Plane and Solid Geometry

Introduction

Welcome Dear students in the New Normal Class in studying Plane &
Solid Geometry. Since not everyone has an access to a stable internet connectivity to
use in online-learning, this Instructional Material (IM) will be your alternative tool to
learn the subject required in our curriculum.

REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS

Do you recognize the following mathematical symbols? Familiarize

yourself to all of these because you will encounter and use them again in our upcoming
lessons.

SYMBOLS MEANING SYMBOLS MEANING

∠ angle ± positive & negative

→ approaches as a limit ⊥ is perpendicular to

∩ arc ∴ therefore

Ο circle ⇔ is equivalent to

= equals or is equal to ∆ triangle

≈ is approximately equal to A’, A” read as A prime,

≠ is not equal to A double prime

> is greater than A1, A2 read as A sub-one,

< is less than A sub-two
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Historical Background of Geometry

The word geometry is derived from the Greek words geos (meaning earth) and
metron (meaning measure). The ancient Egyptians, Chinese, Babylonians, Romans,
and Greeks used geometry for surveying, navigation, astronomy, and other practical
occupations. The Greeks sought to systematize the geometric facts they knew by
establishing logical reasons for them and relationships among them. The work of men
such as Thales (600 B.C.), Pythagoras (540 B.C.), Plato (390 B.C.), and Aristotle (350
B.C.) in systematizing geometric facts and principles culminated in the geometry text
Elements, written in approximately 325 B.C. by Euclid. This most remarkable text has
been in use for over 2000 years.

Do you know the following geometric terms? Read the corresponding definitions and
illustrations; try to use each term in a sentence and give your own examples to show
that you understand its meaning.

1. A point has position only. It has no length, width, or thickness. A point is

represented by a dot. Keep in mind, however, that the dot represents a point but is
not a point, just as a dot on a map may represent a locality but is not the locality.
A dot, unlike a point, has size. A point is designated by a capital letter next to the
dot, thus point A is represented: A.

2. Line - usually means a straight line consisting of infinite number of points extending
in opposite direction.

Example: line AB . A B

A line is designated by the capital letters of any two of its points or by a small letter,
thus:

A line may be straight, curved, or a combination of these. To understand how lines

differ, think of a line as being generated by a moving point. A straight line is
generated by a point moving always in the same direction. A curved line is
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generated by a point moving in a continuously changing direction. Two lines
intersect in a point.

3. A plane surface (or plane) is a surface such that a straight line connecting any two
of its points lies entirely in it. A plane is a flat surface. A surface has length and
width but no thickness. It may be represented by a blackboard, a side of a box, or
the outside of a sphere; remember, however, that these are representations of a
surface but are not surfaces.

4. Line segment – a portion of a line with definite end points.

Example: line segment AB A B

5. Ray – a line beginning at a definite point and extending indefinitely in one direction
from it.

Example: ray AB A B

6. Angle – is the figure formed by two rays which have their common end-point called
vertex. Terminal side B
Example: ∠BAC, ∠CAB or ∠A Vertex A

Initial side C

7. Positive angle – is an angle whose rotation is counter-clockwise.

Example: ∠P is a positive angle.

8. Negative angle- is an angle whose rotation is clockwise.

Example: ∠N is a negative angle.

N
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9. Degree-measure – is a sexagesimal-unit commonly use for measuring the size of

angles. Each degree (o) is divided in 60 equal parts called minutes (‘) and each
minute is divided into 60 equal parts called seconds (“).
That is, 1 degree (0) = 60 minutes (‘)

1 minute (‘) = 60 seconds (“)

Angles are named according to their degree- measures as follows:

NAME ANGLE-MEASURE EXAMPLE

10. Acute angle between 00 and 900 600 820

11. Right angle exactly 900 900

12. Obtuse angle between 900 and 1800 970 1580

13. Straight angle (line) exactly 1800 1800

14. One revolution angle (ray) exactly 3600 3600

15. Quadrantal-angles – angles in standard position having their terminal side along
the x-axis and y-axis.

Example: 900- angle is a quadrantal angle.

