ABSTRACT

This project introduces an innovative Driver Drowsiness Detection System leveraging

Internet of Things (IoT) technology and Arduino microcontroller. It utilizes a camera to
detect signs of drowsiness or sleepiness in the driver, triggering alerts through various
sensory outputs including a buzzer, LED lights, and an LCD display. Upon detection, the
system swiftly notifies the driver, prompting them to regain alertness and ensure road
safety.

In addition to its primary function, this system offers potential applications beyond driver
safety. By integrating with existing vehicle systems, it could contribute to the development
of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), enhancing overall vehicle safety.
Furthermore, its real-time data acquisition capabilities could enable deeper insights into
driver behavior and fatigue patterns, facilitating the development of more effective fatigue
management strategies.

Through the integration of IoT technology, this project exemplifies the versatility and
adaptability of Arduino-based solutions in addressing diverse real-world challenges. It
underscores the transformative potential of IoT in improving not only road safety but also
broader aspects of transportation and human-machine interaction
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

The Internet of Things (IoT) embodies a network comprising physical devices, vehicles,
household appliances, and a myriad of other items embedded with electronics, software,
sensors, actuators, and connectivity. This interconnectedness enables seamless data
exchange and interaction among these objects within the existing Internet infrastructure.
By augmenting objects with sensors and actuators, IoT evolves into a broader class of
cyber-physical systems, facilitating real-time monitoring and control across various
domains such as smart grids, virtual power plants, and intelligent transportation systems.

Within the realm of IoT, the term "things" encompasses a diverse array of devices, ranging
from medical implants and animal biochip transponders to environmental monitoring tools
and firefighting assistance devices. These devices autonomously gather and transmit data,
fostering enhanced efficiency, accuracy, and economic benefits while minimizing human
intervention.

The pervasive nature of IoT extends its applications across consumer, enterprise, and
infrastructure domains, fostering connections between individuals, objects, and systems.
It heralds a future where virtually anything capable of connectivity will indeed be
interconnected, revolutionizing industries and daily life.

In transportation systems, IoT facilitates seamless integration of communication, control,

and information processing, enabling dynamic interactions between vehicles,
infrastructure, and users. This integration empowers functionalities such as smart traffic
control, electronic toll collection, fleet management, and road safety assistance, thereby
optimizing logistics and enhancing overall transportation efficiency. For instance, in
logistics and fleet management, IoT platforms can continuously monitor cargo location
and conditions, providing real-time alerts for management exceptions such as delays or
damages.
1.2 Objectives

The objective of a driver drowsiness system is to enhance road safety by detecting signs
of driver fatigue or drowsiness. It aims to alert the driver in real-time, preventing accidents
caused by impaired attention or delayed reactions. Ultimately, the system seeks to reduce
the risk of collisions and promote safer driving habits.

The system will continuously capture images or video frames from the camera sensor
mounted at a strategic location within the vehicle. Optimizing the frame rate will balance
real- time performance with data processing requirements. A lower frame rate reduces
processing load but might miss subtle changes in facial features. Capturing images at a
sufficient resolution is crucial for accurate facial feature detection. However, higher
resolution images require more processing power and storage space on the Arduino board.
Captured images might require preprocessing before feeding them into the drowsiness
detection algorithm. This involves converting color images to grayscale can simplify
processing and reduce computational demands. Algorithms can be implemented to identify
the driver's face within the image frame. This focuses the analysis on the relevant region
of interest.

Once the driver's face is identified, the system will extract relevant features for drowsiness
detection. This involves Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) where this metric calculates the ratio of
the width between the eyes to their vertical height. A consistently low EAR can indicate
drowsiness.

