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Fuzzy reasoning integrates human-like decision-making into computer systems using fuzzy IF-THEN rules, allowing for handling of values between absolute truth and falsehood. It consists of four main components: rule base, fuzzification, inference engine, and defuzzification, which work together to process inputs and produce outputs. Fuzzy logic is widely applied in various fields, including automotive systems, consumer electronics, and pattern recognition, offering advantages like flexibility and ease of understanding, while also facing challenges such as the lack of systematic design approaches.

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9 views6 pages

FLS

Fuzzy reasoning integrates human-like decision-making into computer systems using fuzzy IF-THEN rules, allowing for handling of values between absolute truth and falsehood. It consists of four main components: rule base, fuzzification, inference engine, and defuzzification, which work together to process inputs and produce outputs. Fuzzy logic is widely applied in various fields, including automotive systems, consumer electronics, and pattern recognition, offering advantages like flexibility and ease of understanding, while also facing challenges such as the lack of systematic design approaches.

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supriya
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Fuzzy reasoning is a method in computer science that involves integrating human intelligence

into a system through fuzzy IF-THEN rules, allowing for the handling of transitional values
between absolute truth and absolute false using fuzzy sets with membership degrees.

The conventional logic block that a computer can understand takes precise input and
produces a definite output as TRUE or FALSE, which is equivalent to human’s YES or NO.

The inventor of fuzzy logic, Lotfi Zadeh, observed that unlike computers, the human decision
making includes a range of possibilities between YES and NO, such as −

CERTAINLY YES
POSSIBLY YES
CANNOT SAY
POSSIBLY NO
CERTAINLY NO

Its Architecture contains four parts :

RULE BASE: It contains the set of rules and the IF-THEN conditions provided by the
experts to govern the decision-making system, on the basis of linguistic information. Recent
developments in fuzzy theory offer several effective methods for the design and tuning of
fuzzy controllers. Most of these developments reduce the number of fuzzy rules.

FUZZIFICATION: It is used to convert inputs i.e. crisp numbers into fuzzy sets. Crisp inputs
are basically the exact inputs measured by sensors and passed into the control system for
processing, such as temperature, pressure, rpm’s, etc.

INFERENCE ENGINE: It determines the matching degree of the current fuzzy input with
respect to each rule and decides which rules are to be fired according to the input field. Next,
the fired rules are combined to form the control actions.

DEFUZZIFICATION: It is used to convert the fuzzy sets obtained by the inference engine
into a crisp value. There are several defuzzification methods available and the best-suited one
is used with a specific expert system to reduce the error.
Example: Let us consider an air conditioning system with 5-level fuzzy logic system. This
system adjusts the temperature of air conditioner by comparing the room temperature and the
target temperature value.

A 5-level fuzzy logic system for an air conditioning system adjusts the air conditioner’s
temperature by comparing the room temperature with the target temperature. Here’s how
it works:

1. Fuzzy Logic Levels:

The system uses five linguistic variables to define the temperature difference:

 Very Cold (VC)


 Cold (C)
 Normal (N)
 Hot (H)
 Very Hot (VH)

2. Inputs and Fuzzification:

 Input 1: Room Temperature (TroomT_{room}Troom)


 Input 2: Target Temperature (TtargetT_{target}Ttarget)
 Temperature Difference: ΔT=Troom−Ttarget\Delta T = T_{room} -
T_{target}ΔT=Troom−Ttarget

The temperature difference ΔT\Delta TΔT is classified into the five fuzzy levels.

3. Fuzzy Rule Base:

A set of fuzzy rules determines the air conditioner’s cooling or heating intensity. Example
rules:

1. If ΔT\Delta TΔT is Very Cold (VC), then Increase Heating to Maximum.


2. If ΔT\Delta TΔT is Cold (C), then Increase Heating Moderately.
3. If ΔT\Delta TΔT is Normal (N), then Maintain Current Setting.
4. If ΔT\Delta TΔT is Hot (H), then Increase Cooling Moderately.
5. If ΔT\Delta TΔT is Very Hot (VH), then Increase Cooling to Maximum.

4. Defuzzification:

 The fuzzy output is converted into a precise value using methods like centroid
method.
 The air conditioner adjusts its temperature setting accordingly
Application Areas of Fuzzy Logic

The key application areas of fuzzy logic are as given −

Automotive Systems

 Automatic Gearboxes
 Four-Wheel Steering
 Vehicle environment control

Consumer Electronic Goods

 Hi-Fi Systems
 Photocopiers
 Still and Video Cameras
 Television

Domestic Goods

 Microwave Ovens
 Refrigerators
 Toasters
 Vacuum Cleaners
 Washing Machines

Environment Control

 Air Conditioners/Dryers/Heaters
 Humidifiers

Advantages of FLSs

 Mathematical concepts within fuzzy reasoning are very simple.


 You can modify a FLS by just adding or deleting rules due to flexibility of fuzzy logic.
 Fuzzy logic Systems can take imprecise, distorted, noisy input information.
 FLSs are easy to construct and understand.
 Fuzzy logic is a solution to complex problems in all fields of life, including medicine, as it
resembles human reasoning and decision making.
Disadvantages of FLSs

 There is no systematic approach to fuzzy system designing.


