

# Optional: Compress the backup

gzip $BACKUP_DIR/backup_$DATE.sql

echo "Backup completed successfully!"

4. Log Rotation and Cleanup

#!/bin/bash

# Variables

LOG_DIR="/var/log/myapp"

ARCHIVE_DIR="/var/log/myapp/archive"

DAYS_TO_KEEP=30

# Create archive directory if it doesn't exist

mkdir -p $ARCHIVE_DIR
# Find and compress logs older than 7 days

find $LOG_DIR -type f -name "*.log" -mtime +7 -exec gzip {} \; -exec mv {}

$ARCHIVE_DIR \;

# Delete logs older than 30 days

find $ARCHIVE_DIR -type f -name "*.log.gz" -mtime +$DAYS_TO_KEEP -exec

rm {} \;

echo "Log rotation and cleanup completed!"

5. CI/CD Pipeline Automation (Trigger Jenkins Job)

#!/bin/bash

# Jenkins details

JENKINS_URL="http://jenkins.example.com"

JOB_NAME="my-pipeline-job"

USER="your-username"

API_TOKEN="your-api-token"

# Trigger Jenkins job

curl -X POST "$JENKINS_URL/job/$JOB_NAME/build" --user
"$USER:$API_TOKEN"

echo "Jenkins job triggered successfully!"

6. Deployment Automation (Kubernetes Deployment)

#!/bin/bash

# Variables

NAMESPACE="default"

DEPLOYMENT_NAME="my-app"

IMAGE="my-app:v1.0"

# Deploy to Kubernetes

kubectl set image deployment/$DEPLOYMENT_NAME

$DEPLOYMENT_NAME=$IMAGE --namespace=$NAMESPACE

echo "Deployment updated to version $IMAGE!"

7. Infrastructure as Code (Terraform Apply)

#!/bin/bash

# Variables

TF_DIR="/path/to/terraform/config"

# Navigate to Terraform directory

cd $TF_DIR

# Run terraform apply

terraform apply -auto-approve

echo "Terraform apply completed successfully!"

8. Database Management (PostgreSQL Schema Migration)

bash

#!/bin/bash

# Variables
DB_USER="postgres"

DB_PASSWORD="password"

DB_NAME="my_database"

MIGRATION_FILE="/path/to/migration.sql"

# Run schema migration

PGPASSWORD=$DB_PASSWORD psql -U $DB_USER -d $DB_NAME -f

$MIGRATION_FILE

echo "Database schema migration completed!"

9. User Management (Add User to Group)

#!/bin/bash

# Variables

USER_NAME="newuser"

GROUP_NAME="devops"

# Add user to group

usermod -aG $GROUP_NAME $USER_NAME

echo "User $USER_NAME added to group $GROUP_NAME!"

10. Security Audits (Check for Open Ports)

#!/bin/bash

# Check for open ports

OPEN_PORTS=$(netstat -tuln)

# Check if any ports are open (excluding localhost)

if [[ $OPEN_PORTS =~ "0.0.0.0" || $OPEN_PORTS =~ "127.0.0.1" ]]; then

echo "Security Alert: Open ports detected!"

echo "$OPEN_PORTS" | mail -s "Open Ports Security Alert" [email protected]

else

echo "No open ports detected."

Fi
11. Performance Tuning
This script clears memory caches and restarts services to free up system resources.

#!/bin/bash

# Clear memory caches to free up resources

sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

# Restart services to free up resources

systemctl restart nginx

systemctl restart apache2

12. Automated Testing

This script runs automated tests using a testing framework like pytest for Python or
JUnit for Java.

#!/bin/bash

# Run unit tests using pytest (Python example)

pytest tests/

# Or, run JUnit tests (Java example)

mvn test
13. Scaling Infrastructure
This script automatically scales EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling group based on
CPU usage.