Upon detecting the driver sleeping, the system will trigger an alert sequence to warn the
driver. This involves a loud and distinct buzzer sound can effectively grab the driver's
attention, a brightly lit LED can provide a visual cue to reinforce the audible alert and a
clear and concise message displayed on the LCD can inform the driver of their drowsiness
state and urge them to act
 LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Detecting Driver Drowsiness Based on Sensors

It was produced by Arun Sahayadhas, Kenneth Sundaraj. It describes the following

measures:
(1) vehicle-based measures, (2) behavioural measures and (3) physiological measures. A
detailed review of these measures will provide insight on the present systems, issues
associated with them and the enhancements that need to be done to make a robust system.
In this paper, we review these three measures as to the sensors used and discuss the
advantages and limitations of each. The various ways through which drowsiness has been
experimentally manipulated are also discussed. Several road accidents might then be
avoided if an alert is sent to a driver that is deemed drowsy.

2. Driver Alertness Monitoring Using Fusion of Facial Features and Bio- Signals

This paper was produced by Boon-Giin Lee and Wan-Young Chung. It describes a method
to monitor driver safety by analyzing information related to fatigue using two distinct
methods: eye movement monitoring and bio-signal processing. A monitoring system is
designed in Android-based smartphone where it receives sensory data via wireless sensor
network and further processes the data to indicate the current driving aptitude of the driver.
It is critical that several sensors are integrated and synchronized for a more realistic
evaluation of the driver’s behavior. Sensors applied include a video sensor to capture the
driver image and a bio-signal sensor to gather the driver photoplethysmography signal. A
dynamic Bayesian network framework is used for the driver fatigue evaluation. A warning
alarm is sounded if driver fatigue is believed to reach a defined threshold. The manifold
testing of the system demonstrates the practical use of multiple features, particularly with
discrete methods, and their fusion enables a more authentic and ample fatigue detection.
1. A A Vision Based System for Monitoring the Loss of Attention in
Automotive Drivers

This paper was published by Anirban Dasgupta, Anjith George. It proposes a robust real
time embedded platform to monitor the loss of attention of the driver during day as well
as night driving conditions. The percentage of eye closure (PERCLOS) has been used as
the indicator of the alertness level. In this approach, the face is detected using Haar like
features and tracked using a Kalman Filter. The Eyes are detected using Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) during daytime and the block Local Binary Pattern (LBP)
features during night. Finally, the eye state is classified as open or closed using Support
Vector Machines (SVM). In plane and off plane rotations of the driver’s face have been
compensated using Affine and Perspective Transformation respectively. Compensation in
illumination variation is carried out using Bi Histogram Equalization (BHE). The
algorithm has been cross validated using brain signals and finally been implemented on a
Single Board Computer (SBC) having Intel Atom processor, 1 GB RAM, 1.66 GHz clock,
x86 architecture, Windows Embedded XP operating system. The system is found to be
robust under actual driving conditions.

2. Arduino based real time driver drowsiness detection and Alert System

This paper was published by Lestin Jills Josephand and Dr. Lokesha M. The goal of this
propose design is to detect drowsiness in drivers to prevent accidents and to improve safety
on the highways. A method for detecting driver drowsiness/sleepiness is developed on
Arduino microcontroller board based on Atmega328P for real-time monitoring. The
readings taken from different sensors used in this project can be seen in an Android based
mobile device. It has an MQ-2 alcohol gas sensor to detect alcohol, if consumed by the
driver and a relay circuit to stop him from performing the drive if alcohol consumed.
MPU-6050Micro-Electro- Mechanical-System (MEMS) accelerometer to read the head
nodding conditions combined with gyroscope and a temperature sensor to know the
temperature inside the vehicle. The system is also able to monitor the driver’s
physiological conditions such as heart pulse rate, eye blink detection using pulse sensor
and eye blink sensor respectively. The alarm will be activated when the driver has
consumed alcohol or the driver’s head nods frequently or heart pulse rate goes above the
limit or when driver eyes get closed. The Arduino communicates with the system
connected on the board.
 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Software Requirements

 Programming Language: Python, Arduino IDE

 IDE: Python IDLE
 Operating System: Windows 7 or above
 API Tools: OpenCV

3.2 Hardware Requirements

 RAM: 8GB
 CPU: Intel Core i3
 Disk: Minimum 512GB

 Arduino UNO

 Jumper wires

 Buzzer

 LCD Display

 LED

 External Webcam