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Performance Analysis of PD, PID Controllers for Speed Control of DC Motor

Article · May 2016

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Santosh Kumar Suman

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International Journal of Current Research In Science, Engineering and Technology (IJCRSET)
Volume 1, Issue 1, May 2016, PP 30-35
www.ijcrset.com

Performance Analysis of PD, PID Controllers for Speed Control

of DC Motor
Santosh Kumar Suman1, Vinod Kumar Giri2
1,2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, UP,
India
1
[email protected],[email protected]

Abstract: Aim of this paper different Proportional-Integral- Derivative (PID) controller fine-tuning techniques
are investigated for speed control of DC motor. At the start PID controller parameters for different tuning
techniques are involved and then applied to the DC motor model for motion (speed) control. Simulation results
are display, using these controllers, objective of this paper, the performance of a choose dc motor controlled by
a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is below the similar transient conditions and performances
are compared.
Keywords - DC motor, PID controller, PID tuning, performance index.

I. INTRODUCTION
The DC motors are broadly used in electric traction, robotic manipulator and electrical apparatus in the industry.
Therefore, the speed of the control of DC motor is very significant and has been deliberate since the early on
decades in the last century. Normally, the DC motor drive systems have unsure and nonlinear type which
corrupt performance of controllers. Based on these reasons Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers
have been successfully used in control applications since 1940s and are the for the most part often used
industrial controllers today [1]. [1]. PID controllers cover numerous significant types. It provides feedback. As
PD improves transient response (i.e. it be able to expect the changes during derivative action) and PI improves
performance of steady state response (i.e. reduce steady state offset during integral action or law), combination
of two may be used to progress overall time response of the system. In addition to this, PID controllers have
very uncomplicated control structure and are less high-priced [2]. Objective of this paper different PID
controllers are verified for speed control of DC motor. Integral Absolute Error (IAE), Integral Square Error
(ISE), Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) and Integral Time Square Error (ITSE) are determined.
Performances of these techniques are compared under same transient levels. The paper is organized as follows.
In Section II, model of DC motor is presented. Brief introduction of PID controller is given in Section III.
Simulation results are shown as figure and table in Section IV, followed by conclusion in Section V.

II. MODELING OF DC MOTOR

The DC motors are highly unfailing and capable because of the some good quality like high starting torque,
efficient response and linear controllability. The term speed control stand up for planned speed difference
carried out physically or automatically. The DC motor drives are mainly appropriate for broad range of Speed
control and adjustable speed drives [3]. Shunt D.C. Machines The field coils of a shunt D.C. machine are
connected in parallel to the armature coils. Therefore, the Transient in the armature circuit is simultaneous with
the Brief in the field circuit. A circuit model of a Shunt D.C. Motor is shown in Figure.1.below

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International Journal of Current Research In Science, Engineering and Technology

Fig.1. Shunt D.C. Motor

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)
(5)

Show the transfer functions (5) and overall transfer function dc shunt motor is given below in equation (6).

(6)

Where
= armature resistance (Ω- ohm).
= armature inductance (H-henry).
= armature current (A).
= armature voltage (V).
= back emf (V).
= angular speed (rad/s).
= motor torque (N m).
θ = angular position of rotor shaft (rad).
= rotor inertia (kg m2).
= viscous friction coefficient ( s/rad).
= motor torque constant (Nm/A).
= back emf constant (V s/rad).

Numerical Values

The DC motor under study has the following specification and parameters for speed control.
A. Specifications
2hp,230 volts,8.5 amperes,1500rpm
B. Parameters
Ra=0.45ohm,La=0.035H,Kb=0.5volt/(rad/sec),J=0.022Kg-m2/rad,B=0.2×10-3N-/(rad/sec).

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International Journal of Current Research In Science, Engineering and Technology
III. PID CONTROLLER DESCRIPTION
PID Controller is a basic control loop of feedback mechanism and is widely used in control system. The
disparate symptoms of a the DC motor such as diffusion and invention can degrade the performance of
traditional controllers [4].PID Controllers use three basic types of parameter or modes: Proportional (P),
Integral (I) and Derivative (D).While proportional and integral control is used as single control approach, a
derivative control used is that it improves the transient response of the system. In this paper it is
implemented a technique to control the speed of DC motor drive which above is shown in Figure.3. The
speed error between the references speed and the actual speed is given as input to a PID controller. The PID
controller working on the changes in error its productiveness, to control the process input such that the error
is reduce. PID controller is also known as the three-term of main controller parameter, whose transfer
function is commonly written in the parallel form given by equation (12) or the ideal form is given by
equation (2)[5].
General form of the Transfer function of a PID controller is given as,

(7)

(8)
(9)

A. Proportional control action

It is simplest class of continuous control law. The controller output u (t) is made proportional to the
actuating error signal e (t). The proportional gain is also called proportionality constant, it is denoted by K P
and the control action is written by

u (t) =KP e(t) (10)

Where e (t) = r (t)-y(t) for unity response system(t) is the error signal ,r(t) is reference input of the system, and
y(t) is the output of the system.