#!/bin/bash

# Check CPU usage and scale EC2 instances

CPU_USAGE=$(aws cloudwatch get-metric-statistics --namespace AWS/EC2

--metric-name CPUUtilization --dimensions
Name=InstanceId,Value=i-1234567890abcdef0 --statistics Average --period 300
--start-time $(date -d '5 minutes ago' --utc +%FT%TZ) --end-time $(date --utc
+%FT%TZ) --query 'Datapoints[0].Average' --output text)

if (( $(echo "$CPU_USAGE > 80" | bc -l) )); then

aws autoscaling update-auto-scaling-group --auto-scaling-group-name

my-auto-scaling-group --desired-capacity 3

fi

14. Environment Setup

This script sets environment variables for different environments (development,
staging, production).
#!/bin/bash

# Set environment variables for different stages

if [ "$1" == "production" ]; then

export DB_HOST="prod-db.example.com"

export API_KEY="prod-api-key"

elif [ "$1" == "staging" ]; then

export DB_HOST="staging-db.example.com"

export API_KEY="staging-api-key"

else

export DB_HOST="dev-db.example.com"

export API_KEY="dev-api-key"

fi

15. Error Handling and Alerts

This script checks logs for errors and sends a Slack notification if an error is found.

#!/bin/bash

# Check logs for error messages and send Slack notification

if grep -i "error" /var/log/myapp.log; then

 curl -X POST -H 'Content-type: application/json' --data '{"text":"Error found in
logs!"}' https://hooks.slack.com/services/your/webhook/url

fi

16. Automated Software Installation and Updates

This script installs Docker if it's not already installed on the system.

#!/bin/bash

# Install Docker

if ! command -v docker &> /dev/null; then

curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com -o get-docker.sh

sudo sh get-docker.sh

fi

17. Configuration Management

This script updates configuration files (like nginx.conf) across multiple servers.

#!/bin/bash

# Update nginx configuration across all servers

scp nginx.conf user@server:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

ssh user@server "systemctl restart nginx"

18. Health Check Automation

This script checks the health of multiple web servers by making HTTP requests.

#!/bin/bash

# Check if web servers are running

for server in "server1" "server2" "server3"; do

curl -s --head http://$server | head -n 1 | grep "HTTP/1.1 200 OK" > /dev/null

if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then

echo "$server is down"

else

echo "$server is up"

fi

done

19. Automated Cleanup of Temporary Files

This script removes files older than 30 days from the /tmp directory to free up disk
space.
#!/bin/bash

# Remove files older than 30 days in /tmp

find /tmp -type f -mtime +30 -exec rm -f {} \;

20. Environment Variable Management

This script sets environment variables from a .env file.

#!/bin/bash

# Set environment variables from a .env file

export $(grep -v '^#' .env | xargs)

21. Server Reboot Automation

This script automatically reboots the server during off-hours (between 2 AM and 4
AM).

#!/bin/bash
# Reboot server during off-hours

if [ $(date +%H) -ge 2 ] && [ $(date +%H) -lt 4 ]; then

sudo reboot

fi

22. SSL Certificate Renewal

This script renews SSL certificates using certbot and reloads the web server.

#!/bin/bash

# Renew SSL certificates using certbot

certbot renew

systemctl reload nginx

23. Automatic Scaling of Containers

This script checks the CPU usage of a Docker container and scales it based on
usage.

#!/bin/bash

# Check CPU usage of a Docker container and scale if necessary

CPU_USAGE=$(docker stats --no-stream --format "{{.CPUPerc}}" my-container |

sed 's/%//')
if (( $(echo "$CPU_USAGE > 80" | bc -l) )); then

docker-compose scale my-container=3

fi

24. Backup Verification

This script verifies the integrity of backup files and reports any corrupted ones.

#!/bin/bash

# Verify backup files integrity

for backup in /backups/*.tar.gz; do

if ! tar -tzf $backup > /dev/null 2>&1; then

echo "Backup $backup is corrupted"

else

echo "Backup $backup is valid"

fi

done

25. Automated Server Cleanup

This script removes unused Docker images, containers, and volumes to save disk
space.
#!/bin/bash

# Remove unused Docker images, containers, and volumes

docker system prune -af

26. Version Control Operations

This script pulls the latest changes from a Git repository and creates a release tag.

