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Day 13 Slides Subnetting Part 1

The document covers subnetting concepts, including CIDR and IPv4 address classes, explaining how the IANA assigns networks based on company size and the inefficiencies of classful addressing. It introduces CIDR as a solution to address space wastage, allowing for the creation of smaller subnets. The document also provides examples of usable addresses in various CIDR notations and discusses subnetting practical applications.

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36 views33 pages

Day 13 Slides Subnetting Part 1

The document covers subnetting concepts, including CIDR and IPv4 address classes, explaining how the IANA assigns networks based on company size and the inefficiencies of classful addressing. It introduces CIDR as a solution to address space wastage, allowing for the creation of smaller subnets. The document also provides examples of usable addresses in various CIDR notations and discusses subnetting practical applications.

Uploaded by

divineruler786
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CCNA 200-301 Day 13

Subnetting (Part 1)
Things we’ll cover

●
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
●
The process of subnetting
IPv4 Address Classes

First octet First octet range


Class
(binary) (decimal)
0.0.0.0 ~
A 0xxxxxxx 0 - 127 127.255.255.255

128.0.0.0 ~
B 10xxxxxx 128 - 191 191.255.255.255

192.0.0.0 ~
C 110xxxxx 192 - 223 223.255.255.255

224.0.0.0 ~
D 1110xxxx 224 - 239 239.255.255.255

240.0.0.0 ~
E 1111xxxx 240 - 255 255.255.255.255
IPv4 Address Classes

First octet Prefix


Class First octet
numeric range Length

A 0xxxxxxx 0-127 /8

B 10xxxxxx 128-191 /16

C 110xxxxx 192-223 /24


IPv4 Address Classes
IPv4 Address Classes

●
The IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) assigns
IPv4 addresses/networks to companies based on their size.
●
For example, a very large company might receive a class A
or class B network, while a small company might receive a
class C network.
●
However, this led to many wasted IP addresses.
IPv4 Address Classes

San Francisco New York


point-to-point network

R1 R2
IPv4 Address Classes

San Francisco New York


203.0.113.0/24

.1 .2

R1 R2
256 addresses
-1 network address (203.0.113.0)
-1 broadcast address (203.0.113.255) =252 addresses
-1 R1’s address (203.0.113.1) WASTED
-1 R2’s address (203.0.113.2)
IPv4 Address Classes

●
Company X needs IP addressing for 5000 end hosts.
●
A class C network does not provide enough addresses, so a
class B network must be assigned.
●
This will result in about 60000 addresses being wasted.
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
●
When the Internet was first created, the creators did not
predict that the Internet would become as large as it is
today.
●
This resulted in wasted address space like the examples I
showed you (there are many more examples).
●
The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) introduced CIDR
in 1993 to replace the ‘classful’ addressing system.
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
●
With CIDR, the requirements of...
Class A = /8
Class B = /16
Class C = /24
...were removed.
●
This allowed larger networks to be split into smaller
networks, allowing greater efficiency.
●
These smaller networks are called ‘subnetworks’ or
‘subnets’.
CIDR
203.0.113.0/24

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

203 . 0 . 113 . 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

255 . 255 . 255 . 0


network address, broadcast address

28 – 2 = 254 usable addresses.


number of host bits
CIDR Practice!

How many usable addresses are there in each network?


●
203.0.113.0/25
●
203.0.113.0/26
●
203.0.113.0/27 2n – 2 = usable addresses
●
203.0.113.0/28 n = number of host bits
●
203.0.113.0/29
●
203.0.113.0/30
●
203.0.113.0/31
●
203.0.113.0/32
CIDR (/25)
203.0.113.0/25

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

203 . 0 . 113 . 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

255 . 255 . 255 . 128

27 – 2 = 126 usable addresses.


CIDR (/26)
203.0.113.0/26

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

203 . 0 . 113 . 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

255 . 255 . 255 . 192

26 – 2 = 62 usable addresses.
CIDR (/27)
203.0.113.0/27

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

203 . 0 . 113 . 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

255 . 255 . 255 . 224

25 – 2 = 30 usable addresses.
CIDR (/28)
203.0.113.0/28

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

203 . 0 . 113 . 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

255 . 255 . 255 . 240

24 – 2 = 14 usable addresses.
CIDR (/29)
203.0.113.0/29

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

203 . 0 . 113 . 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

255 . 255 . 255 . 248

23 – 2 = 6 usable addresses.
CIDR (/30)
203.0.113.0/30

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

203 . 0 . 113 . 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

255 . 255 . 255 . 252

22 – 2 = 2 usable addresses.
CIDR (/30)
203.0.113.0/30
.1 .2

203.0.113.0/30
= 203.0.113.0 – 203.0.113.3
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

The remaining addresses in the 203.0.113.0/24 address block


(203.0.113.4 – 203.0.113.255) are now available to be used
in other subnets!
CIDR (/31)
203.0.113.0/31

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

203 . 0 . 113 . 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

255 . 255 . 255 . 254

21 – 2 = 0 usable addresses.
CIDR (/31)
203.0.113.0/31
.0 .1

203.0.113.0/31
= 203.0.113.0 – 203.0.113.1
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

The remaining addresses in the 203.0.113.0/24 address block


(203.0.113.2 – 203.0.113.255) are now available to be used
in other networks!
x
CIDR (/32)
203.0.113.0/32

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

203 . 0 . 113 . 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

255 . 255 . 255 . 255

20 – 2 = -1 usable addresses?
CIDR Notation

Dotted Decimal CIDR Notation

255.255.255.128 /25

255.255.255.192 /26

255.255.255.224 /27

255.255.255.240 /28

255.255.255.248 /29

255.255.255.252 /30

255.255.255.254 /31

255.255.255.255 /32
Subnetting

203.0.113.0/31
.0 .1
Subnetting

45 hosts
47 * 4 = 188 45 hosts

SW1 SW3

R1
45 hosts 45 hosts

SW2 SW4

192.168.1.0/24
Divide the 192.168.1.0/24 network into four subnets
that can accommodate the number of hosts required.
Subnetting /30

1 1 0 0 0.0.0.0 . 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
192 . 168 . 1 . 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

255 . 255 . 255 . 252

2 – 2 = 2 usable addresses
2

2*2=4
Subnetting /29

1 1 0 0 0.0.0.0 . 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
192 . 168 . 1 . 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

255 . 255 . 255 . 248

2 – 2 = 6 usable addresses
3

2*2*2=8
Subnetting /28

1 1 0 0 0.0.0.0 . 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
192 . 168 . 1 . 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

255 . 255 . 255 . 240

2 – 2 = 14 usable addresses
4

2 * 2 * 2 * 2 = 16
Subnetting /27

1 1 0 0 0.0.0.0 . 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
192 . 168 . 1 . 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

255 . 255 . 255 . 224

2 – 2 = 30 usable addresses
5

2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 = 32
Subnetting /26

1 1 0 0 0.0.0.0 . 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
192 . 168 . 1 . 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

255 . 255 . 255 . 192

2 – 2 = 62 usable addresses
6

2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 = 64
QUIZ
The first subnet (Subnet 1) is 192.168.1.0/26. What are the remaining
subnets?
HINT: Find the broadcast address of Subnet 1. The next address is the
network address of Subnet 2. Repeat the process for Subnets 3 and 4.

Subnet 1: Subnet 3:
192.168.1.0/26 ( )/26

Subnet 2: Subnet 4:
( )/26 ( )/26

192.168.1.0/24
Things we covered

●
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
●
The process of subnetting (basics!)

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