Lesson 5A: Random Sampling

Explore

In this lesson, you’ll learn to:

✓ illustrate random sampling

✓ distinguish between
parameter and statistic

✓ identify sampling
distributions of statistics
(sample mean)

MNHS has 850 female students and 790 male students in the
Senior High School Department. A random sample of 200
students was surveyed for suggestions about social activities for
the following
Important school year.
Terminologies and Concepts
Is it possible that the sample included only male students? Would
a sample consisting entirely of male students be representative of
the school population?

The best way to achieve an unbiased result in research study is through the use of random sampling.
It ensures that results obtained from your sample should approximate what would have been obtained if
the entire population had been measured (Shadish et al., 2002).

Types of Random Sampling

1. Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

This is the most basic sampling technique. This sampling technique gives every member of the
population an equal chance of being chosen to be part of the sample.

a. Using Table of Random Numbers

b. Using Lottery Method (SRS without Replacement or SRS with Replacement)

2. Systematic Sampling

In this type of random sampling technique, every 𝑘𝑡ℎ element of the population is selected until
the desired number of elements in the sample is obtained. 𝑘 is calculated by dividing the number
of elements in the population by the number of elements in the desired sample.

Statistics & Probability 1

 3. Stratified Sampling
This sampling technique divides the population into subgroups called strata and then selects
sample randomly from each stratum.

4. Cluster or Area Sampling

In cluster or area sampling, the population is divided into clusters or small groups. From these
clusters, a random sample is drawn. All the elements from the sampled cluster will make up the
sample.

Example 1.

A researcher wants to study the effects of social media on Grade 11 students of MNHS Main. He wants to
use the simple random sampling technique in choosing the members of his sample. If there are 1, 000
Grade 11 students in MNHS Main, how many students should be in his sample? What are the steps he
should make if he wishes to use the lottery method?

Solution:
Step1. Determine the number of students that should be in the sample using the Slovin’s formula

𝑁
𝑛 = 1+𝑁𝑒 2 where: 𝑛 = number of samples needed 𝑒 = margin of error
𝑁 = population size (for 𝑒, use 5% or 0.05)

1, 000
𝑛=
1 + (1,000)(0.05)2

𝑛 = 285.7 or 286

Step 2. Assign number to each member of the population.

Step 3. Write the numbers on pieces of paper with the same size and shape. Fold the pieces of paper.

Step 4. Put all the pieces of paper in a bowl or box.

Step 5. Without looking, randomly pick out 286 folded pieces from the bowl or box.

Example 2.

Liam wants to make a study on the effects of peer teaching to the academic performance of Grade 7
students of MNHS. He only wants to interview 10% of the 510 Grade 7 students. If you were Liam, how
are you going to select the respondents it using the Table of Random Numbers?

Solution:

Step 1. Get 10% of 510 (510)(. 10) = 51 respondents

Statistics & Probability 2

 The number of students is a three-digit number, therefore assign a three-digit number to each of
the 510 students.

Step 2. Randomly select a starting number from the table. If the table of random numbers contains 5-
digit numbers, consider only the last three digits, since the total number of students (510) is a
three-digit number. Move down through the columns selecting the appropriate number.

Not included in the sample since 735 > 501

No, 965 > 501
No, 859 > 501
No, 666 > 501
No, 666 > 501

No, 838 > 501

No, 793 > 501
Yes, since 155 ≤ 501. The student with number 155 will be the first member of the sample.

Yes, since 381≤ 501. The student with number 381 will be the second member of the sample.
Yes, since 2 ≤ 501. The student with number 2 will be the second member of the sample.

Continue doing this until 51 students are selected. If there are no numbers left in the first column, move
to the second column.

Example 3.

How will you select a sample of 71 students in a group of 250 students using the systematic sampling
technique?

Solution:

Step 1: Arrange the 250 students randomly. This is your sampling frame.

Step 2: Assign a number to each student from 1 to 250.

Step 3: Find the sampling interval 𝑘.

𝑁
𝑘= 𝑛
where: 𝑘 = sampling interval 𝑁 = population size 𝑛 = sample size

250
𝑘= 71
𝑘 = 3.52 or 4

Step 4: Select a number between 0 and 𝑘 + 1 by simple random technique. The chosen number is called
the random start. Assume that the randomly selected number is 2. This is your starting point.
Statistics & Probability 3
 Step 5: Select every 4𝑡ℎ student from the sampling frame starting from the 2𝑛𝑑 student.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14…

2nd 3rd 4th

1st

The samples included are the students whose numbers are 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, …

Your Turn!

Using the systematic sampling technique, how will you select 36 samples in a group of 180 teachers?

Example 4.

You want to interview 200 students in PLMun to determine their opinion on the new school uniform. How
are you going to select your sample by using stratified sampling if there are 1, 200 students under the
College of Education; 1, 100 students in Criminology Department; 1, 050 students in Business
Administration; 940 students in Computer Studies Department; 900 students in Fine Arts; and 810
students in Engineering?

Solution:

Subdivide the population into several strata. In this problem, subdivide it by department.

Population Number of Students Per Sample

𝑵 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 Stratum 𝒏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎

Education 1, 200 40

Criminology 1, 100 37

Business Administration 1, 050 35

Computer Studies 940 31

Fine Arts 900 30

Engineering 810 27

Total 6, 000 200

To get the sample size per department, divide the number of students per department by the total
number of students, then multiply the answer by 200. You may then select the members of each sample
by using SRS.

