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CH2

Operating systems provide essential services for program execution, user interface, I/O operations, file-system manipulation, and communication. They manage resources, ensure security, and maintain accounting for resource usage. Different operating systems utilize various architectures, such as monolithic, microkernel, and hybrid designs to meet user and system goals.

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7 views2 pages

CH2

Operating systems provide essential services for program execution, user interface, I/O operations, file-system manipulation, and communication. They manage resources, ensure security, and maintain accounting for resource usage. Different operating systems utilize various architectures, such as monolithic, microkernel, and hybrid designs to meet user and system goals.

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CH2

Operating systems provide an environment for execution of programs and services to


programs and users

One set of operating-system services provides functions that are helpful to the user:

User interface - Almost all operating systems have a user interface (UI).

Varies between Command-Line (CLI), Graphics User Interface (GUI), Batch

Program execution - The system must be able to load a program into memory and to run
that program, end execution, either normally or abnormally (indicating error)

I/O operations - A running program may require I/O,

File-system manipulation - The file system is of particular interest. Programs need to read
and write files and directories, create and delete them, search them, list file Information,
permission management.

Communications – Processes may exchange information, on the same computer or between


computers over a network

Error detection – OS needs to be constantly aware of possible errors

Resource allocation - When multiple users or multiple jobs running concurrently, resources
must be allocated to each of them

Many types of resources - CPU cycles, main memory, file storage, I/O devices.

Accounting - To keep track of which users use how much and what kinds of computer
resources

Protection and security - The owners of information stored in a multiuser or networked


computer system may want to control use of that information

Protection involves ensuring that all access to system resources is controlled

Security of the system from outsiders requires user authentication,

number associated with each system call System-call interface maintains a table indexed
according to these numbers

Application Programming Interface (API)

Type of System calls

process control, file manipulation, device manipulation, information maintenance,


communications, protection.

User goals – operating system should be convenient to use, easy to learn, reliable, safe, and
fast

System goals – operating system should be easy to design, implement, and maintain, as well
as flexible, reliable, error-free,and efficient

Emulation can allow an OS to run on non-native hardware


Hybrid combines multiple approaches to address performance, security, usability needs

Linux and Solaris kernels in kernel address space, so monolithic, plus modular for dynamic
loading of functionality

Windows mostly monolithic, plus microkernel for different subsystem personalities

Apple Mac OS X hybrid, layered, Aqua UI plus Cocoa

♡‫التنسوني ووالديني من دعواتكم ستار‬

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