EnMath 1: Calculus 1

DIFFERENTIATION OF
TRANCENDENTAL
FUNCTIONS
Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Limits
Theorem A:
For each point c in function’s domain:
Example:

Evaluate the following :

a. lim𝜋 𝜃 tan 𝜃
𝜃→ 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝜃)
b. lim𝜋 1;𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝜃→ 2
Special Trigonometric Limits
Theorem
B: 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
1. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 =𝟏
𝒙→𝟎
𝟏;𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
2. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 =𝟎
𝒙→𝟎
L’Hospital’s Rule
Suppose that we have one of the following cases,

where ɑ can be any real number, infinity or negative

infinity. In these cases we have,
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
1. 𝒅(𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖) 𝒅𝒖 4.
𝒅(𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒖) 𝟐
𝒅𝒖
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒅(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖) 𝒅𝒖 𝒅(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒖) 𝒅𝒖
2. = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖 5. = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐮 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

3. 𝒅(𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖) 𝟐
𝒅𝒖 6. 𝒅(𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖) 𝒅𝒖
= 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒖 = −𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐮 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Example:

Differentiate the following:

1. 1. 𝑦 = 2 csc 1 − 3𝑥

2. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 2𝑥

3. Find the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of

maximum lateral surface area which can be
inscribed in a sphere of radius 4 inches.

4. The strength of a rectangular beam is proportional

to the breadth and the square of the depth. Find the
dimensions of the strongest beam that can be cut
from a circular log of radius R.
Trigo Identities
Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
𝒅(𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒖) −𝟏 𝒅𝒖
1. 𝒅(𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖) 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 4. =
= 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙

2. 𝒅(𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖) −𝟏 𝒅𝒖
5.
𝒅(𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒖) 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
= =
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙

𝒅(𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖) 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝒅(𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖) −𝟏 𝒅𝒖
3. = 6. =
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
Derivation of Inverse Trigo Differentiation Formula
𝒅(𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖) 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
=
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙

Let 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑢

then 𝑢 = tan 𝑦
Differentiating 𝑢 = tan 𝑦 ∶ But 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑦 + 1
𝑑𝑢 2
𝑑𝑦 then 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Solving for 𝑑𝑥
∶ but 𝑢 = tan 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 Therefore:
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
= 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒖 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
Examples:
𝑑𝑦
Find of the following and simplify whenever possible:
𝑑𝑥

1. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 − 𝑥 2
Solution:
1
Let 𝑢 = (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2 : Then

𝑑𝑢 1 ;1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥
= 1 − 𝑥2 2 (−2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= (− 1 )
𝑑𝑥 2 1 1− 𝑥 2 2
1 − ((1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2 )2

𝑑𝑢 𝑥
=− 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 = (− 1 )
1 − 𝑥2 2 𝑑𝑥 1;(1;𝑥 2 ) 1;𝑥 2 2

Since: 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 (− 1 )
𝑑(𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢) 1 𝑑𝑢 1;𝑥 2 2
=
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒚 −𝟏
=
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
2. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥)
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥
Let 𝑢 = tan 2𝑥: =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 (2) But 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 Then
= 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥
Since:
𝑑(𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢) −1 𝑑𝑢 Thus
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒚
Then = −𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦 −1
= 2
(2𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 1 + (𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥)
3. The lower edge of a picture is 4 ft, the upper edge 9
ft above the eye of an observer. At what horizontal
distance should he stand if the angle subtended by the
picture is a maximum?
Solution:
Figure:
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏;𝟏 𝜷 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏;𝟏 ɑ
𝟗 𝟒
𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏;𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏;𝟏 𝒙
Using:
𝒅(𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖) 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
=
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝒅θ 𝟏 𝟗 𝟏 𝟒
= 𝟐 (− 𝒙𝟐 ) − ( 𝟒 𝟐
− 𝒙𝟐 )
𝒅𝒙 𝟗
𝟏: 𝟏: 𝒙
𝒙

