MATHEMATICS

IN THE MODERN
MODULE 3
WORLD
MATHEMATICAL DANTE P. SARDINA
LANGUAGE AND
SYMBOLS
MATHEMATICAL
LANGUAGE
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
The language of mathematics is Mathematical
the framework used for the
exchange of mathematical ideas.
Language
This language consists of some
natural language, complemented
by a highly specific symbolic
notation for mathematical
calculations, using technical
terminology (mathematical
terminology) and grammatical
conventions that are uncommon
for mathematical discourse.
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 Mathematical
1. PRECISE - able to make very
Language:
fine distinctions Characteristics
2. CONCISE - able to say things
briefly
3. POWERFUL - able to express
complex thoughts with
relative ease

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ENGLISH VS.
MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Noun – name given to the object of
interest. ENGLISH
1. Person - Klein
2. Place - Olongapo City
3. Thing - Cat

Sentence – must state a complete

thought.
1. True - The word “frog” begins
with the letter ‘f’.
2. False - The word “frog” begins
with the letter ‘p’.
3. ST / SF - The frog is brown. 6
Expression – is an English noun 's mathematical
analogue; it is a valid arrangement of MATHEMATICS
mathematical symbols used to describe an
object of interest in mathematics.
An expression does not state a full thought;
asking whether an expression is true or false
does not make sense.
Numbers, sets, and functions are the most
prevalent expression types.

Numbers have lots of different names: The

expressions
7 2+5 14 / 2 (10 – 4) + 1

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Mathematical Sentence – The counterpart of an
English sentence is a mathematical sentence; it MATHEMATICS
is a proper arrangement of mathematical
symbols that states a complete thought.
Sentences have verbs.
In the mathematical sentence, the verb is the
equal sign ‘=‘.

The sentence can be (always) true, (always)

false or sometime true / sometime false.

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Expression – name given to mathematical
object of interest. MATHEMATICS
1. Number - 7
2. Set - {7}
3. Function- f(x)
𝟏 𝟎
4. Matrix -
−𝟐 𝟑
5. Ordered Pair - (x, y)
Sentence – must state a complete thought.
1. True -1+7=8
2. False -1+7=9
3. ST / SF - x – 1 = 17
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MATHEMATICAL
SYMBOLS
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 MATHEMATICAL
Mathematical Symbols – are used to SYMBOLS
perform various operations. The
symbols make it easier to refer the
mathematics quantities. It is interesting
to note that Mathematics is completely
based on numbers and symbols. The
math symbols not only apply to
different quantities but also represent
the relationship between two
quantities.

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Basic Mathematical Symbols
SYMBOLS NAME MEANING EXAMPLE

 Not equal sign inequality 17  9

= Equals sign equality 2 + 8 = 10

< Strict inequality less than 8<9

> Strict inequality greater than 37 > 15


x ≤ y, means, y = x or y >
inequality Less than or equal to
x, but not vice-versa.
a ≥ b, means, a = b or a >
 inequality greater than or equal to b, but vice-versa does
not hold true. 12
Basic Mathematical Symbols
SYMBOLS NAME MEANING EXAMPLE
calculate expression inside
[] brackets
first
[ 3×2] + 8 = 14

calculate expression inside

() parentheses
first
2 × (5 + 4) = 18

- minus sign subtraction 57 – 5 = 52

+ plus sign addition 8 + 9 = 17

both minus and plus
∓ minus – plus
operations
7 ∓ 20 = -13 and 27

both plus and minus

± plus – minus
operations
17 ± 9 = 26 and 8
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Basic Mathematical Symbols
SYMBOLS NAME MEANING EXAMPLE

x times sign multiplication 11 x 7 = 77

* asterisk multiplication 9  5 = 45
division sign /
÷ obelus
division 24  8 = 3

. multiplication dot multiplication 32=6

−
8
horizontal line division / fraction =4
2
/ division slash division 21 / 7 = 3
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Basic Mathematical Symbols
SYMBOLS NAME MEANING EXAMPLE

mod modulo remainder calculation 9 mod 5 = 4

xy power exponent 52 = 25

𝒙 square root 𝑥. 𝑥=x 25 =  5

x^y caret exponent 3^2 = 9

𝟑
𝒙 cube root 3
𝑥.3 𝑥. 3 𝑥=x 3
8=2,
3
−8 = -2
𝟒
𝒙 forth root 4
𝑥.4 𝑥. 4 𝑥. 4 𝑥=x 4
16 =  2

% percent 2 % = 2 / 100 10% of 45 = 4.5

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Basic Mathematical Symbols
SYMBOLS NAME MEANING EXAMPLE
17  D

Found in or
element
component of Means 17 is the component of D
All elements in sets A  B, A = {2, 3} and B = {3, 5}
 union
are joined together A  B = {2, 3, 5}
A  B, A = {2, 3} and B = {3, 5}

Common elements in
intersection
a set A  B = {3}
the quantity of
{} curly bracket
the set of
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Enhanced or The set of natural

ℕ bold N numbers
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, …}

Enhanced or
ℤ bold Z
The set of integers Z = {… -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …}
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Basic Mathematical Symbols
SYMBOLS NAME MEANING EXAMPLE
Enhanced or The set of rational
ℚ bold Q numbers
Q = {a/b | a and b are in Z}