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16. Co-terminal angles – angles which have the same initial and same terminal sides.
y

Example: ∠4200 and ∠600 are

Co-terminal angles 4200 x 600

17. Adjacent angles – two angles which have a common vertex and a common side
between them. A

Example: ∠AOB and ∠BOC are O B

adjacent angles C

18. Complementary angles – two angles whose sum is equal to a right angle or 900.

Example: ∠350 and ∠550 are

complementary angles 350 550

19. Supplementary angles – two angles whose sum is equal to a straight angle or
1800.

Example: ∠1 and ∠2 are 2 1

supplementary angles

20. Vertical angles – two non-adjacent angles with equal measurement formed by
two intersecting straight lines. 2

Example: ∠1 & ∠3 and ∠2 & ∠4 3 1

are vertical angles 4

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21. Triangle – is a polygon of three sides and three angles whose sum is exactly 1800

Triangles are classified according to sides and angles as follows:

NAME No. of equal sides EXAMPLE

22. Equilateral ∆ 3

23. Isosceles ∆ 2

24. Scalene ∆ none

NAME ANGLE-DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

25. Equiangular ∆ 3 angles are equal (600each)

26. Acute ∆ 3 angles are acute

(300-700-800)
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27. Right ∆ 1 angle is right

(900)

28. Obtuse ∆ 1 angle is obtuse

(200-1300-300)

IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT TRIANGLES:

1. An equiangular triangle is also equilateral triangle since the angles of a triangle are always
proportional to the opposite sides.

2. A right triangle may be classified as an isosceles triangle when its two legs have equal lengths or
maybe as scalene triangle when the two legs are not congruent but never equilateral because it
has always a longest side called hypotenuse.
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29. Pythagorean Theorem – a theorem on a right triangle proven by Pythagoras
which stated that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of
the legs.

The formula is: c2 = a2 + b2 a c

30. Quadrilateral – is a polygon having four sides.

31. Parallelogram – is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel.

32. Rectangle – is a parallelogram whose angles are right angles.

33. Square – is a rectangle with equal sides.

34. Trapezoid – is a quadrilateral such that two and only two sides of which are parallel

35. Pentagon – is a polygon having five sides.

36. Hexagon – is a polygon having six sides.

37. Heptagon – is a polygon having seven sides.

38. Octagon – is a polygon having eight sides.

39. Nonagon – is a polygon having nine sides.

36. Decagon – is a polygon having ten sides.

37. Dodecagon – is a polygon having twelve sides.

38. Pentadecagon – is a polygon having fifteen sides.

39. Circle – is a closed curve all points of which are equidistant from a point called the
center.

40. Radius – is a straight line from the center to any point in the circle.

Example: OA is a radius. A

o•
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41. Concentric circles – circles having the same center.

O•

Example: Two circles in the figure

have a common center o.

42. Secant – is a straight line that intersects a circle in two points.

43. Chord – is a straight line that joins any two points in a circle.

44. Diameter – is a chord that passes through the center.

Example: Secant A, B

Chord C, C

Diameter B

45. Arc – is a part of a circle.

Example: arc AB

46. Central angle – is an angle formed by two radii as ∠O in the figure above. A
central angle equals numerically its intercepted arc.
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47. Circumference – is the length of the circle.

48. Tangent line – a line which touches a circle at a point, which is called “point of
tangency” or the point of contact.

Example: line AB is tangent to a circle O at point P.

A • B

49. Circumscribed polygon – a polygon is circumscribed about a circle if its sides

are tangent to the circle.

Example: a triangle ABC is circumscribed about a circle.

B C

50. Inscribed polygon – a polygon is inscribed in a circle if its sides are chords of the
circle.

Example: A triangle XYZ is inscribed in a circle or a circle is circumscribed about

the triangle XYZ.

Y Z
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