Simplifying & Equating to

Let x be distance b/w the zero:
𝒅θ 𝟗 𝟒
observer & the picture = − + =𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐 :𝟖𝟏 𝒙𝟐 :𝟏𝟔

also 𝜽 = 𝜷 − ɑ
𝒙 = 𝟔 𝒇𝒕
 Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Function Exponential Function

𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙
where 𝑏 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 ≠ 1 where a> 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 1
also, recall that:
𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒚
Laws of Exponents:

1. 𝒂𝒎 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎:𝒏 4. (𝒂𝒃)𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒏
2. 𝒂𝒎 𝒎;𝒏 if 𝑚 > 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 0 5. 𝒂 𝒏 𝒂𝒏
= 𝒂 = 𝒏 b≠ 0
𝒂𝒏 𝒃 𝒃
3. (𝒂𝒎 )𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎𝒏

Laws of Radicals:
𝒏
1. 𝒏 4. 𝒏 𝒂 𝒂
𝒂𝒏 =𝒂 = 𝒏
𝒏 𝒎 𝒎 𝒃 𝒃
2. 𝒂𝒎 = 𝒏
𝒂 = 𝒂𝒏

𝒏 𝒏
5. 𝒎 𝒏 𝒎𝒏
3.
𝒏
𝒂 𝒃= 𝒂𝒃 𝒂= 𝒂
Laws of Logarithm:
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴𝑵 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑵 4. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒃 = 𝟏
1.
𝑴
2. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑵 𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑵 = 𝑵
𝑵 5.
3. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑵𝒑 = 𝒑𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑵

Properties of Natural Logarithms

For any numbers a > 0 and x > 0 the natural logarithm satisfies the following
rules:

1. Product Rule: 𝐥𝐧 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒂 + 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝒂
2. Quotient Rule: 𝒍𝒏 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒂 − 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝒙
𝟏
3. Reciprocal Rule: 𝐥𝐧 = −𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝒙

4. Power Rule: 𝐥𝐧 𝒙𝒓 = 𝒓𝒍𝒏 𝒙

Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions:

1. 𝒅(𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒖) 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝒅(𝒍𝒏 𝒖) 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
= (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒆) 2. =
𝒅𝒙 𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖 𝒅𝒙

Examples:
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥
of the following and simplify whenever possible:

Since:
1. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2𝑥 + 5 d(log b u) 1 du
= (log b e)
dx u dx
Solution:
then:
1
Let 𝑢 = (2𝑥 + 5) 2 : dy 1 1
= (log e)
dx (2𝑥 + 5)1 2 1
(2𝑥 + 5) 2
𝑑𝑢 1 ;1
= 2𝑥 + 5 2 (2)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐝𝐲 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒆
=
𝐝𝐱 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
2. 𝑦 = log 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 4𝑥
Solution:
𝑦 = log(sin 4𝑥)2
𝑦 = 2 log sin 4𝑥
Let 𝑢 = sin 4𝑥:
𝑑𝑢
= cos 4𝑥 (4)
𝑑𝑥
Since: dy 4cos4x
= log e
d(log b u) 1 du dx sin 4x
= (log b e)
dx u dx
𝐝𝐲
then: = 𝟖𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟒𝐱 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐞
𝐝𝐱
dy 1
= 2( log e 4cos4x )
dx sin 4x
3. 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 3)4 4. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛4 (𝑥 + 3)
Solution: Solution:
𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 3)4 Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑢
=1
𝑦 = 4 ln(𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
Using Power Rule & Natural Log
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 3 Formula:

𝑑𝑢 dy 1
=1 = 4𝑙𝑛3 (𝑥 + 3) (1)
𝑑𝑥 dx x+3
Since:
d(ln u) 1 du
= 𝐝𝐲 𝟒𝒍𝒏𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟑)
dx u dx
=
thus: 𝐝𝐱 𝒙+𝟑
dy 1
=4 (1)
dx x+3

𝐝𝐲 𝟒
=
𝐝𝐱 𝒙 + 𝟑
Logarithmic Differentiation
Steps:

1. Take the natural logarithm of both sides of the equation which

defines the function.