Enhanced or The set of real

ℝ R = { x | x  R}
bold R numbers


A = {2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Subset symbol … is a subset of ..
AB


Proper subset … is a proper subset A = {2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
symbol of … AB

 Null symbol The null set A = { } or 


… is not an element B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Not-element-of
of a set … 8B
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CONVERSION
OF ENGLISH
EXPRESSIONS TO
MATHEMATICAL
SENTENCES
AND VICE VERSA
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 SYMBOLS /
OPERATIONS BASICS ENGLISH TERMS 5 Basic
equals, is equal to, represents, is the same as, is, are and
Operations in
= the conjunctions of the verb “to be”, is similar to, Is
equivalent to, exactly, results in.
Mathematics
Plus, sum, total, added to, added with, added by,
+ augmented, raised, more, more than, and increased, put
together.
Minus, difference, subtracted from, subtracted by,
−
diminish, less, less than, decreased, separated.

( ), ,  , or Times, product, multiplied by, multiplied with, multiplied

x to, doubled, tripled (etc.), twice, trice (etc.)

/,  Divided by, quotient, per, ratio, halved, over, over all

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Some examples of converting mathematical
expression / equation to English sentence
Mathematical
English Translations
Statement
• Five plus seven equals twelve.
5 + 7 = 12 • Five plus seven is equal to twelve.
• Five increased by seven is twelve.
• Seventeen minus two equals fifteen.
• Seventeen less two is fifteen.
17 – 2 = 15
• Two less than seventeen is equal to fifteen.
• The difference of seventeen and two is fifteen.
• Two times four is eight.
2(4) = 8 • The product of two and four is eight.
• Twice the number four is eight.
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Mathematical
English Translations
Statement
• Nine divided by three is three.
9/3=3 • The quotient of nine and three is three.
• The ratio of nine and three is equal to three
• The sum of five and three all over four is two.
𝟓+𝟑 • The ratio of five plus three, and four is equal to two.
=𝟐 • Two is the quotient of the sum of five and three is divided
𝟒
by four.
• Twice the difference of eight and three is ten.
2(8-3) = 10 • The product of two and eight less three is ten.
• Two times the difference of eight and three is equal to ten.

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CONVERSION
OF ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS TO
ENGLISH SENTENCES
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
We use the English translation of the variable x as "the sum" or "a
number" by applying this concept to algebra.

Algebraic Statements English Translations

• Twice a number is equal to twenty.

2x = 20
• Two times a number is twenty.
• The difference of the twice a number and two, times five is
seventeen.
5(2x – 2) = 17
• Five, multiplied to the difference of twice a number and
two is equal to seventeen.
• The ratio of trice the sum of a number and two, and four is
𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟐) equal to six.
=𝟔 • The sum of a number and two times three all over four is
𝟒
equal to six.
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EXAMPLES
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
 1. The difference of twenty-five
and five is twenty.
2. The ratio of x and y is equal to
EXAMPLE1 seventeen.
Translate the English 3. Twice a number added to five
Sentence into is equal to fifteen.
mathematical 4. The quotient of trice a number
statement. and two is seven.
5. The difference of twice a
number and two is equal to
the ratio of 7 and ten.
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 1. One thousand less 12 percent
of it is eight hundred eighty.
EXAMPLE2 2. The ratio of twenty-seven and
nine is equal to the thirty
Translate the English percent of ten.
Sentence into 3. The product of twice a number
mathematical and six is eight plus a number.
statement. 4. Four times a number minus
twelve is twice the difference
of a number and five.

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 1. Twenty five percent of one
hundred is equal to ________?
EXAMPLE3 2. Ten is the product of five and
______.
Fill-in the blank 3. The quotient of five and
twenty-five is ___?
4. Three plus ten divided by two
is equal to ____?
5. The square root of forty-nine
is equal to _____?

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 1. 10 – 5x = 25

EXAMPLE4 2. 6 (12 – 4x) = 48

Write the following
𝟐𝟓𝐱+𝟓
mathematical 3. 𝟏𝟎
= 𝟑𝐱
expression / equations
into English sentences.
𝟑
4. 𝐱 𝟒 − 𝟔𝟒
𝟒

𝟏
5. 2x – 3 = (x – 3)
𝟐
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 1. What does x + 1
represent?
EXAMPLE5
Representing Numbers. 2. What does x + 2
Suppose x represents a represent?
whole number 3. What does x – 1
represent?

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 1. Suppose 2n represents
an even whole number.
How could we represent
the next even number
EXAMPLE6 after 2n?
Representing Numbers.
2. Suppose 2n + 1
represents an odd whole
number. How could we
represent the next odd
number after 2n + 1?
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 1. Steve sells twice as many
products as Mike.
2. It costs 210 per adult and
EXAMPLE7 180 per child to go to the
movies.
English sentence into
mathematical 3. Jestine has five and one
statement peso coins in her bag.
The number of five-peso
coins is 2 less than 5
times the number of
one-peso coins.
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 1. Jessie worked for 8 hours
on Friday and trimmed 3
grasslands.
2. Today Kim is thrice as old
EXAMPLE8 as she was 6 years ago.
English sentence into 3. The length of a dumpsite
mathematical equation. is 40 meters more than
its width.
4. In order for you to pass
the exam, your score
must be at least 60
points.
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 END OF
MODULE 3 PART 1
Dante P. Sardina

0939 XXX XXXX

[email protected]
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

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