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HTML NOTES

HTML, or Hyper Text Markup Language, is a markup language used to describe web pages through the use of tags. HTML documents consist of nested elements, including headings, paragraphs, and tables, which are interpreted by web browsers to display content. Key features include the use of attributes for additional information, the importance of proper syntax, and the ability to style elements using CSS.

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1 views

HTML NOTES

HTML, or Hyper Text Markup Language, is a markup language used to describe web pages through the use of tags. HTML documents consist of nested elements, including headings, paragraphs, and tables, which are interpreted by web browsers to display content. Key features include the use of attributes for additional information, the importance of proper syntax, and the ability to style elements using CSS.

Uploaded by

Kabambi KM
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HTML

What is HTML?
HTML is a language for describing web pages.

∙ HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language


∙ A markup language is a set of markup tags
∙ HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages

HTML Tags
HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags

∙ HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html> ∙


HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
∙ The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag ∙
Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags

HTML Documents = Web Pages


∙ HTML documents describe web pages
∙ HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text
∙ HTML documents are also called web pages

The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Firefox) is to read HTML documents and
display them as web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to
interpret the content of the page:

<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Example Explained
∙ The text between <html> and </html> describes the web page
∙ The text between <body> and </body> is the visible page content
∙ The text between <h1> and </h1> is displayed as a heading
∙ The text between <p> and </p> is displayed as a paragraph
HTML Headings
∙ HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
Example

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>
HTML Paragraphs
∙ HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.
Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

HTML Element Syntax


∙ An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag
∙ An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag
∙ The element content is everything between the start and the end tag ∙
Some HTML elements have empty content
∙ Empty elements are closed in the start tag
∙ Most HTML elements can have attributes

Nested HTML Elements


Most HTML elements can be nested (can contain other HTML elements).

HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.

HTML Document Example

<html>

<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>

</html>
The example above contains 3 HTML elements.

HTML Example Explained


The <p> element:

<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>

The <p> element defines a paragraph in the HTML document.


The element has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>.
The element content is: This is my first paragraph.

The <body> element:

<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>
The <body> element defines the body of the HTML document.
The element has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
The element content is another HTML element (a p element).

The <html> element:

<html>

<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>

</html>

The <html> element defines the whole HTML document.


The element has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.
The element content is another HTML element (the body element).

Don't Forget the End Tag


Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph

The example above will work in most browsers, but don't rely on it. Forgetting the end tag can
produce unexpected results or errors.

Note: Future version of HTML will not allow you to skip end tags.
Empty HTML Elements
HTML elements with no content are called empty elements. Empty elements can be closed in the
start tag.

<br> is an empty element without a closing tag (the <br> tag defines a line

break). In XHTML, XML, and future versions of HTML, all elements must be closed.

Adding a slash to the start tag, like <br />, is the proper way of closing empty elements, accepted
by HTML, XHTML and XML.

Even if <br> works in all browsers, writing <br /> instead is more future proof.

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Tags


HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>. Many web sites use uppercase
HTML tags.

HTML Attributes
Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Attributes
∙ HTML elements can have attributes
∙ Attributes provide additional information about an element
∙ Attributes are always specified in the start tag
∙ Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Attribute Example
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:

Example

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

Always Quote Attribute Values


Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes.

Double style quotes are the most common, but single style quotes are also allowed.

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Attributes


Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive.

HTML Attributes Reference


A complete list of legal attributes for each HTML element is listed in our:

Below is a list of some attributes that are standard for most HTML elements:
Attribute Value Description

class classname Specifies a classname for an element

id id Specifies a unique id for an element

style style_definition Specifies an inline style for an element

title tooltip_text Specifies extra information about an element


(displayed as a tool tip)

For more information about standard attributes:


HTML Headings

Headings are important in HTML documents.

HTML Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1> defines the largest heading. <h6> defines the smallest heading.

Example

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>

Try it yourself »

Note: Browsers automatically add an empty line before and after a heading.
Headings Are Important
Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.

Search engines use your headings to index the structure and content of your web

pages.

Since users may skim your pages by its headings, it is important to use headings to show the
document structure.

H1 headings should be used as main headings, followed by H2 headings, then the less important
H3 headings, and so on.

HTML Lines
The <hr /> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.

The hr element can be used to separate content:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>

Try it yourself »
HTML Comments
Comments can be inserted into the HTML code to make it more readable and understandable.
Comments are ignored by the browser and are not displayed.

Comments are written like this:

Example

<!-- This is a comment -->

Note: There is an exclamation point after the opening bracket, but not before the closing bracket.

HTML Tip - How to View HTML Source


Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"
To find out, right-click in the page and select "View Source" (IE) or "View Page Source" (Firefox),
or similar for other browsers. This will open a window containing the HTML code of the page

Try this
<html>
<body>

<h1>This is heading 1</h1>


<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>

</body>
</html>

Draw horizontal line

<html>
<body>
<p>The hr tag defines a horizontal rule:</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML Paragraphs

HTML documents are divided into paragraphs.

