Unit 1 - Introduction to Database System

2 Marks

1. List any four DBMS software.

1.The DBMS Software are:

2.MySQL
3.Oracle Database
4.Microsoft SQL Server
5.PostgreSQL
6.MongoDB (NoSQL DBMS)
7.IBM Db2
8.SQLite

2. Define Database. List any two advantages of database system.

1.Database is collection of data related to specific organization.

2.A database is an organized collection of data so that it can be easily
accessed, managed and
updated.

any two advantages of database system are:

1.Reduction of Redundancies: As DBMS has Centralized control of data by DBA,
it avoids
duplication of data and reduces total amount of data storage required.
2.Security: Database administrator is responsible for ensuring authentication
of users.
3.Shared Data: DBMS allows the sharing of data by any number of application
programmers or
users.

3. State the difference between physical and logical data independence.

1) Physical data independence: It is the ability to change schema at physical

level without affecting logical or view level. It is the ability to modify the
physical schema without requiring any change in application programs. This
separates conceptual levels from the internal levels.

2) Logical data independence: It is the ability to change logical schema

without affecting external schema or application programs. This separates
external level from the conceptual view.

4. Define the term Database Schema.

1.A database schema is the logical representation of a database, which shows

how the data is stored logically in the entire database.

2.A database schema contains schema objects that may include tables, fields,
packages, views, relationships, primary key, foreign key.

4 Marks

1. Define data abstraction. Explain the levels of data abstraction with neat
diagram.
 1.Data abstraction is to hide complexity of data from users.
2.As many database-systems users are not computer trained, developers hide
the complexity from users through several levels of abstraction, to
simplify user interaction with the system

3.There are 3 levels of data abstraction.

1) Physical level
2) Logical level
3) View level note: diagram on my WhatsApp

1) Physical Level:

-Physical Level is the lowest level of abstraction.

- It describes how the data is actually stored in database.

-It also describes complex data structures in detail.

2) Logical Level:

-It is also known as conceptual level.

-It is the next higher level of abstraction.

- It describes what data is stored in the database and what the relationships exist
among
these data.

3) View Level:

- It is the highest level of abstraction.

-It describes only part of database to user.

Physical level: describes how a record (e.g., instructor) is stored.

Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the
data.
type instructor = record
ID : string;
name : string;
dept_name : string;
salary : integer;
end;
View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can also hide
information (such as an employee’s salary) for security purposes.

2. Explain any four Codd’s rules.

Rule 0: Foundation Rule

-The database must be in relational form.
- So that the system can handle the database through its relational
capabilities.

Rule 1: Information Rule

 - The data stored in a database must be a value of some table cell.
- Everything in a database must be stored in a table format.

Rule 2: Guaranteed Access Rule

- Every single data element (value) is guaranteed to be accessible logically
with a combination of table-name, primary- key (row value), and attribute-name
(column value).

Rule 3: Systematic Treatment of NULL Values

- The NULL values in a database must be given a systematic and uniform
treatment.
-This is a very important rule because a NULL can be interpreted as one the
following:
data is missing, data is not known, or data is not applicable.

Rule 5: Comprehensive Data Sub-Language Rule

- One well structured language must be there to provide all manners of access
to the data stored in the database.
For e.g. SQL.

Rule 7: High-Level Insert, Update, and Delete Rule

- A database must support high-level insertion, updation, and deletion.
- This must not be limited to a single row, that is, it should be applied to
multiple rows and
multiple tables.

3. Describe various data models.

The various types of data models are:

1. Hierarchical Model
2. Network Model
3. Object Oriented Database Model
4. Entity-relationship Model
5. Relational Model

1.Hierarchical Database Model

- organizes data into a tree-like-structure, with a single root, to which all

the other data is linked.
- hierarchy starts from the Root data, and expands like a tree, adding child
nodes to the parent nodes.
- uses top down approach to structure data.
- top of the tree is the parent and the branches are children.
- Each child can only have one parent but a parent can have many children.
- data is stored in the form of records and these records are connected to
one another.
- describes many real-world relationships like index of a book, recipes etc.

