LECTURE 2

DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

Engr. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

School of Engineering – Civil Engineering Program

Aurora State College of Technology
Zabali Campus, Baler, Aurora

School of Engineering
DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

EXPECTED / INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME

Determine the degree of indeterminacy and stability of

different type of structure.
Familiar with the different type of stability on truss structures.
Familiar with the types of indeterminacy on truss structures

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

DETERMINACY

A state where the unknown external reactions or internal members

can be determined using the conditions of equilibrium

BEAM DETERMINACY

❑ 𝑟 = 3𝑛 statically determinate

❑ 𝑟 > 3𝑛 statically indeterminate

where:

r – total number of unknown support reactions

n – total number of parts or segments of a structure

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURE

 all member forces and external reactions may be determined by
applying the equations of equilibrium.
෍𝐻 = 0

෍𝑉 = 0

෍𝑀 = 0

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE

 possesses more unknown member forces and reactions than
available equations of equilibrium.
 also known as redundant structure

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE

 The number of unknowns, in excess of the available equations of
equilibrium, is the degree of indeterminacy, and the unknown forces
and reactions are the redundants

 additional equations must be obtained from conditions of geometrical

compatibility

 redundants may be removed from the structure, leaving a stable,

determinate structure, which is known as the cut-back structure

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

REDUNDANTS
 External Redundants
• exist among the external reactions

 Internal Redundants
• exist among the member forces

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

 INDETERMINACY
 Pin-Jointed Frames (Truss Frames)
𝑫 = 𝒏 + 𝒓 − 𝟐𝒋

where:
D - degree of indeterminacy
n - number of members
r - number of reactions
j - number of joints

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

INDETERMINACY
 Pin-Jointed Frames (Truss Frames)

Example:
Find the degree of indeterminacy of the truss shown

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

INDETERMINACY
 Pin-Jointed Frames (Truss Frames)

Answer:
𝑖 𝐷 = 10 + 3 − 2 ∗ 6 = 1
𝑖𝑖 𝐷 = 11 + 4 − 2 ∗ 6 = 3

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

 INDETERMINACY
 Rigid Frames (Beam - Column Frames)
𝑫 = 𝟑𝒏 + 𝒓 − 𝟑𝒋

where:
D - degree of indeterminacy
n - number of members
r - number of reactions
j - number of joints

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

INDETERMINACY
 Pin-Jointed Frames (Truss Frames)

Example:
Find the degree of indeterminacy of the structure shown

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

INDETERMINACY
 Pin-Jointed Frames (Truss Frames)

Answer:
𝑖 𝐷 =3+4− 3∗2 =1
𝑖𝑖 𝐷 =3+4− 3∗2 =1
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐷 =3+5− 3∗2 =2
𝑖𝑣 𝐷 =3+6− 3∗2 =3
𝑣 𝐷 =3+3− 3∗2 =0

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

INDETERMINACY
 Rigid Frames with Internal Hinges (Beam - Column Frames)
• Hinges within a Member

𝑫 = 𝟑𝒏 + 𝒓 − 𝟑𝒋 − 𝒉 − 𝟐𝒔

where:
D - degree of indeterminacy
n - number of members
r - number of external restraints
j - number of joints before the introduction of hinge
h - number of internal hinges
s - number of rollers introduced

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

INDETERMINACY
 Rigid Frames with Internal Hinges (Beam - Column Frames)
• Hinges within a Member

Example 1:
Find the degree of indeterminacy for the structure as shown

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

INDETERMINACY
 Rigid Frames with Internal Hinges (Beam - Column Frames)
• Hinges within a Member

Answer:
𝑖 𝐷 = 3∗3 +4− 3∗4 −1=0
𝑖𝑖 𝐷 = 3 ∗ 1 + 4 − 3 ∗ 2 − 1 = 0
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐷 = 3 ∗ 7 + 12 − 3 ∗ 8 − 3 = 6

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

INDETERMINACY
 Rigid Frames with Internal Hinges (Beam - Column Frames)
• Hinges within a Member

