CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ENGINEERING DRAWING

i) ABBREVATIONS
Term Abbreviation Term Abbreviation

Across corners A/C Across Manufacture MFG

flats A/F Approved Material MATL
APPD Approximate Maximum max. Meter
APPROX Assembly m Mechanical MECH
ASSY Auxiliary AUX Millimeter mm
Bearing BRG Minimum min.
Centimeter Cm Nominal NOM
Centers CRS Not to scale NTS
Centre line CL Number No.
Opposite OPP
Centre to centre C/L Chamfered Outside diameter OD
CHMED Checked
CHD Pitch circle PC

Cheese head CH HD Pitch circle diameter PCD

Circular pitch CP Quantity QTY
Circumference OCE Radius R
Continued CONTD Radius in a note RAD
Counter bore C BORE Reference REF
Countersunk CSK Required REQD
Right hand RH
Cylinder CYL
Diameter DIA Round RD
Diametral pitch DP Screw SCR
Serial number Sl. No.
Dimension DIM Specification SPEC
Drawing DRG
Sphere/Spherical SPHERE
Equi-spaced EQUI-SP
Spot face SF
External EXT
Square SQ
Figure FIG. Standard STD
General GNL Symmetrical SYM
Ground level GL
Thick THK
Ground GND Thread THD
Hexagonal HEX
Through THRU
Inspection INSP
Tolerance TOL
Inside diameter ID
Typical TYP
Internal INT
Undercut U/C
Left hand LH
Weight WT
Machine M/C

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ii) STANDARD CODES

Sl.No IS-CODE DESCRIPTION

1 IS:9609-1983 Lettering on Technical Drawing

2 IS:10711-1983 Size of drawing sheets

3 IS:10713-1983 Scales for use on technical drawing

4 IS:10714-1983 General Principles of Presentation

5 IS:10715-1983 Presentation of threaded parts on technical drawing

6 IS:10716-1983 Rules for presentation of springs

7 IS:10717-1983 Conventional representation of gears on technical drawing

8 IS:11663-1986 Conventional representation of common features

9 IS:11664-1986 Folding of drawing prints

10 IS:11665-1986 Technical drawing – Title blocks

11 IS:11669-1986 General principles of dimension on technical drawing

12 IS:11670-1986 Abbreviation for use in Technical Drawing

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 LIMIT TOLERANCES & FITS
The manufactures of interchangeable parts require precision. Precision is the degree of accuracy to ensure
the functioning of a part as intended. However, experience shows that it is impossible to make parts economically to
the exact dimensions. This may be due to,

(i) inaccuracies of machines and tools,

(ii) inaccuracies in setting the work to the tool, and
(iii) error in measurement, etc.

The workman, therefore, has to be given some allowable margin so that he can produce a part, the dimensions
of which will lie between two acceptable limits, a maximum and a minimum. The system in which a variation is
accepted is called the limit system and the allowable deviations are called tolerances. The relationships between the
mating parts are called fits. The study of limits, tolerances and fits is a must for technologists involved in production.
The same must be reflected on production drawing, for guiding the craftsman on the shop floor.

LIMIT SYSTEM:
Tolerance
The permissible variation of a size is called tolerance. It is the difference between the maximum and minimum
permissible limits of the given size. If the variation is provided on one side of the basic size, it is termed as unilateral
tolerance. Similarly, if the variation is provided on both sides of the basic size, it is known as bilateral tolerance.

Limits
The two extreme permissible sizes between which the actual size is contained are called limits. The maximum size is
called the upper limit and the minimum size is called the lower limit.

Deviation
It is the algebraic difference between a size (actual, maximum, etc.) and the corresponding basic size.

Actual Deviation
It is the algebraic difference between the actual size and the corresponding basic size.

Upper Deviation
It is the algebraic difference between the maximum limit of the size and the corresponding basic size.

Lower Deviation
It is the algebraic difference between the minimum limit of the size and the corresponding basic size.

Allowance
It is the dimensional difference between the maximum material limits of the mating parts, intentionally provided to
obtain the desired class of fit. If the allowance is positive, it will result in minimum clearance between the mating
parts and if the allowance is negative, it will result in maximum interference.

Basic Size
It is determined solely from design calculations. If the strength and stiffness requirements need a 50mm diameter
shaft, then 50mm is the basic shaft size. If it has to fit into a hole, then 50 mm is the basic size of the hole. Figure
illustrates the basic size, deviations and tolerances.

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 Here, the two limit dimensions of the shaft are deviating in the negative direction with respect to the basic
size and those of the hole in the positive direction. The line corresponding to the basic size is called the zero line or
line of zero deviation.

Tolerance
Great care and jud-gement must be exercised in deciding the tolerances which may be applied on various dimensions
of a component. If tolerances are to be minimum, that is, if the accuracy requirements are severe, the cost of production
increases. In fact, the actual specified tolerances dictate the method of manufacture. Hence, maximum possible
tolerances must be recommended wherever possible.