#!/bin/bash

# Pull latest changes from Git repository and create a release tag

git pull origin main

git tag -a v$(date +%Y%m%d%H%M%S) -m "Release $(date)"

git push origin --tags

27. Application Deployment Rollback

This script reverts to the previous Docker container image if a deployment fails.

#!/bin/bash

# Rollback to the previous Docker container image if deployment fails

if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then

docker-compose down

docker-compose pull my-app:previous

docker-compose up -d

fi

28. Automated Log Collection

This script collects logs from multiple servers and uploads them to an S3 bucket.

#!/bin/bash

# Collect logs and upload them to an S3 bucket

tar -czf /tmp/logs.tar.gz /var/log/*

aws s3 cp /tmp/logs.tar.gz s3://my-log-bucket/logs/$(date

+%Y%m%d%H%M%S).tar.gz

29. Security Patch Management

This script checks for available security patches and applies them automatically.

#!/bin/bash
# Check and apply security patches

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get upgrade -y --only-upgrade

30. Custom Monitoring Scripts

This script checks if a database service is running and restarts it if necessary.

#!/bin/bash

# Check if a database service is running and restart it if necessary

if ! systemctl is-active --quiet mysql; then

systemctl restart mysql

echo "MySQL service was down and has been restarted"

else

echo "MySQL service is running"

fi

31. DNS Configuration Automation (Route 53)

#!/bin/bash
# Variables

ZONE_ID="your-hosted-zone-id"

DOMAIN_NAME="your-domain.com"

NEW_IP="your-new-ip-address"

# Update Route 53 DNS record

aws route53 change-resource-record-sets --hosted-zone-id $ZONE_ID

--change-batch '{

"Changes": [

"Action": "UPSERT",

"ResourceRecordSet": {

"Name": "'$DOMAIN_NAME'",

"Type": "A",

"TTL": 60,

"ResourceRecords": [

"Value": "'$NEW_IP'"

}
 }

}'

32. Automated Code Linting and Formatting (ESLint and

Prettier)
#!/bin/bash

# Run ESLint

npx eslint . --fix

# Run Prettier

npx prettier --write "**/*.js"

33. Automated API Testing (Using curl)

#!/bin/bash

# API URL
API_URL="https://your-api-endpoint.com/endpoint"

# Make GET request and check for 200 OK response

RESPONSE=$(curl --write-out "%{http_code}" --silent --output /dev/null

$API_URL)

if [ $RESPONSE -eq 200 ]; then

echo "API is up and running"

else

echo "API is down. Response code: $RESPONSE"

fi

34. Container Image Scanning (Using Trivy)

#!/bin/bash

# Image to scan

IMAGE_NAME="your-docker-image:latest"

# Run Trivy scan

trivy image --exit-code 1 --severity HIGH,CRITICAL $IMAGE_NAME

if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then

echo "Vulnerabilities found in image: $IMAGE_NAME"

exit 1

else

echo "No vulnerabilities found in image: $IMAGE_NAME"

fi

35. Disk Usage Monitoring and Alerts (Email Notification)

#!/bin/bash

# Disk usage threshold

THRESHOLD=80

# Get current disk usage percentage

DISK_USAGE=$(df / | grep / | awk '{ print $5 }' | sed 's/%//g')

# Check if disk usage exceeds threshold

if [ $DISK_USAGE -gt $THRESHOLD ]; then

echo "Disk usage is above threshold: $DISK_USAGE%" | mail -s "Disk Usage

Alert" [email protected]
fi

36. Automated Load Testing (Using Apache Benchmark)

#!/bin/bash

# Target URL

URL="https://your-application-url.com"

# Run Apache Benchmark with 1000 requests and 10 concurrent requests

ab -n 1000 -c 10 $URL

37. Automated Email Reports (Server Health Report)

#!/bin/bash

# Server Health Report

REPORT=$(top -n 1 | head -n 10)

# Send report via email

echo "$REPORT" | mail -s "Server Health Report" [email protected]

38. DNS Configuration Automation (Route 53)

Introduction: This script automates the process of updating DNS records in AWS
Route 53 when the IP address of a server changes. It ensures that DNS records are
updated dynamically when new servers are provisioned.