HTML Paragraphs
Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

Example

<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

Note: Browsers automatically add an empty line before and after a paragraph.

Don't Forget the End Tag


Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph

The example above will work in most browsers, but don't rely on it. Forgetting the end tag can
produce unexpected results or errors.

Note: Future version of HTML will not allow you to skip end tags.

HTML Line Breaks


Use the <br /> tag if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:
Example

<p>This is<br />a para<br />graph with line breaks</p>

The <br /> element is an empty HTML element. It has no end tag.

<br> or <br />


In XHTML, XML, and future versions of HTML, HTML elements with no end tag (closing tag) are not
allowed.

Even if <br> works in all browsers, writing <br /> instead is more future proof.

HTML Text Formatting


HTML Text Formatting

This text is bold

This text is big

This text is italic

This is computer output

superscript
This is subscript and

HTML Formatting Tags


HTML uses tags like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.

These HTML tags are called formatting tags (look at the bottom of this page for a complete
reference).
Often <strong> renders as <b>, and <em> renders as <i>.

However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags:

<b> or <i> defines bold or italic text only.

<strong> or <em> means that you want the text to be rendered in a way that the
user understands as "important". Today, all major browsers render strong as bold
and em as italics. However, if a browser one day wants to make a text highlighted
with the strong feature, it might be cursive for example and not bold!

HTML Styles

The style attribute is used to style HTML elements.


Look! Styles and colors
This text is in Verdana and red

This text is in Times and blue

This text is 30 pixels high

The HTML Style Attribute


The purpose of the style attribute is:

To provide a common way to style all HTML elements.

Styles was introduced with HTML 4, as the new and preferred way to style HTML elements. With
HTML styles, styles can be added to HTML elements directly by using the style attribute, or
indirectly in separate style sheets (CSS files).

HTML Style Example - Background Color


The background-color property defines the background color for an element:

Example

<html>

<body style="background-color:yellow">
<h2 style="background-color:red">This is a heading</h2>
<p style="background-color:green">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>

</html>

HTML Style Example - Font, Color and Size


The font-family, color, and font-size properties defines the font, color, and size of the text in an
element:
Example

<html>

<body>
<h1 style="font-family:verdana">water</h1>
<p style="font-size:30px;"> The two elements which make up water are Hydrogen
and Oxygen. </p>
<h2 style="color:blue"> boiling point of water </h2>

<p style="font-family:arial;color:red;font-size:20px;"> The boiling point of <b> water,</b>


H <sub> 2 </sub> O, at normal atmospheric pressure is 100<sup>o </sup>C. </p>

</body>

</html>

HTML Style Example - Text Alignment


The text-align property specifies the horizontal alignment of text in an element:

Example

<html>

<body>
<h1 style="text-align:center">This is a heading</h1>
<p>The heading above is aligned to the center of this page.</p>
</body>

</html>

HTML Tables
HTML Tables

Apples 44%
Bananas 23%
Oranges 13%
Other 10%

Try it Yourself - Examples

How to create tables in an HTML document.

<html>
<body>

<p>
Each table starts with a table tag.
Each table row starts with a tr tag.
Each table data starts with a td tag.
</p>

<h4>One column:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>100</td>
</tr>
</table>

<h4>One row and three columns:</h4>


<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>100</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>300</td>
</tr>
</table>

HTML Tables
Tables are defined with the <table> tag.

A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the
<td> tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the content of a data cell. A <td> tag can contain
text, links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc.

Table Example

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2


row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

HTML Tables and the Border Attribute


If you do not specify a border attribute, the table will be displayed without borders. Sometimes
this can be useful, but most of the time, we want the borders to show.

To display a table with borders, specify the border attribute:

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

HTML Table Headers


Header information in a table are defined with the <th> tag.

The text in a th element will be bold and centered.

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Header 1 Header 2
row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2
row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

More Examples

How to add a caption to a table.

<html>
<body>

<table border="1">
<caption>Monthly savings</caption>
<tr>
<th>Month</th>
<th>Savings</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>January</td>
<td>$100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>February</td>
<td>$50</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

HTML Table Tags


Tag Description

<table> Defines a table

<th> Defines a table header

<tr> Defines a table row

<td> Defines a table cell

<caption> Defines a table caption

<colgroup> Defines a group of columns in a table, for formatting

<col /> Defines attribute values for one or more columns in a table

<thead> Groups the header content in a table

<tbody> Groups the body content in a table

<tfoot> Groups the footer content in a table

HTML Lists

The most common HTML lists are ordered and unordered lists:
HTML Lists

An unordered list:
An ordered list:

∙ List item
1. The first list item
∙ List item
2. The second list item
3. The third list item
∙ List item

Try-It-Yourself Examples
How to create an unordered list in an HTML document.

<html>
<body>
<h4>An Unordered List:</h4>
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

</body>
</html

How to create an ordered list in an HTML document.

