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Chapter 3

The document discusses the properties of pure substances, defining them as substances with a fixed chemical composition and exploring their phases: solid, liquid, and gas. It explains the intermolecular forces and behaviors in each phase, as well as the ideal gas law and the compressibility factor for gases. Additionally, it covers Charles' and Boyle's laws, illustrating the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature in gases.

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11 views33 pages

Chapter 3

The document discusses the properties of pure substances, defining them as substances with a fixed chemical composition and exploring their phases: solid, liquid, and gas. It explains the intermolecular forces and behaviors in each phase, as well as the ideal gas law and the compressibility factor for gases. Additionally, it covers Charles' and Boyle's laws, illustrating the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature in gases.

Uploaded by

minegadget52
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Applied Thermodynamics

Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences,


Islamabad

MUJEEB UR REHMAN ATIF


Chapter 3
Properties of Pure Substance
Pure Substance
“A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is called a pure
substance”.

❖Does water-vapor mixture is a pure substance?


❖Does air is a pure substance?
❖Does water-oil mixture is a pure substance?

A mixture of various chemical elements or compounds qualifies as a pure substance as long as the mixture is
homogeneous.

A mixture of two or more phases of a pure substance is still a pure substance as long as the chemical
composition of all phases is the same
Phases of pure substance
❖Three phases exist:
❑Solid
❑Liquid
❑Gaseous
❖Even though there are three principal phases—solid, liquid, and gas—a
substance may have several phases within a principal phase, each with a
different molecular structure.
e.g. carbon in solid form occurs as diamond and graphite.
❖Thermodynamics does not concern with the molecular structure or the
behavior of different phases.
❖It concerns with the molecular behavior such as their energies, distance
between each other and intermolecular bond strength to understand energy
consumption and energy release and phase change
Phases of pure substance
❖Intermolecular bond in different phases is as;
Solid >> Liquid >> gases

❖Solids:
❑Attractive forces of molecules are large.
❑Molecules are fixed in their position.
❑Molecules continuously oscillate at their equilibrium positions.
❑At high temperatures, velocities of molecules overcome intermolecular forces and
molecules break away from their fixed positon. This is called melting phenomena.
Phases of pure substance
❖Liquids:
❑Attractive forces of molecules are weaker than solid and stronger than gases.
❑Molecules are not in their position and can translate and rotate freely.
❑Molecular distance is not much larger than solids.
❑Volume of liquid does not change with pressure/space available.
❑At high temperatures, distances between molecules increase drastically. This is called
vaporizing phenomenon.
Phases of pure substance
❖Gases:
❑Molecules are fart apart.
❑Motion of molecules is random.
❑ Molecules collide with each other and wall of container.
❑Take the all the volume space provided to gas.
❑Collision is the only of interaction between molecules due to very weak intermolecular
forces.
The T-v Diagram
The P-v Diagram
Including Solid Phase
The P-T diagram
Property Tables
Saturated Liquid
Saturated Vapor
Saturated Mixture
Saturated Mixture
Saturated Mixture
Saturated Mixture
Saturated Mixture
Saturated Mixture
Super Heated Vapor
is characterized by:
Superheated Vapor
Super Heated Vapor
Super Heated Vapor
Compressed Liquid
is characterized by:
THE IDEAL-GAS EQUATION OF STATE
THE IDEAL-GAS EQUATION OF STATE
𝑚 = 𝑁𝑀
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
At low pressures and high temperatures, the density of a gas decreases, and the
gas behaves as an ideal gas under these conditions.
Dense gases such as water vapor in steam power plants and refrigerant vapor in
refrigerators, however, should not be treated as ideal gases. Instead, the property
tables should be used for these substances.
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
Gases deviate from ideal-gas behavior significantly at states near the saturation
region and the critical point.
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
❖The experimentally determined Z values are plotted against PR and TR for
several gases. The gases seem to obey the principle of corresponding states
reasonably well.
❖By curve-fitting all the data, we obtain the generalized compressibility chart
that can be us ed for all gases.
❖The following observations can be made from the generalized compressibility
chart:
❑At very low pressures (PR << 1), gases behave as ideal gases regardless of temperature.
❑At high temperatures (TR > 2), ideal-gas behavior can be assumed with good accuracy
regardless of pressure (except when PR >> 1).
❑The deviation of a gas from ideal-gas behavior is greatest in the vicinity of the critical point
Charles Law
When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held
constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will
be in direct proportion.
𝑉∝T
𝑉 = 𝑘𝑇
𝑉
=𝐾
𝑇
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Boyles Law
The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass
of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the
volume it occupies if the temperature and
amount of gas remain unchanged within a
closed system.
1
𝑃∝
𝑉
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑘
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2

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