21 Transformations of Functions

21 Transformations of (b) h(x) =

Functions = – 21

Instant Practice 1 = (x – 18)2 – 21 [1A]

(a) f(x) = –x + 4x + 1
1. 2
The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of
= –(x2 – 4x) + 1 y = h(x) are (18, –21). [1A]
= –(x2 – 4x + 22) + 1 + 22 [1M] (c) Since
= –(x – 2)2 + 5
` The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of f(x) =
y = f(x) are (2, 5). [1A]
(b) By translating the graph of y = f(x) downwards by 5 = x2 – 2x + 2
units, the vertex of the image is (2, 5 – 5) = (2, 0).
` The transformation is reduction along the y-axis
` g(x) = f(x) – 5 [1M]
= –(x – 2)2 [1A] to times the original. [1A] + [1A]
(c) Since
–f(x) = –(–x2 + 4x + 1)
= x2 – 4x – 1 4. (a) f(x) = x2 + 4x + 20
` The transformation is reflection with respect to
the x-axis. [1A] + [1A] = (x2 + 10x) + 20

(a) f(x) = –3x2 + 6x + 2

2. = (x2 + 10x + 52) + 20 – (52) [1M]
= –3(x2 – 2x) + 2
= –3(x2 – 2x + 12) + 2 + 3(12) [1M] = (x + 5)2 + 10
2
= –3(x – 1) + 5
` The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of ` The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of
y = f(x) are (1, 5). [1A] y = f(x) are (–5, 10). [1A]
(b) By translating the graph of y = f(x) downwards by 5 (b) g(x) = f(x)
units, the vertex of the image is (1, 5 – 5) = (1, 0).
` g(x) = f(x) – 5 [1M] =
= –3(x – 1)2 [1A]
(c) Since
= (x + 5)2 + 5 [1A]
f(–x) = –3(–x)2 + 6(–x) + 2
= –3x2 – 6x + 2 ` The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of
y = g(x) are (–5, 5). [1A]
` The transformation is reflection with respect to
the y-axis. [1A] + [1A] (c) Since

f(5x) = (5x)2 + 4(5x) + 20

3. (a) f(x) = x2 – 6x + 6 = 10x2 + 20x + 20

` The transformation is reduction along the x-axis
= (x2 – 18x) + 6 to times the original. [1A] + [1A]

= (x2 – 18x + 92) + 6 – (92) [1M]

= (x – 9)2 – 21

` The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of

y = f(x) are (9, –21). [1A]

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HKDSE Exam Series — Master 1, Tackle 5 Hot Question Types for Mathematics (Compulsory Part) Solution Guide

4. From the figure, the graph of y = g(x) is obtained by

5. (a) f(x) = x2 – 4x + 9
translating the graph of y = f(x) rightwards and then
downwards.
= (x2 – 8x) + 9 ` g(x) = f(x – a) – b, where a and b are positive
constants.
= (x2 – 8x + 42) + 9 – (42) [1M] The answer is A.