Example 2:
Find the degree of indeterminacy for the structure as shown

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

INDETERMINACY
 Rigid Frames with Internal Hinges (Beam - Column Frames)
• Hinges within a Member

Answer:
𝐷 = 3∗4 +6− 3∗5 − 2∗1 −1=0

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

 INDETERMINACY
 Rigid Frames with Internal Hinges (Beam - Column Frames)
• Hinges at a Joint

𝑫 = 𝟑𝒏 + 𝒓 − 𝟑𝒋 − 𝒄

where:
D - degree of indeterminacy
n - number of members
r - number of reactions
j - number of joints
c - number of releases

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

 INDETERMINACY
 Rigid Frames with Internal Hinges (Beam - Column Frames)
• Hinges at a Joint
✓ Two members meeting at a rigid joint
➢ one unknown moment producing one release

✓ Three members meeting at a rigid joint

➢ two unknown moments producing one release

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

 INDETERMINACY
 Rigid Frames with Internal Hinges (Beam - Column Frames)
• Hinges at a Joint
✓ Four members meeting at a rigid joint
➢ three unknown moment producing one release

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

 INDETERMINACY
 Rigid Frames with Internal Hinges (Beam - Column Frames)
• Hinges at a Joint
Example:
Find the degree of indeterminacy of the structure as shown

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

 INDETERMINACY
 Rigid Frames with Internal Hinges (Beam - Column Frames)
• Hinges at a Joint

Answer:
𝑖 𝐷 = 3∗5 +3− 3∗4 −5=1
𝑖𝑖 𝐷 = 3 ∗ 6 + 3 − 3 ∗ 6 − 2 = 1
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐷 = 3 ∗ 2 + 3 − 3 ∗ 2 − 1 = 2

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

 INDETERMINACY
 Rigid Frames with Internal Hinges (Beam - Column Frames)
• Hinges at a Joint

Answer:
𝑖𝑣 𝐷 = 3 ∗ 5 + 9 − 3 ∗ 6 − 1 = 5
𝑣 𝐷 = 3∗4 +5− 3∗4 −4=1

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

EXERCISES:
Find the degree of indeterminacy of the structure shown

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

EXAMPLE 1:
Classify each of the beam shown below as statically determinate or
statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, state the degree of
indeterminacy. The beam is subjected to external loadings that are
assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the beam

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

SOLUTION:

r = 3, n = 1 3 = 3(1) Statically determinate

r = 5, n = 1 5 - 3(1) = 2 Statically indeterminate to the 2nd degree

r = 6, n = 2 6 = 3(2) Statically determinate

r = 10, n = 3 10 - 3(3) = 1 Statically indeterminate to the 1st degree

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

EXAMPLE 2
Classify each of the frame shown below as statically determinate or
statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, state the degree of
indeterminacy. The frame is subjected to external loadings that are
assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the frame

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

SOLUTION:

r = 9, n = 2 9 - 3(2) = 3 Statically indeterminate to the 3rd degree

r = 15, n = 3 15 - 3(3) = 6 Statically indeterminate to the 6th degree

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

STABILITY

A state where the structure maintains its geometrical shap

e and condition when subjected to external forces

BEAM STABILITY

If either of the following condition is met, the beam is u

nstable

❑ σ 𝐹𝑥 ≠ 0

❑ σ 𝐹𝑦 ≠ 0

❑ σ𝑀 ≠ 0

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

BEAM STABILITY
❑ 𝑟 < 3𝑛 unstable

❑ 𝑟 ≥ 3𝑛 unstable if member reactions are concurrent or parallel

or some of the components form a collapsible mechanism

where:

r – total number of unknown support reactions

n – total number of parts or segments of a structure

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

EXAMPLE 1
Classify each of the structure in the figure below as stable or unstable.
The structures are subjected to arbitrary external loads that are assumed
to be known.