- data is organized into tree-like structure with one one-to-many

relationship between two
different types of data,
- for e.g. one department can have many courses, many professors and of-
course many
students.

note: the diagram on WhatsApp.

2. Network Model
 extension of the Hierarchical model.

allows many-to-many relationships.

unique feature of the network model is its schema, which is viewed as a graph
where

relationship types are arcs and object types are nodes.

data is more related as more relationships are established.

as the data is more related, hence accessing the data is also easier and
fast.

widely used database model, before Relational Model was introduced.

4. Relational Model
- most popular data model in DBMS is the Relational Model.
- first proposed by E.F. Codd hence he is known as father of Relational
Model.
- an attempt to simplify database structure by making use of tables and
columns.
- Tables are known as “relations”, columns are known as “Attributes” and rows
(or records) are known as “Tuples”.
- A relational database is a collection of 2-dimensional tables which
consists of rows and columns.
- This type of model designs the data in the form of rows and columns within
a table.
- Tables are also called relations. This model was initially described by
Edgar F. Codd, in1969.
- The relational data model is the widely used model which is primarily used
by commercial data processing applications.

4. Explain three level architecture of Database.

- A 3-tier architecture will separate complexity of each architectural layer

(tier)
from each other.
- It is the most widely used architecture to design a DBMS.

note : diagram on WhatsApp

Database (Data) Tier:

- made up of DBMS and Data storage.
- manages the storage and retrieval of data as well as security, data
integrity of the application.
- The data is stored in this layer. Hence, security is most important aspect
of this layer.

Application (Middle) Tier:

- The middle tier is also called as application server and it consists of
application logic.
- executes process management.
- hides the complexity of process distribution from the user.
- processes the inputs it receives from the clients and interacts with the
database.
- Thus, middle tier represents the code that the user calls upon through the
presentation layer to retrieve data from the database.
 User (Presentation) Tier:
- End-users operate on this tier.
- has all things that are visible to the user, such as screen layout and
navigation.
- mainly consisting of Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) which is visible to
all database application users.

Unit 2 - Relational Data Model

2 Marks

1. Define Domain and Attribute.

Domain
- A domain is the set of permitted values for one or more attributes.
- It defines the potential values that an attribute may hold.
- For e.g. If the age of the student in class is between 15 and 20, then we
candefine a set of values for the age attribute of student as the set of
integers between 15 and 20.

Attribute
- An attribute is a named column of a relation.
- For e.g. Student table has stud_id, Stud_name, Marks as attributes.

2. List and draw any four symbols used in ER-Model.

The symbols used in ER-Model are:

1.Entity

2.Relationship

3.Attribute

4.Weak Entity

5.Weak Entity Relationship

6.Multivalued Attribute

7.Key Attribute

8.Composite Attribute

note: diagram is on WhatsApp

3. Define foreign key. Give its example.

Referential Integrity Constraint is also known as foreign key constraint.

- It is defined between two tables to maintain the consistency among tuples
in the two relations.
- It is used to establish parent child relationship between two tables having
a common column.
- It states that if there is a foreign key in one table, it should match with
primary key from other table.

Example:
• Dept (Dept_No, DName, LOC)
• Emp(Emp_No,Ename,Job,Sal,Dept_No)
• In table Dept, Dept_No is a primary key containing unique values for
deptnos.
• To set the relationship between these two tables , we can define
Emp.Dept_No as a foreign key.

the diagram of above table is on WhatsApp.

4. Define Normalization, list its types.

- Normalization is a database design technique which organizes tables in a

manner that reduces redundancy and dependency of data.
- It divides larger tables to smaller tables and links them using
relationships.
- It is a multi-step process that puts data into tabular form, removes
duplicated data from the related tables.

The types of Normalization are:

1.First Normal Form (1NF)
2.Second Normal Form (2NF)
3.Third Normal Form (3NF)