B. Integral control action

In this a controller with integral control action, the value of the controller productivity is changed at a rate
proportional to the actuating error signal. If there zero steady state error is desirable, this means a control
mode that is a function of error will be build-up.

(11)

U(t)= (12)

Where is KI an integral gain constant.

C. Derivative control action

The used of integral law is sufficient to reduce the steady error to zero however, the dynamic or the transient
response may still be broke because of large oscillations, overshoots etc. The derivative control law, sometimes
called rate control, is therefore, the magnitude of the controller output is proportional to the rate of change of the
actuating error signal.

U (t) = (13)

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International Journal of Current Research In Science, Engineering and Technology

Figure.2 .PID Controller with System

Where e = Error signal

Kp = Proportional Constant
Ki= Integral Constant
Kd = Derivative Constant

u(t) =

We would like that the PID controller to propitiate the follow criteria:
 Settling time less than 2 sec
 Overshoot less than 5%
 Steady state error less than 1%

IV. FIGURES AND TABLES

Table. I. Tuning PID Parameters of The Controllers

Tuning Method Controllers KC tD tc

PD 6.34 14.32 -
ZNOP-SP
PID 11.20 12.20 -0.22
PD 7.85 210 -
ZNOP-DR PID 13.20 125 -0.24
PD 4.12 80 -
IAE PID 0.85 8 4.87
PD 4.85 55 -
ISE PID 4.54 9 4.52
PD 4.12 54 -
ITAE PID -0.52 4.60 4.52
PD 4.58 58 -
ITSE PID 1.32 4 4.32

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TABLE II RESULT OF STEP RESPONCES

Tuning Method Controllers %Mp Tr(sec) Ts(sec)

PD 25.30 1.32 1.20

ZNOP-SP
PID 19.5 .50 2.20
PD 77.85 2.10 3.20
ZNOP-DR PID 53.20 1.25 0.255
PD 64.12 2.0 0.845
IAE PID 10.85 0.58 8.74
PD 9.85 0.55 0.24
ISE PID 7.54 0.9 1.03
PD 4.12 0.54 1.254
ITAE PID 0.72 0.60 0.216
PD 44.58 0.82 0.244
ITSE PID 7.32 0.24 12.01

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have discus different type of PID fine-tuning techniques are established for speed control of
DC motor. Two different transient conditions are tested for all the controllers are responses are compared. From
simulation result it is observed that the performance of PI controller is satisfactory compared to other
controllers. It is believed that the study carried out in this paper is useful to control engineer to recognize the
effect of different PID tuning techniques.

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References
[1] K. Ogata (2009) “Modern Control Engineering, 4th Edition”, Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd., India.
[2] V. Antanio, “Research Trends for PID Controllers”, ACTA Polytechnicia Vol. 52 No. 5/2012.
[3] Prof. Aziz Ahmed, Yogesh Mohan and Aasha Chauhan, Pradeep Sharma, “Comparative Study of Speed Control of D.C. Motor
Using PI, IP, and Fuzzy Controller,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
Vol. 2, Issue 7, July 2013.
[4] Ang, K.H, Chong, G.C.Y. and Li, Y, “PID control system analysis design and technology”, IEEE Transactions on Control
Systems Technology 13(4):pp. 559-576, 2005.
[5] Jamal A. Mohammed, “ Modeling, Analysis and Speed Control Design Methods of a DC Motor” ,Eng. & Tech.Journal ,vol
.29,no.1,2011.
[6] H. Guoshing, L. Shuocheng, “PC-based PID Speed Control in DC Motor”, IEEE Trans. on Audio, Language and Image
Processing, 2008, pp. 400-407.
[7] U. Neethu, V.R. Jisha, “Speed Control of Brushless DC Motor: A Comparative Study”, Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. on Power
Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems, 2012, pp. 1-5.

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