#!/bin/bash

# Variables

ZONE_ID="your-hosted-zone-id"

DOMAIN_NAME="your-domain.com"

NEW_IP="your-new-ip-address"

# Update Route 53 DNS record

aws route53 change-resource-record-sets --hosted-zone-id $ZONE_ID

--change-batch '{

"Changes": [

"Action": "UPSERT",

"ResourceRecordSet": {

"Name": "'$DOMAIN_NAME'",
 "Type": "A",

"TTL": 60,

"ResourceRecords": [

"Value": "'$NEW_IP'"

}'

39. Automated Code Linting and Formatting (ESLint and

Prettier)
Introduction: This script runs ESLint and Prettier to check and automatically
format JavaScript code before deployment. It ensures code quality and consistency.

#!/bin/bash

# Run ESLint

npx eslint . --fix

# Run Prettier

npx prettier --write "**/*.js"

40. Automated API Testing (Using curl)

Introduction: This script automates the process of testing an API by sending
HTTP requests and verifying the response status. It helps ensure that the API is
functioning correctly.

#!/bin/bash

# API URL

API_URL="https://your-api-endpoint.com/endpoint"

# Make GET request and check for 200 OK response

RESPONSE=$(curl --write-out "%{http_code}" --silent --output /dev/null

$API_URL)

if [ $RESPONSE -eq 200 ]; then

echo "API is up and running"

else

echo "API is down. Response code: $RESPONSE"

fi

41. Container Image Scanning (Using Trivy)

Introduction: This script scans Docker images for known vulnerabilities using
Trivy. It ensures that only secure images are deployed in production.

#!/bin/bash

# Image to scan

IMAGE_NAME="your-docker-image:latest"

# Run Trivy scan

trivy image --exit-code 1 --severity HIGH,CRITICAL $IMAGE_NAME

if [ $? -eq 1 ]; then

echo "Vulnerabilities found in image: $IMAGE_NAME"

exit 1

else

echo "No vulnerabilities found in image: $IMAGE_NAME"

fi
42. Disk Usage Monitoring and Alerts (Email Notification)
Introduction: This script monitors disk usage and sends an alert via email if the
disk usage exceeds a specified threshold. It helps in proactive monitoring of disk
space.

#!/bin/bash

# Disk usage threshold

THRESHOLD=80

# Get current disk usage percentage

DISK_USAGE=$(df / | grep / | awk '{ print $5 }' | sed 's/%//g')

# Check if disk usage exceeds threshold

if [ $DISK_USAGE -gt $THRESHOLD ]; then

echo "Disk usage is above threshold: $DISK_USAGE%" | mail -s "Disk Usage

Alert" [email protected]

fi

43. Automated Load Testing (Using Apache Benchmark)

Introduction: This script runs load tests using Apache Benchmark (ab) to simulate
traffic on an application. It helps measure the performance and scalability of the
application.
bash

#!/bin/bash

# Target URL

URL="https://your-application-url.com"

# Run Apache Benchmark with 1000 requests and 10 concurrent requests

ab -n 1000 -c 10 $URL

44. Automated Email Reports (Server Health Report)

Introduction: This script generates a server health report using system commands
like top and sends it via email. It helps keep track of server performance and
health.

#!/bin/bash

# Server Health Report

REPORT=$(top -n 1 | head -n 10)

# Send report via email

echo "$REPORT" | mail -s "Server Health Report" [email protected]

45. Automating Documentation Generation (Using pdoc for
Python)
Introduction: This script generates HTML documentation from Python code using
pdoc. It helps automate the process of creating up-to-date documentation from the
source code.

#!/bin/bash

# Generate documentation using pdoc

pdoc --html your-python-module --output-dir docs/

# Optionally, you can zip the generated docs

zip -r docs.zip docs/

Automation with Python for DevOps

1. File Operations
Read a file:

python
with open('file.txt', 'r') as file:

content = file.read()

print(content)

Write to a file:

python

with open('output.txt', 'w') as file:

file.write('Hello, DevOps!')

