1- Infinitive Clauses to Describe Purpose

Introduction
Infinitive clauses are used to explain the purpose or reason behind an action. They often
include phrases like "to", "in order to", or "in order for", depending on the context.

Two Types of Infinitive Clauses

1. Infinitive Clause with "to" or "in order to"
o Used to describe the purpose of an action.
o Structure: (In order) to + base verb
o Examples:
▪ To attract talented professionals, a company should offer
competitive salaries.
▪ (In order) to finance a new business, it's a good idea to get a bank
loan.
2. Infinitive Clause with "for" or "in order for"
o Used to describe the purpose for a specific subject or noun.
o Structure: (In order) for + noun + to + base verb
o Examples:
▪ For a small company to be profitable, it should have a good
marketing plan.
▪ (In order) for an app to succeed, it has to be easy to use.

Key Points to Remember

• Do not use "for" directly before an infinitive.
o Correct: To have a successful business, you need a lot of luck.
o Incorrect: For to have a successful business, you need a lot of luck.
• The phrase "in order to" can often be simplified to just "to" without changing the
meaning.

Practice Activity
A. Complete the Sentences
Fill in the blanks with "in order to" or "in order for":
1. _______ stay popular, a website needs to be accurate and visually attractive.
2. _______ run a profitable furniture store, it's important to advertise on TV.
3. _______ a restaurant to stay in business, it needs to have “regulars” — customers
that come often.
4. _______ establish a successful nail salon, it has to have a convenient location.
5. _______ an online business to survive, it needs to have excellent pictures of the
merchandise it’s selling.

B. Rewrite the Sentences Without "In Order"

Simplify the sentences from Part A by removing "in order":
Example:
• In order for a supermarket to succeed, it has to be clean and well-organized.
• For a supermarket to succeed, it has to be clean and well-organized.
2- Giving Reasons
Key Points:
1. Because and Since
o Meaning: Both mean the same ("for the reason that"), but since is slightly
more formal.
o Structure: Followed by a subject and verb (because/since + subject + verb).
▪ Example: I like the Dizzy Lizard because it’s always packed.
o Placement:
▪ At the beginning of a sentence: Since it’s always so packed, there’s a
long wait outside.
▪ At the end of a sentence: There’s a long wait outside since it’s
always so packed.
o The clause with because or since is a subordinate clause and depends on the
main clause for meaning.

2. Because of and Due to

o Meaning: Both mean "on account of" or "as a result of." Due to often carries
a slightly negative connotation.
o Structure: Followed by a noun or noun phrase (because of/due to +
noun/noun phrase).
▪ Example: It’s popular because of the trendy people.
o Placement:
▪ At the beginning of a sentence: Due to the crowds, the Dizzy Lizard is
difficult to get into.
▪ At the end of a sentence: It’s difficult to get into the Dizzy Lizard due
to the crowds.
o The clause with because of or due to is also a subordinate clause.

3. For
o Structure: For + noun/noun phrase.
o Meaning: Describes the purpose or reason for something.
▪ Example: The Firefly is famous for its fantastic music.

4. The Reason (that/why)... Is...

o Structure: The reason (that/why) + subject + verb + is + complement.
o Meaning: Explains the cause or motivation for something.
▪ Example: The reason why people go there is just to be seen.

Common Mistakes
• Do not confuse because with because of:
o Because is followed by a subject and verb:
- Because Giorgio's is popular, we should get there early.
o Because of is followed by a noun/noun phrase:
- Giorgio’s is popular because of its food.
 Practice Activity: Fill in the Blanks
1. I had to go downtown today ________ I needed to mail a package at the post office.
2. ________ I was only a few blocks from Main Street, I went over to Martin’s.
3. Martin’s closed ________ the rise of megastores.
4. The shop is popular ________ its excellent customer service.
5. The ________ people shop at megastores is to save money.
6. ________ the high demand, tickets sold out quickly.
7. ________ the limited parking, many people chose public transport.