Statistics & Probability 4

 1,200 940
a. Education: 6000 × 200 = 40 d. Computer Studies: 6,000 × 200 = 31

1,100 900
b. Criminology: 6,000 × 200 = 37 e. Fine Arts: 6,000 × 200 = 30

1,050 810
c. Business Ad: × 200 = 35 f. Engineering: 6,000 × 200 = 27
6,000

Your Turn!

Tanya wants to determine who care more about their academic standing, the male or the female students.
She wants to limit her study to the Grade 11 students of ABM. If there are 340 male and 500 female students,
how is she going to select her sample, consisting of 50 students, using stratified sampling technique?

Example 5.

A researcher wants to conduct a study who among the teenagers (ages 13 to 19) in Muntinlupa City uses
the TikTok application. How is he going to select his sample using cluster sampling technique?

Solution:

Step 1: Divide the population into clusters. Use barangays as clusters.

Step 2: Not all barangays of the city will be included in the sample. Choose the final barangays by using
systematic random sampling or by systematic random sampling technique.

Step 3: Not all teenagers in each selected barangays will be included in the study. Select the final teenagers
to be included in the sample by using systematic random sampling or by systematic random
sampling technique.

Statistics & Probability 5

 Name: Score: Muntinlupa National High School
Type C, NBP Reservation, Poblacion, Muntinlupa City

CN: Section: Date: 35 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Passing Statistics and Probability
Subject Teacher: Score: 26

Random Sampling Worksheet No. 5

I. Identify the type of sampling technique used by the researcher in each of the following situations.

_____________________ 1. The office clerk gave the researcher a list of 500 Grade 10 students. The
researcher selected every 20th name on the list.

_____________________ 2. In a recent research that was conducted in a private school, the subjects of the
study were selected by using the Table of Random Numbers.

_____________________ 3. A researcher interviewed people from each town in the province of Albay for
his research on population.

_____________________ 4. A researcher is doing a research work on the students’ reaction to the newly
implemented curriculum in mathematics and interviewed every 10th student
entering the gate of the school.

_____________________ 5. A researcher who is studying the effects of educational attainment on

promotion conducted a survey of 50 randomly selected workers from each of
these categories: high school graduate, with undergraduate degrees, with
master’s degree, and with doctoral degree.

_____________________ 6. A researcher selected a sample of n = 120 from a population of 850 by using

the Table of Random Numbers.

_____________________ 7. A researcher interviewed all top 10 Grade 11 students in each of 15 randomly

selected private schools in Metro Manila.

_____________________ 8. A researcher randomly selected 10 barangays in a town for her study. She did
this by writing the names of each barangays on a piece of paper which she
folded and put in a bowl then she draw 10 pieces of paper from the bowl.

_____________________ 9. A teacher asked her students to fall in line. He instructed one of them to select
every 5th student on the line.

_____________________10. A researcher chose the subjects of her study by selecting every th member of
the population.

_____________________11. A teacher who is conducting a research on the effects of using calculators in

teaching mathematics decided to divide her students into male and female
and then she selected students from each gender group.

Statistics & Probability 6

_____________________12. A Statistics student did a research on the time spent by Grade 11 students in
playing video games. He randomly selected his subjects by using the Table of
Random Numbers.

_____________________13. A statistician selected a sample of n = 100 high school students from a private
school with 2,500 students. He randomly selected the students from each
grade level.

_____________________14. A teacher conducted a study in her school to determine who were better in
mathematics: the boys or the girls.

_____________________15. A researcher surveyed all diabetic patients in each of the randomly selected
hospitals in Metro Manila.

II. True or False.

_____________________16. In simple random sampling, every member of the population has the same
chance of being selected for inclusion in the sample.

_____________________17. The systematic sampling technique is the most basic type of sampling
technique.

_____________________18. Cluster sampling involves the selection of every kth element in the population
until the desired number of elements in the sample is obtained.

_____________________ 19. Stratified sampling is a sampling technique in which the population is first
divided into strata and then the samples are randomly selected separately
from each stratum.

_____________________20. A systematic sampling is a sampling technique in which a list of elements of

the population is used as a sampling frame and the elements to be included in
the desired sample are selected by skipping through the list at regular
intervals.

III. Solve.

1. Living Angels Christian Academy has 5, 000 Grade 11 students. A researcher wishes to use the
Grade 10 students in her study. Use the Table of Random Numbers to identify the students to
be included in the sample 𝑛 = 25. (*Use the Table of Random Numbers attached to this
module).

Statistics & Probability 7

 2. Out of 120 teachers in MNHS-SHS, select a sample of 40 teachers using the systematic sampling
technique.

3. You want to determine the opinion of students in MNHS Main about the new platform used in
learning this pandemic. You wanted to use stratified sampling in getting responses from a
sample of 500 students. Given the following data, identify how many samples are there in each
grade level.

Grade 7: 1, 557 Grade 9: 1, 054 Grade 11: 1, 456

Grade 8: 1, 209 Grade 10: 1, 988 Grade 12: 1,764

Reference:

• Next Century Mathematics: Statistics and Probability

Jesus P. Mercado, et al.

Statistics & Probability 8

Statistics & Probability 9