2. Environment Variables
Get an environment variable:

python

import os

db_user = os.getenv('DB_USER')

print(db_user)
Set an environment variable:

python

import os

os.environ['NEW_VAR'] = 'value'

3. Subprocess Management
Run shell commands:

python

import subprocess

result = subprocess.run(['ls', '-l'], capture_output=True, text=True)

print(result.stdout)

4. API Requests

Make a GET request:

python
import requests

response = requests.get('https://api.example.com/data')

print(response.json())

5. JSON Handling
Read JSON from a file:

python

import json

with open('data.json', 'r') as file:

data = json.load(file)

print(data)

Write JSON to a file:

python

import json
data = {'name': 'DevOps', 'type': 'Workflow'}

with open('output.json', 'w') as file:

json.dump(data, file, indent=4)

6. Logging
Logging improves visibility, helps resolve issues faster, and optimizes system performance.

Basic logging setup:

python

import logging

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)

logging.info('This is an informational message')

7. Working with Databases

Connect to a SQLite database:

python

import sqlite3
conn = sqlite3.connect('example.db')

cursor = conn.cursor()

cursor.execute('CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (id INTEGER

PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT)')

conn.commit()

conn.close()

8. Automation with Libraries

Using Paramiko for SSH connections:

python

import paramiko

ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()

ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())

ssh.connect('hostname', username='user', password='password')

stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('ls')

print(stdout.read().decode())

ssh.close()
9. Error Handling
Try-except block:

python

try:

# code that may raise an exception

risky_code()

except Exception as e:

print(f'Error occurred: {e}')

10. Docker Integration

Using the docker package to interact with Docker:

python

import docker

client = docker.from_env()

containers = client.containers.list()
for container in containers:

print(container.name)

11. Working with YAML Files

Read a YAML file:

python

import yaml

with open('config.yaml', 'r') as file:

config = yaml.safe_load(file)

print(config)

Write to a YAML file:

python

import yaml

data = {'name': 'DevOps', 'version': '1.0'}

with open('output.yaml', 'w') as file:

yaml.dump(data, file)
12. Parsing Command-Line Arguments
Using argparse:

python

import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Process some integers.')

parser.add_argument('--num', type=int, help='an integer for the accumulator')

args = parser.parse_args()

print(args.num)

13. Monitoring System Resources

Using psutil to monitor system resources:

python

import psutil

print(f"CPU Usage: {psutil.cpu_percent()}%")

print(f"Memory Usage: {psutil.virtual_memory().percent}%")

14. Handling HTTP Requests with Flask
Basic Flask API:

python

from flask import Flask, jsonify

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/health', methods=['GET'])

def health_check():

return jsonify({'status': 'healthy'})

if __name__ == '__main__':

app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=5000)

15. Creating Docker Containers

Using the Docker SDK to create a container:

python

import docker
client = docker.from_env()

container = client.containers.run('ubuntu', 'echo Hello World', detach=True)

print(container.logs())

16. Scheduling Tasks

Using schedule for task scheduling:

python

import schedule

import time

def job():

print("Running scheduled job...")

schedule.every(1).minutes.do(job)

while True:

schedule.run_pending()

time.sleep(1)
17. Version Control with Git
Using GitPython to interact with Git repositories:

python

import git

repo = git.Repo('/path/to/repo')

repo.git.add('file.txt')

repo.index.commit('Added file.txt')

18. Email Notifications

Sending emails using smtplib:

python

import smtplib

from email.mime.text import MIMEText

msg = MIMEText('This is the body of the email')

msg['Subject'] = 'Email Subject'

msg['From'] = '[email protected]'

msg['To'] = '[email protected]'
with smtplib.SMTP('smtp.example.com', 587) as server:

server.starttls()

server.login('your_username', 'your_password')

server.send_message(msg)