Practice Activity: Matching

Match the sentence halves.
A B
1. The shop closed because of... a. their trendy design.
2. The reason why people love the Dizzy Lizard is... b. I needed to meet a friend.
3. I went to the café because... c. the rise of big malls in the area.
4. Giorgio’s is famous for... d. it’s a place to be seen.
e. many people were late for
5. Due to the delay in the train schedule...
work.
3- Vocabulary
1. Athletic
• Definition: Good at sports or physical activities.
• Examples:
o She is very athletic and plays basketball every weekend.
o Athletic people often enjoy outdoor activities like hiking.
2. Passionate
• Definition: Having strong emotions or enthusiasm for something.
• Examples:
o He is passionate about music and spends hours practicing the guitar.
o A passionate teacher can inspire their students to learn more.
3. Industrious
• Definition: Hardworking and putting in a lot of effort.
• Examples:
o She is an industrious student who always completes her assignments on
time.
o The industrious workers finished the project ahead of schedule.
4. Muscular
• Definition: Having strong, well-developed muscles.
• Examples:
o The muscular man lifted the heavy weights with ease.
o Swimming regularly can help you become more muscular.
5. Experienced
• Definition: Having knowledge or skill from doing something many times.
• Examples:
o She is an experienced chef who can cook dishes from all over the world.
o An experienced guide showed us the best hiking trails.
6. Clever
• Definition: Smart or able to solve problems quickly.
• Examples:
o That was a clever idea to fix the broken chair with glue.
o The clever student quickly solved the difficult math problem.
7. Charming
• Definition: Pleasant or delightful, making people like you.
• Examples:
o Her charming smile made everyone feel welcome.
o The village had a charming atmosphere with its old houses and cobblestone
streets.
8. Knowledgeable
• Definition: Knowing a lot about a subject.
• Examples:
o The librarian is very knowledgeable about history books.
o A knowledgeable mechanic fixed the car in no time.
9. Persuasive
• Definition: Good at convincing others to do or believe something.
• Examples:
o His persuasive argument changed everyone’s opinion.
o Advertisements often use persuasive language to sell products.
10. Tough
• Definition: Strong and not easily hurt or defeated.
• Examples:
o She’s a tough competitor who never gives up.
o This fabric is tough and can handle rough use.
11. Affordable
• Definition: Not expensive; reasonably priced.
• Examples:
o This store sells affordable clothes for everyone.
o They found an affordable apartment in the city.
12. Attractive
• Definition: Good-looking or appealing.
• Examples:
o She wore an attractive dress to the party.
o The city is an attractive place for tourists.
13. Entertaining
• Definition: Fun and enjoyable.
• Examples:
o The movie was so entertaining that I watched it twice.
o The magician performed an entertaining show for the kids.
14. Informative
• Definition: Giving useful or helpful information.
• Examples:
o The documentary was very informative about climate change.
o She gave an informative presentation on healthy eating.
15. Well-written
• Definition: Written in a clear and skillful way.
• Examples:
o The book was so well-written that I couldn’t put it down.
o A well-written essay can make a strong impression.

Practice Activity
Fill in the blanks with the correct vocabulary word from the list:
1. The __________ athlete won the race easily.
2. Her __________ presentation taught me a lot about space.
3. His __________ speech convinced the audience to donate more.
4. That __________ village is known for its beautiful streets and friendly people.
5. The sofa is both comfortable and __________, perfect for our budget.
6. The __________ actor made everyone laugh during the play.
7. My brother is so __________; he always has creative solutions to problems.
8. She’s __________ about cooking and loves trying new recipes.
9. A __________ mechanic will know how to fix this car.
10. The rope was __________ enough to hold the weight of three people.
Answer Key
1- Infinitive Clauses to Describe Purpose
Part A
1. In order to stay popular, a website needs to be accurate and visually attractive.
2. In order to run a profitable furniture store, it's important to advertise on TV.
3. In order for a restaurant to stay in business, it needs to have “regulars.”
4. In order to establish a successful nail salon, it has to have a convenient location.
5. In order for an online business to survive, it needs to have excellent pictures of the
merchandise.
Part B
1. To stay popular, a website needs to be accurate and visually attractive.
2. To run a profitable furniture store, it's important to advertise on TV.
3. For a restaurant to stay in business, it needs to have “regulars.”
4. To establish a successful nail salon, it has to have a convenient location.
5. For an online business to survive, it needs to have excellent pictures of the
merchandise.

2- Giving reasons
Fill in the Blanks:
1. because
2. Since
3. because of
4. for
5. reason why
6. Due to
7. Because of
Matching:
1. c
2. d
3. b
4. a
5. e

3- vocabulary
Fill in the Blanks:
1- Athletic
2- Informative
3- Persuasive
4- Charming
5- Affordable
6- Entertaining
7- Clever
8- Passionate
9- Knowledgeable
10- Tough