 They are understandable only when simple.
 They are suitable for the problems which do not need high accuracy.

Fuzzy Logic in Pattern Recognition:


Pattern Recognition (PR) form a major area of research and development that encompasses the
processing of pictorial, numeric and non-numeric data obtained from the nature. A pattern can be
either a physical object (e.g., a human being or a car) or an abstract notion (e.g., a style of writing).
A pattern is represented as a measurement or attribute vector, where each dimension corresponds
to a feature of the pattern. These features can be either quantitative or qualitative. For example, if
mass and color are the two features used, then object with 20 units of mass and black in color, can
be represented as an ordered two-tuple (20, black). Fuzzy logic is a powerful tool for pattern
recognition, especially in cases where uncertainty, noise, or vagueness exists in the data. It provides
an intuitive, rule-based classification system that is highly interpretable compared to complex
machine learning models.

Key Benefits of Using Fuzzy Logic in Pattern Recognition:

 Handles uncertainty and vagueness in data.


 Deals well with overlapping class boundaries.
 Allows linguistic reasoning (e.g., "high temperature" rather than strict numerical
thresholds).
 Works effectively in noisy environments.

2. Fuzzy Pattern Recognition Framework


Fuzzy pattern recognition follows these key steps:

Step 1: Fuzzification (Feature Extraction)

 Convert crisp (numerical) data into fuzzy sets.


 Define membership functions (e.g., triangular, trapezoidal, Gaussian) to represent
uncertainty.
 Example: If we classify temperature into "Cold," "Warm," and "Hot," we define fuzzy
sets.

Step 2: Fuzzy Rule-Based System

 Define if-then fuzzy rules to describe the relationship between input features and
classes.
 Example:
o If (temperature is HIGH) and (humidity is LOW), then (Pattern = Sunny Day).
o If (temperature is MEDIUM) and (humidity is HIGH), then (Pattern = Rainy
Day).

Step 3: Fuzzy Inference System (FIS)

 Apply fuzzy reasoning using methods like Mamdani or Sugeno inference.


 Compute the degree of membership for each input pattern.
 Aggregate and defuzzify results to determine the most likely pattern.

Step 4: Decision Making

 Convert fuzzy output into a final classification.


 Example: Assign the input data to a pattern class based on the highest degree of
membership.

3. Applications of Fuzzy Logic in Pattern Recognition


1. Handwritten Character Recognition
o Fuzzy membership functions help handle different writing styles.
o Fuzzy rules classify characters based on shape features.
2. Medical Diagnosis (Pattern Classification in Medical Data)
o Fuzzy logic is used in diseases classification (e.g., diabetes, cancer).
o Medical parameters like glucose level, heart rate, and blood pressure can be
classified into fuzzy sets.
3. Image Recognition & Object Detection
o Fuzzy logic is applied in edge detection, segmentation, and feature
extraction.
o Helps in face recognition by handling variations in lighting and angles.
4. Speech and Voice Recognition
o Fuzzy systems classify voice patterns based on pitch, tone, and frequency.
o Helps in recognizing commands in different accents.
5. Weather Prediction
o Fuzzy rule-based systems classify weather conditions based on temperature,
humidity, and pressure.
4. Fuzzy vs. Classical Pattern Recognition
Fuzzy Logic-Based
Feature Classical Pattern Recognition
Recognition
Handling Uncertainty Good Poor
Overlapping Classes Managed with fuzzy sets Requires strict boundaries
Noise Tolerance High Low
Mathematical Complexity Moderate Often high (e.g., deep learning)
Interpretability Easy (rule-based) Hard (e.g., black-box models)

5. Example: Fuzzy Pattern Recognition for Weather


Classification
Let’s consider a simple fuzzy system for recognizing weather patterns based on temperature
and humidity.

Step 1: Define Fuzzy Sets

 Temperature: {Cold, Moderate, Hot}


 Humidity: {Low, Medium, High}
 Weather Patterns: {Rainy, Cloudy, Sunny}

Step 2: Membership Functions

 Cold: 0–15°C0–15°C0–15°C
 Moderate: 10–25°C10–25°C10–25°C
 Hot: 20–40°C20–40°C20–40°C
 Low Humidity: 0–400–40%0–40
 Medium Humidity: 30–7030–70%30–70
 High Humidity: 60–10060–100%60–100

Step 3: Define Rules

1. IF (Temperature is Hot) AND (Humidity is Low) THEN (Weather = Sunny)


2. IF (Temperature is Moderate) AND (Humidity is Medium) THEN (Weather =
Cloudy)
3. IF (Temperature is Cold) AND (Humidity is High) THEN (Weather = Rainy)

Step 4: Fuzzy Inference and Classification

 If an input temperature is 18°C and humidity is 65%, it falls into Moderate


Temperature and Medium Humidity, so the system classifies it as Cloudy.

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