Fundamental Tolerance

Tolerance is denoted by two symbols, a letter symbol and a number symbol, called the grade. Figure shows
the graphical illustration of tolerance sizes or fundamental deviations for letter symbols and Table lists the fundamental
tolerances of various grades. The letter symbols range from A to ZC for holes and from a to zc for shafts. The letters
I, L, O, Q, W and i, l, o, q, w have not been used. It is also evident that these letter symbols represent the degree of
closeness of the tolerance zone (positive or negative) to the basic size. The basic sizes from l mm to 500 mm have
been sub-divided into 13 steps or ranges.

For each nominal step, there are 18 grades of tolerances, designated as IT 01, IT 0 to IT 1 to IT 16, known
as “Fundamental tolerances”. The fundamental tolerance is a function of the nominal size and its unit is given by the
empirical relation, standard tolerance unit, i = 0.45 × 3 D + 0.001 D where i is in microns and D is the geometric mean
of the limiting values of the basic steps mentioned above, in millimetres. This relation is valid for grades 5 to 16 and
nominal sizes from 3 to 500 mm. For grades below 5 and for sizes above 500 mm, there are other empirical relations
for which it is advised to refer to IS: 1919–1963. Relation between different grades of tolerances and standard tolerance
unit i.

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 FITS
The relation between two mating parts is known as a fit.
Depending upon the actual limits of the hole or shaft sizes, fits
may be classified as clearance fit, transition fit and interference
fit.

Clearance fit
It is a fit that gives a clearance between the two mating parts.

Minimum clearance
It is the difference between the minimum size of the hole and the
maximum size of the shaft in a clearance fit.

Maximum clearance

It is the difference between the maximum size of the hole and the
minimum size of the shaft in a clearance or transition fit.

Transition Fit
This fit may result in either an interference or a clearance,
depending upon the actual values of the tolerance of individual
parts. The shaft may be either smaller or larger than the hole
and still be within the prescribed tolerances. It results in a
clearance fit, when shaft diameter is 29.95 and hole diameter
is 30.05 (+ 0.10 mm) and interference fit, when shaft diameter
is 30.00 and hole diameter 29.95 (– 0.05 mm).

Interference fit

If the difference between the hole and shaft sizes is

negative before assembly; an interference fit is obtained.

Minimum Interference
It is the magnitude of the difference (negative) between the
maximum size of the hole and the minimum size of the
shaft in an interference fit before assembly.

Maximum Interference
It is the magnitude of the difference between the minimum
size of the hole and the maximum size of the shaft in an
interference or a transition fit before assembly. The shaft
in Fig. 15.12 is larger than the hole, so it requires a press
fit, which has an effect similar to welding of two parts.
The value of minimum interference is 30.25 – 30.30 = –
0.05 mm and maximum interference is 30.15 – 30.40 = – 0.25 mm.

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 In working out limit dimensions for the three classes of fits; two systems are in use, viz., the hole basis
system and shaft basis system.

Hole Basis System

In this system, the size of the shaft is obtained by subtracting the allowance from the basic size of the hole.
This gives the design size of the shaft. Tolerances are then applied to each part separately. In this system, the lower
deviation of the hole is zero. The letter symbol for this situation is ‘H’. The hole basis system is preferred in most
cases, since standard tools like drills, reamers, broaches, etc., are used for making a hole.

Shaft Basis System

In this system, the size of the hole is obtained by adding the allowance to the basic size of the shaft. This
gives the design size for the hole. Tolerances are then applied to each part. In this system, the upper deviation of the
shaft is zero. The letter symbol for this situation is ‘h’.
The shaft basis system is preferred by (i) industries using semi-finished shafting as raw materials, e.g., textile
industries, where spindles of same size are used as cold-finished shafting and (ii) when several parts having different
fits but one nominal size is required on a single shaft.
the schematica representation of the hole basis and the shaft basis systems has been presented . its equivalent fits on
the hole basis and shaft basis systems to obtain the same fit.

Equivalent fits on the hole basis and shaft basis systems

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Types of fits with symbols and applications

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 Standards of geometrical tolerances
Definitions

Tolerance Zone
It is an imaginary area or volume within which the controlled feature of the manufactured component must be
completely contained

Datum
It is a theoretically exact geometric reference (such as axes, planes, straight lines, etc.) to which the tolerance
features are related

Datum Feature
A datum feature is a feature of a part, such as an edge, surface, or a hole, which forms the basis for a datum or is
used to establish its location.

Datum triangle
The datums are indicated by a leader line, terminating in a filled or an open triangle

Datum letter
To identify a datum for reference purposes, a capital letter is enclosed in a frame, connected to the datum triangle.
The datum feature is the feature to which tolerance of orientation, position and run-out are related. Further, the form
of a datum feature should be sufficiently accurate for its purpose and it may therefore be necessary in some cases to
specify tolerances of form from the datum features.

Indicating geometrical tolerances

To eliminate the need for descriptive notes, geometrical tolerances are indicated on drawings by symbols, tolerances
and datums, all contained in compartments of a rectangular frame

Symbols representing the characteristics to be toleranced

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Indicating geometric tolerances

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