19. Creating Virtual Environments

Creating and activating a virtual environment:

python

import os

import subprocess

# Create virtual environment

subprocess.run(['python3', '-m', 'venv', 'myenv'])

# Activate virtual environment (Windows)

os.system('myenv\\Scripts\\activate')

# Activate virtual environment (Linux/Mac)

os.system('source myenv/bin/activate')
20. Integrating with CI/CD Tools
Using the requests library to trigger a Jenkins job:

python

import requests

url = 'http://your-jenkins-url/job/your-job-name/build'

response = requests.post(url, auth=('user', 'token'))

print(response.status_code)

21. Using watchdog for File System Monitoring

Monitor changes in a directory.

python

from watchdog.observers import Observer

from watchdog.events import FileSystemEventHandler

import time
class MyHandler(FileSystemEventHandler):

def on_modified(self, event):

print(f'File modified: {event.src_path}')

event_handler = MyHandler()

observer = Observer()

observer.schedule(event_handler, path='path/to/monitor', recursive=False)

observer.start()

try:

while True:

time.sleep(1)

except KeyboardInterrupt:

observer.stop()

observer.join()

22. Testing Code

Using unittest for unit testing:

python

import unittest
def add(a, b):

return a + b

class TestMathFunctions(unittest.TestCase):

def test_add(self):

self.assertEqual(add(2, 3), 5)

if __name__ == '__main__':

unittest.main()

23. Data Transformation with Pandas

Using pandas for data manipulation:

python

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

df['new_column'] = df['existing_column'] * 2

df.to_csv('output.csv', index=False)
24. Using Python for Infrastructure as Code
Using boto3 for AWS operations:

python

import boto3

ec2 = boto3.resource('ec2')

instances = ec2.instances.filter(Filters=[{'Name': 'instance-state-name', 'Values':

['running']}])

for instance in instances:

print(instance.id, instance.state)

25. Web Scraping

Web scraping with BeautifulSoup allows you to extract data from websites programmatically.
You can use it to automatically gather information like text, links, images, or titles from web
pages. This is useful for tasks like monitoring prices, gathering research data, or tracking
changes on websites. It saves time compared to manually collecting data and can be
customized to fit specific needs.

Using BeautifulSoup to scrape web pages:

python

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

response = requests.get('http://example.com')

soup = BeautifulSoup(response.content, 'html.parser')

print(soup.title.string)

26. Using Fabric for Remote Execution

Running commands on a remote server:

python

from fabric import Connection

conn = Connection(host='user@hostname', connect_kwargs={'password':

'your_password'})

conn.run('uname -s')

27. Automating AWS S3 Operations

Upload and download files using boto3:

python

import boto3
s3 = boto3.client('s3')

# Upload a file

s3.upload_file('local_file.txt', 'bucket_name', 's3_file.txt')

# Download a file

s3.download_file('bucket_name', 's3_file.txt', 'local_file.txt')

28. Monitoring Application Logs

Tail logs using tail -f equivalent in Python:

python

import time

def tail_f(file):

file.seek(0, 2) # Move to the end of the file

while True:

line = file.readline()

if not line:
 time.sleep(0.1) # Sleep briefly

continue

print(line)

with open('app.log', 'r') as log_file:

tail_f(log_file)

29. Container Health Checks

Check the health of a running Docker container:

python

import docker

client = docker.from_env()

container = client.containers.get('container_id')

print(container.attrs['State']['Health']['Status'])

30. Using requests for Rate-Limited APIs

Handle rate limiting in API requests:

python

import requests
import time

url = 'https://api.example.com/data'

while True:

response = requests.get(url)

if response.status_code == 200:

print(response.json())

break

elif response.status_code == 429: # Too Many Requests

time.sleep(60) # Wait a minute before retrying

else:

print('Error:', response.status_code)

break

31. Docker Compose Integration

Using docker-compose in Python:

python

import os

import subprocess
# Start services defined in docker-compose.yml

subprocess.run(['docker-compose', 'up', '-d'])

# Stop services

subprocess.run(['docker-compose', 'down'])

46. Creating a REST API with Flask-RESTful

A simple REST API that returns a "hello world" message.

