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The document outlines the fundamentals of algorithms, computers, and programming, emphasizing the importance of sequential steps in task execution. It details the main hardware components of a computer, the role of the CPU, and the distinctions between different types of memory and storage. Additionally, it explains programming languages, the compilation process, and the components of an integrated development environment (IDE).

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ayethida224
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3 views

Notes

The document outlines the fundamentals of algorithms, computers, and programming, emphasizing the importance of sequential steps in task execution. It details the main hardware components of a computer, the role of the CPU, and the distinctions between different types of memory and storage. Additionally, it explains programming languages, the compilation process, and the components of an integrated development environment (IDE).

Uploaded by

ayethida224
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Algorithm

� A set of well-defined steps to perform a


task or to solve a problem
� Order is important. Steps must be
performed sequentially

Computer - programmable machine designed to


follow instructions
Program/Software - instructions that a computer
follows to perform a task
Programmer - person with the right skills who
designs, creates, and tests programs for
computers

Main Hardware Component Categories


1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2. Main memory (RAM)
3. Secondary storage devices
4. Input Devices
5. Output Devices

CPU's role in running programs


Fetch next instructions
Decode instruction and generate a signal
Execute: route the signal to the
appropriate component to perform an
operation

Main Memory
Holds both program instructions and data
Volatile -erased when the program
terminates or computer is turned off
Also called Random Access Memory
(RAM), because the CPU can access data
and instructions from any memory
location

Bit - smallest piece of memory


stands for binary digit
positive charge is on
negative charge is off

Byte - eight bits


-has address

Secondary Storage
- Holds data when the program is not
running
- Disk drive: Data is stored magnetically
- Optical: CD or DVD drive
- Flash

Program
a set of instructions directing a computer to
perform a task
Programming Language
A special language used to write programs

Processor dependent
1st Gen - binary form (low)
2nd gen - easy to remember, uses mnemonics, easier to remember(low)
5th - AI (high)
high level, processor independent.
3rd - branches, loops,
4th - form filling, computer aided graphics,

From high level program to executable file


1. source code --> preprocessor --> *source code --> compiler
--> machine code --> obj file --> linker --> executable file

Compiler
-translates to machine code and runs
-faster and can be executed multipletimes
-detects errors during compilation, before execution
-produces an indepndent executable file
-c, c++ , java

Interperter
-translates line by line
-slower, translates during execution
-detects errors during runtime
-executes directly
-python, javascript, ruby

Source file
contains code; the input

Object file
output of a compiler.

software development systems that provide an integrated


development environment (IDE). An IDE
has the following:
- Text editor
- Compiler
- Debugger
- Other supporting utilities
- A user interface that ties them all together
[Basically visual studio code]

Key words also known as reserved words have a special meaning in C++ and
cannot be used for other purposes. eg(for, if else, int, float)

Operators -
Arithmetic - +,-,/
Assignment - =
Logical - &&, ll , !
Relational - <>
Modeular operators - %

Punctuation - Characters that mark the end of a


statement, or that separate items in a list

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