2. Simplify the right member of the resulting equation by making

use of the properties or laws of logarithm

3. Differentiate with respect to x and solve for 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙

Examples:
𝑑𝑦
Find using logarithmic differentiation:
𝑑𝑥

2 1 (2𝑥;3)4
1. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 1) 3 (3𝑥 − 4) 2
2. 𝑦 = (5𝑥:1)4
 Examples - Logarithmic Differentiation
2 1
1. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 1) 3 (3𝑥 − 4) 2

Solution:
Using the properties of natural logarithm
2 1 2 1
ln 𝑦 = ln(2𝑥 + 1) 3 (3𝑥 − 4) 2 𝑜𝑟 ln 𝑦 = ln(2𝑥 + 1) 3 + ln(3𝑥 − 4) 2

2 1
ln 𝑦 = 3 ln(2𝑥 + 1) + 2 ln(3𝑥 − 4)
Differentiate y with respect to x & using
differentiation of logarithmic formula:
1 𝑑𝑦 2 1 1 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=3 2𝑥:1
2 +2 3𝑥;4
(3) Substitute the value of y and simplify:
1 𝑑𝑦 4 3 𝑑𝑦 42𝑥 − 23 2 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 3(2𝑥:1)
+ 2(3𝑥;4) 𝑑𝑥
=
6(2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 4)
2𝑥 + 1 3 3𝑥 − 4 2

1 𝑑𝑦 8 3𝑥;4 :9(2𝑥:1)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 6(2𝑥:1)(3𝑥;4)
Thus:
𝒅𝒚 𝟒𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝟑
=
𝑑𝑦 24𝑥 − 32 + 18𝑥 + 9 𝒅𝒙 𝟏
𝟔 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒
𝟏
𝟐
= 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 6(2𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 4)
Examples - Log Diff … cont….
(2𝑥;3)4
2. 𝑦 =
(5𝑥:1)4
Solution:
Using the properties of natural logarithm
ln 𝑦 = ln(2𝑥 − 3)4 − ln(5𝑥 + 1)4 or ln 𝑦 = 4 ln(2𝑥 − 3) − 4ln(5𝑥 + 1)
Differentiate y with respect to x & using
differentiation of logarithmic formula:
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=4 2𝑥;3
2 −4 5𝑥:1
(5)
Thus:
1 𝑑𝑦 8 20
= −
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥;3 5𝑥:1 𝒅𝒚 𝟔𝟖(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟑
=
𝑑𝑦 8 5𝑥 + 1 − 20(2𝑥 − 3) 𝒅𝒙 (𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟓
= 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 − 3)(5𝑥 + 1)
Substitute the value of y and simplify:
𝑑𝑦 40𝑥 + 8 − 40𝑥 + 60 (2𝑥 − 3)4
=
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 − 3)(5𝑥 + 1) (5𝑥 + 1)4
Differentiation of Exponential Functions:

𝒅(𝒂𝒖 ) 𝒖
𝒅𝒖 𝒅(𝒆𝒖 ) 𝒅𝒖
1. = 𝒂 (𝒍𝒏 𝒂) 2. =𝒆 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Examples:
𝑑𝑦
Find and simplify whenever possible:
𝑑𝑥

1. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 ln 4𝑥
Solution: Using product rules: Thus:
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 4𝑥 𝑣 = ln 4𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1 = 4 + (ln 𝑥)(4𝑥 (𝑙𝑛4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
= 4𝑥 (𝑙𝑛4)(1) = (4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1 𝒅𝒚 𝟏
= 4𝑥 (𝑙𝑛4) = = 𝟒 𝒙
+ 𝒍𝒏𝟒𝒍𝒏 𝒙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
Examples - Expo. Diff … cont….
2. 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥:1
Solution:

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑢
=3
𝑑𝑥
Since:
𝑑(𝑒 𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑒𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

then:

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 3𝑥:1 (3)
𝑑𝑥

𝒅𝒚
= 𝟑𝒆𝟑𝒙:𝟏
𝒅𝒙