<html>
<body>
<h4>An Ordered List:</h4>
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

</body>
</html>

HTML Unordered Lists


An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

The list items are marked with bullets (typically small black circles).

<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

∙ Coffee
∙ Milk

HTML Ordered Lists


An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li>

tag. The list items are marked with numbers.

<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:


1. Coffee
2. Milk

HTML Definition Lists


A definition list is a list of items, with a description of each item.

The <dl> tag defines a definition list.

The <dl> tag is used in conjunction with <dt> (defines the item in the list) and <dd> (describes
the item in the list):

<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Coffee
- black hot drink
Milk
- white cold drink

Basic Notes - Useful Tips


Tip: Inside a list item you can put text, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.

More Examples
Demonstrates different types of ordered lists.

<html>
<body>

<h4>Numbered list:</h4>
<ol>
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>

<h4>Letters list:</h4>
<ol type="A">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>
<h4>Lowercase letters list:</h4>
<ol type="a">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>

<h4>Roman numbers list:</h4>


<ol type="I">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>

<h4>Lowercase Roman numbers


list:</h4> <ol type="i">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ol>

</body>
</html>
Demonstrates different types of unordered
lists. <html>
<body>

<h4>Disc bullets list:</h4>


<ul type="disc">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ul>

<h4>Circle bullets list:</h4>


<ul type="circle">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ul>

<h4>Square bullets list:</h4>


<ul type="square">
<li>Apples</li>
<li>Bananas</li>
<li>Lemons</li>
<li>Oranges</li>
</ul>

</body>
</html>

Demonstrates how you can nest lists.

<html>
<body>
<h4>A nested List:</h4>
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<ul>
<li>Black tea</li>
<li>Green tea</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

</body>
</html>

HTML List Tags


Tag Description

<ol> Defines an ordered list

<ul> Defines an unordered list

<li> Defines a list item

<dl> Defines a definition list

<dt> Defines an item in a definition list

<dd> Defines a description of an item in a definition list

HTML Images
Example

Norwegian Mountain Trip


Try it Yourself - Examples
Insert images
How to insert images into an HTML document.

<html>
<body>

<p>
An image:
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" width="32" height="32" />
</p>

<p>
A moving image:
<img src="hackanm.gif" alt="Computer man" width="48" height="48" />
</p>

<p>
Note that the syntax of inserting a moving image is no different from a non-moving
image. </p>

</body>
</html>

HTML The <img> Tag and the Src Attribute


In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.

The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only, and has no closing tag.

To display an image on a page, you need to use the src attribute. Src stands for "source". The
value of the src attribute is the URL of the image you want to display.

Syntax for defining an image:

<img src="url" alt="some_text"/>

The URL points to the location where the image is stored. An image named "boat.gif", located in
the "images" directory on "www.w3schools.com" has the URL:
http://www.w3schools.com/images/boat.gif.
The browser displays the image where the <img> tag occurs in the document. If you put an image
tag between two paragraphs, the browser shows the first paragraph, then the image, and then the
second paragraph.

HTML The Alt Attribute


The required alt attribute specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image cannot be
displayed.

The value of the alt attribute is an author-defined text:

<img src="boat.gif" alt="Big Boat" />

HTML Image Tags


Tag Description

<img /> Defines an image

<map> Defines an image-map

<area /> Defines a clickable area inside an image-map

HTML Links

Links are found in nearly all Web pages. Links allow users to click their way from
page to page.

Examples

<html>
<body>

<p>
<a href="default.asp">HTML Tutorial</a> This is a link to a page on this website.
</p>

<p>
<a href="http://www.google.com/">Google</a> This is a link to a website on the World Wide Web.
</p>

</body>
</html>

(You can find more examples at the bottom of this page)

HTML Hyperlinks (Links)


A hyperlink (or link) is a word, group of words, or image that you can click on to jump to a new
document or a new section within the current document.
When you move the cursor over a link in a Web page, the arrow will turn into a little hand.

Links are specified in HTML using the <a> tag.

The <a> tag can be used in two ways:

1. To create a link to another document, by using the href attribute


2. To create a bookmark inside a document, by using the name attribute

HTML Link Syntax


The HTML code for a link is simple. It looks like this:

<a href="url">Link text</a>

The href attribute specifies the destination of a link.

Example

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/">Visit W3Schools</a>

which will display like this: Visit W3Schools

Clicking on this hyperlink will send the user to W3Schools' homepage.

Tip: The "Link text" doesn't have to be text. You can link from an image or any other HTML
element.

HTML Links - The target Attribute


The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.

The example below will open the linked document in a new browser window:

Example

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a>

HTML Links - The name Attribute


The name attribute specifies the name of an anchor.

The name attribute is used to create a bookmark inside an HTML document.

Bookmarks are not displayed in any special way. They are invisible to the reader.

Example
A named anchor inside an HTML document:

<a name="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>

Create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" inside the same document:

<a href="#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

Or, create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" from another page:

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html_links.htm#tips">
Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

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