python

from flask import Flask

from flask_restful import Resource, Api

app = Flask(__name__)

api = Api(app)

class HelloWorld(Resource):

def get(self):

return {'hello': 'world'}

api.add_resource(HelloWorld, '/')

if __name__ == '__main__':

app.run(debug=True)

47. Using asyncio for Asynchronous Tasks

Using asyncio in DevOps improves efficiency by allowing concurrent execution of I/O-bound
tasks (like interacting with APIs or services) without blocking. It helps scale operations, speeds
up workflows (such as deployments or health checks), and optimizes resource usage. This is
especially useful in CI/CD pipelines for faster, non-blocking automation.

Running asynchronous tasks in Python.

python

import asyncio

async def main():

print('Hello')

await asyncio.sleep(1)

print('World')

asyncio.run(main())
48. Network Monitoring with scapy
Packet sniffing using scapy.

python

from scapy.all import sniff

def packet_callback(packet):

print(packet.summary())

sniff(prn=packet_callback, count=10)

49. Handling Configuration Files with configparser

Reading and writing to INI configuration files.

python

import configparser

config = configparser.ConfigParser()

config.read('config.ini')
print(config['DEFAULT']['SomeSetting'])

config['DEFAULT']['NewSetting'] = 'Value'

with open('config.ini', 'w') as configfile:

config.write(configfile)

50. WebSocket Client Example

Creating a WebSocket client with websocket-client.

python

import websocket

def on_message(ws, message):

print("Received message:", message)

ws = websocket.WebSocketApp("ws://echo.websocket.org",
on_message=on_message)

ws.run_forever()
51. Creating a Docker Image with Python
Using docker library to build an image.

python

import docker

client = docker.from_env()

# Dockerfile content

dockerfile_content = """

FROM python:3.9-slim

WORKDIR /app

COPY . /app

RUN pip install -r requirements.txt

CMD ["python", "app.py"]

"""

# Create a Docker image

image, build_logs = client.images.build(fileobj=dockerfile_content.encode('utf-8'),

tag='my-python-app')
for line in build_logs:

print(line)

52. Using psutil for System Monitoring

Retrieve system metrics such as CPU and memory usage.

python

import psutil

print("CPU Usage:", psutil.cpu_percent(interval=1), "%")

print("Memory Usage:", psutil.virtual_memory().percent, "%")

53. Database Migration with Alembic

Script to initialize Alembic migrations.

python

from alembic import command

from alembic import config

alembic_cfg = config.Config("alembic.ini")
command.upgrade(alembic_cfg, "head")

54. Using paramiko for SSH Connections

Execute commands on a remote server via SSH.

Paramiko helps you connect to remote servers securely, run commands, and
automate tasks using Python. It simplifies managing remote systems by ensuring
encrypted connections.

python

import paramiko

client = paramiko.SSHClient()

client.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())

client.connect('hostname', username='user', password='your_password')

stdin, stdout, stderr = client.exec_command('ls -la')

print(stdout.read().decode())

client.close()

55. CloudFormation Stack Creation with boto3

Creating an AWS CloudFormation stack.

python

import boto3

cloudformation = boto3.client('cloudformation')

with open('template.yaml', 'r') as template_file:

template_body = template_file.read()

response = cloudformation.create_stack(

StackName='MyStack',

TemplateBody=template_body,

Parameters=[{'ParameterKey': 'InstanceType', 'ParameterValue': 't2.micro'}],

TimeoutInMinutes=5,

Capabilities=['CAPABILITY_NAMED_IAM'],

print(response)

56. Automating EC2 Instance Management

Starting and stopping EC2 instances.

python

import boto3

ec2 = boto3.resource('ec2')

# Start an instance

instance = ec2.Instance('instance_id')

instance.start()

# Stop an instance

instance.stop()

57. Automated Backup with shutil

Backup files to a specific directory.

python

import shutil

import os
source_dir = '/path/to/source'

backup_dir = '/path/to/backup'

shutil.copytree(source_dir, backup_dir)