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

SOLUTION:

Determinate and stable since the reactions are non-concurrent and

nonparallel

Statically indeterminate to the 2nd degree and stable

Unstable since the three reactions are all parallel

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

SOLUTION:

Unstable since the three reactions are concurrent at B

Unstable since 𝑟 < 3𝑛 or 7 < 3(3). Also, member AB will move

horizontally without restraint

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

TRUSS DETERMINACY & STABILITY

EXTERNAL STABILITY

If the body experience no rigid – body motion

INTERNAL STABILITY

○ If number of equilibrium equations > number of unknown fo

rces
○ If 2𝑗 > 𝑟 + 𝑛, the truss is unstable

where: j – total number of joints

r – total number of support reactions

n – total number of elements

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

EXTERNAL INDETERMINATE

Too many support reactions

INTERNAL INDETERMINATE

Too many truss members

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

EXAMPLE 1

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

EXAMPLE 2

Total of 6 unknown external forces & 6 equilibrium equations (3 equations

per free – body diagram). Since the support reactions can be determined
using the equations of equilibrium, then the truss is internally indeterminate
to the first degree.

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

EXERCISES:
Determine whether the following structure is
stable, determinate or otherwise. If
indeterminate, state the degree of indeterminacy.

Figure 3
Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

KINEMATIC INDETERMINACY
 Kinematics of the structure are the displacement quantities of the
structure. These are the horizontal displacement, vertical
displacement and rotational displacement

 Kinematic Indeterminacy is the degrees of freedom that a structure

has.

 Degrees of Freedom is the minimum number of displacement

quantities required to determine and define the displaced geometry of
the structure

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

KINEMATIC INDETERMINACY
 TRUSS FRAME

𝑫𝒌 = 𝟐𝒋 − 𝒓

where:
j - number of joints
r - number of support reactions or restraints

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

KINEMATIC INDETERMINACY
 PLANE FRAME (BEAM)

𝑫𝒌 = 𝟑𝒋 − 𝒓

where:
j - number of joints
r - number of support reactions or restraints

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

CONSTRAINTS:
 Constraints assumes one or more displacements be equal to zero or
the displacement is being neglected.

 In a beam or frame structure the load is transferred to a beam or

frame through flexural deformation or the structure bends to take the
load. The flexural deformation is so large that the effect of axial
deformation is so small compared to it. Hence, axial deformation is
being neglected or the beam is implicitly considered to be axially rigid.

 Applying constraints to the structure eliminates or reduces the degree

of freedom of the structure

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

CONSTRAINTS
 PLANE FRAME (BEAM)

𝑫𝒌 = 𝟑𝒋 − 𝒓 − 𝒄

where:
j - number of joints
r - number of support reactions or restraints
c - number of constraints applied

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

REFERENCES / TEXTBOOKS:
1. Hibbeler, R. C. (2012). Structural Analysis. Eight Edition. Upper Saddle
River, NJ. Pearson Prentice Hall
2. Karnovsky I. A. & Lebed, O. (2010). Advanced Method of Structural
Analysis. New York, NY. Springer Science+Business Media
3. McKenzie, W. M. C. (2014). Examples in Structural Analysis. Second
Edition. Boca Raton, FL. Taylor & Francis Group
4. Spencer, W. J. (1998). Fundamental Structural Analysis. New York, NY.
Springer Science+Business Media
5. Ghali, A., Neville, A. M., & Brown, T. G. (2009). Structural Analysis: A
Unified Classical and Matrix Approach. Sixth Edition. New York NY.
Taylor & Francis Group

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DETERMINACY AND STABILITY

REFERENCES / TEXTBOOKS:
6. Kassimali, A. (2011). Structural Analysis. Fourth Edition, SI. Stamford,
CT. Cengage Learning
7. Megson, T. H. G. (2005). Structural and Stress Analysis. Second
Edition. Burlington MA. Elsevier Butterworth – Heinemann
8. https://www.scribd.com/document/337813323/02-Determinate-
Structures-pdf

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Thank you!

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