= (x – 4)2 + 1 5. From the figure, if one of the parabolas is reflected with

respect to the x-axis and then translating leftwards (or
` The coordinates of the vertex of the graph of rightwards) by 6 units, we can obtain the other parabola.
y = f(x) are (4, 1). [1A]
` y = –f(x + 6) or y = –f(x – 6)
(b) By translating the graph of y = f(x) downwards by 1
units, the vertex of the image is (4, 1 – 1) = (4, 0). The answer is C.
` g(x) = f(x) – 1 [1M]
Instant Practice 3
= (x – 4)2 [1A]
1. The graph of y = f(x + 2) – 1 is obtained by translating
(c) Since the graph of y = f(x) leftwards by 2 units and then
downwards by 1 unit.
f(2x) = (2x)2 – 4(2x) + 9 ` The answer is A.
= 2x2 – 8x + 9
` The transformation is reduction along the x-axis 2. The graph of y = f(x – 4) – 1 is obtained by translating
the graph of y = f(x) rightwards by 4 units and then
to times the original. [1A] + [1A] downwards by 1 unit.
` The answer is B.
Instant Practice 2
1. From the figure, if one of the parabolas is reflected with 3. The graph of y = –f(x + 3) is obtained by translating the
respect to the x-axis and then translated leftwards (or graph of y = f(x) leftwards by 3 units and then reflecting
rightwards) by 4 units, we can obtain the other parabola. the resulting graph with respect to the x-axis.
` y = –f(x + 4) or y = –f(x – 4). ` The answer is B.
The answer is D.
4. The graph of y = –f(x) – 1 is obtained by reflecting the
2. From the figure, there are two possible transformations graph of y = f(x) with respect to the x-axis and then
that can obtain the resulting graph: translating the resulting graph downwards by 1 units.
Case 1: Reflecting the graph with respect to the x-axis Note that if the graph of y = f(x) does not intersect with
and then reflecting the resulting graph with respect to the the x-axis, then so does the graph of y = –f(x) – 1.
y-axis. ` The answer is C.
In this case, y = –f(–x). Guidelines
Case 2: Reflecting the graph with respect to the x-axis
For option A, if the y-coordinate of the vertex of
and then translating leftwards (or rightwards) by 8 units.
the graph of y = f(x) is k (where k > 0), then the
In this case, y = –f(x + 8) or y = –f(x – 8). y-coordinate of the vertex of the graph of
` The answer is B. y = –f(x) – 1 is –k – 1 < 0.
` Option A is not correct.
3. From the figure, the graph of y = g(x) is obtained by
reflecting the graph of y = f(x) with respect to the x-axis,
translating the resulting graph rightwards by 6 units and 5. The graph of y = –f(–x) is obtained by reflecting the
then downwards by 3 units. graph of y = f(x) with respect to the y-axis and then
reflecting the resulting graph with respect to the x-axis.
` g(x) = –f(x – 6) – 3.
` The answer is C.
The answer is A.

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 21 Transformations of Functions

Instant Practice 4 5. Since g(x) = f(2x), the graph of y = g(x) is obtained by

reducing the graph of y = f(x) along the x-axis to times
1. Since g(x) = , the graph of y = g(x) is obtained
the original.
by enlarging the graph of y = f(x) along the x-axis to 4
` The y-intercept of the graph remains unchanged while
times the original.
` The y-intercept of the graph remains unchanged while the x-intercepts of the graph are of the original graph.
the x-intercepts of the graph are 4 times the original
` The y-intercept of the graph of y = g(x) is 20 while
graph.
` The y-intercept of the graph of y = g(x) is 12 while the x-intercepts of the graph are = –15 and = 5.
the x-intercepts of the graph are 4(–12) = –48 and 4(4) = The answer is C.
16.
The answer is D.

2. Since g(x) = f(2x), the graph of y = g(x) is obtained by

reducing the graph of y = f(x) along the x-axis to times
the original.
` The y-intercept of the graph remains unchanged while
the x-intercepts of the graph are of the original graph.

` The y-intercept of the graph of y = g(x) is –2 while

the x-intercepts of the graph are = 1 and = 3.

The answer is C.

3. Since f(x) = 3g(x), i.e. g(x) = f(x), the graph of y = g(x)

is obtained by reducing the graph of y = f(x) along the
y-axis to times the original.

` The x-intercepts of the graph remain unchanged while

the y-intercept of the graph is of the original graph.

` The x-intercepts of the graph of y = g(x) are 3 and 9

while the y-intercept of the graph is = –2.

The answer is B.

4. Since f(x) = 2g(x), i.e. g(x) = f(x), the graph of y = g(x)

is obtained by reducing the graph of y = f(x) along the
y-axis to times the original.

` The x-intercepts of the graph remain unchanged while

the y-intercept of the graph is of the original graph.

` The x-intercepts of the graph of y = g(x) are 2 and 6

while the y-intercept of the graph is = –1.

The answer is A.

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