LIST OF PREPOSITIONS:

• About, above, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind
• Below, beside, between, beyond, but, by, during, for, from, in, inside
• Into, like, near, of, on, onto, out, outside, over, since, through
• To, towards, under, until, upon, with, within, without,

List of Articles:
A, an, the
 VERBS

• Finite verbs • Non-finite verbs [PIG]

Carries a Subject and Shows Tense Cannot carry a Subject and does not show
e.g; I had my lunch early today. the Tense
• Participles
( present & past)
• Infinitives (to + verb)
• Gerunds (verbal nouns)
[verb+ ing]
 NON-FINITE VERBS

• Jatin jumped into the swimming pool.

Swimming – present participle
• Jatin loves to swim.
To swim – infinitive
• Swimming is my hobby.
Swimming – gerund.
( ask the question ‘What’ to the finite verb to identify a Gerund)
LIST OF MODAL AUXILIARIES WITH THEIR
FUNCTIONS
• Can- ability, permission, possibility
• Could - past ability, possibility, polite request
• Will - determination, future tense
• Would - polite request, past habitual action , past tense of will
• Shall- determination, future tense
• Should/Ought to – obligation, advice, probability
LIST OF MODAL AUXILIARIES WITH THEIR
FUNCTIONS
• May - possibility, permission , offer help , blessing, curse
• Might - remote possibility
• Must - compulsion, obligation, necessity, probability, advice/suggestion
• Used to - past habit
• Need (not)- absence of necessity
• Dare (not)- challenge/courage
 TENSES [12 FORMS]

Tense Structure Example

Simple present Singular verb I drive a car

Simple past Singular verb I drove a car

Simple future Will/ Shall + verb I will drive a car

Present perfect Have/has + verb(en/ed) I have driven a car

Past perfect Had + verb(en/ed) I had driven a car

Future perfect Will/Shall have + verb(en/ed) I will driven a car

 TENSES [12 FORMS]

Tense Structure Example

Present continuous Am/ is/ are + verb (ing) I am driving a car

Past continuous Was/ were + verb (ing) I was driving a car

Future continuous Will/ shall be + verb (ing) I will be driving a car

Present perfect continuous Have/has been + verb( ing ) I have been driving a car since ….

Past perfect continuous Had been + verb (ing) I had been driving a car since ……

Future perfect continuous Will/shall have been + verb (ing) I will have been driving a car since ….
 CHANGE THE VOICE

• ACTIVE TO PASSIVE VOICE

• 1. Swap Subject and Object
• 2. Add ‘to be’ in correct tense
• 3. Add Past participle
• 4. Add Preposition
e.g;
Active - The police chased the thief
Passive – The thief was chased by the police
 CHANGE THE VOICE

• Modal Auxiliary = Modal Auxiliary + be

They may win the match.
The match may be won by them.
• Imperative sentence = Let + …be
Open the windows.
Let the windows be opened.
• Verb + preposition = Verb + Preposition + Past participle
He spoke to the principal.
The principal was spoken to by him.
 TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES

Not only…but also Remove ‘If/Unless’

‘Not only’ before 1st thing. If = Unless + not

‘but also’ in place of ‘and/ as well as’ If + not = Unless
Only + if = Unless + never

No sooner…than … Remove ‘too’

‘No sooner’ se Start karo too = also / as well as / very / extremely

Subject aur Auxiliary Swap karo too + (adjective) + infinitive = so + (adjective) +
Comma ki jagah pe than likho that + negative
Baaki sab Same Same rakho
 TYPES OF SENTENCES

Type of sentence Structure Example

Assertive Subject + Verb + ….. The movie was amazing.

Interrogative (Wh-word) + Aux.Verb + Subject + Main How was the movie? /

Verb + ……. Was the movie amazing?

Exclamatory What / How + (a/an) + adjective + …. ! What an amazing movie it was! /

How amazing the movie was!

Imperative (You) Verb + ………. Watch the movie soon.

 TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES

• EXCLAMATORY TO ASSERTIVE
Start with ‘ Subject + Verb + ...’ and end with ( . )
Use any one adverb (very, extremely, certainly, indeed)
• What a wonderful match it was!
It was a very wonderful match.
• How beautiful the moon is!
The moon is indeed beautiful.
 TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES

• ASSERTIVE TO EXCLAMATORY
1. Start the sentence with ‘What / How’.
2. Remove the adverb which shows strong feelings. (extremely / certainly / indeed / very)
3. Write the subject and verb at the end.
4. End the sentence with an exclamation mark. (!)
Rose is a very beautiful flower.
What a beautiful flower rose is!
 TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES

• ASSERTIVE TO INTERROGATIVE
(Start with the Question Tag)
If auxiliary verb is absent use do/ does/ did/ don’t/doesn’t/didn’t
She can sing melodiously.
Can’t she sing melodiously?
He had a new car.
Didn’t he have a new car?
 TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES

• INTERROGATIVE TO ASSERTIVE
i. Start the assertive sentence with : ‘I want to know / I would like to know / I wonder / I don’t know)
ii. Then, write ‘if / whether / wh-word’(If a ‘wh word’ is present in the interrogative sentence).
iii. Swap subject and auxiliary verb
What will you have for dinner?
I want to know what you will have for dinner.
Are you hungry?
I wonder if/whether you are hungry.
 TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES

• AFFIRMATIVE TO NEGATIVE & VICE-VERSA

• an opposite word
• Prefix/suffix
• ‘never fails to’ in place of ‘always’
• ‘not allowed’ in place of ‘prohibited/forbidden’
• ‘no’ in place of ‘without’
• ‘none but/nothing but’ in place of ‘only’
 ADD A QUESTION TAG

• Affirmative Verb - Negative Question Tag

• Negative Verb - Affirmative Question Tag
• If auxiliary verb is absent, use do/ does / did / don’t/ doesn’t/ didn’t.
• is, are, was, were - isn’t, aren’t, wasn’t, weren’t ?
• Order - ‘will you ?’
• Request - ‘won’t you ?’
• I am - ‘aren’t I ?’
• Let’s -‘shall we ?’
• Everyone ____ to ‘____ they ?’
DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Bodyguards
Positive – as …… as
As tall as, as smart as
Comparative - …….. Than
Taller than, smarter than
Superlative – the ……..
The tallest, the smartest
 DEGREES OF COMPARISON

• Only two things are compared

(Only 2 degrees are possible Positive & Comparative)
SWAP
- The 2 things
- The 2 Degrees
- Affirmative & Negative
e.g; Sam is taller than Joe.
Joe is not as tall as Sam.
 DEGREES OF COMPARISON

• More than two things are compared (All 3 degrees are possible)
Positive Comparative Superlative

TYPE II : than any /all other The

No other/Nothing .. as … as .. Thor is stronger than any other Thor is the strongest Avenger.
No other Avenger is as strong as Avenger.
Thor.

TYPE III: than many/most other one of the

Very few/Not many .. as … as .. Thor is stronger than many other Thor is one of the strongest
Very few Avengers are as strong as Avengers. Avengers.
Thor.
 SYNTHESIS AND TRANSFORMATION OF SIMPLE,
COMPOUND & COMPLEX
Simple Compound Complex

only 1 finite verb 2 finite verbs + coordinator 2 finite verbs + subordinator

TIME ( two actions ) and, not only ….but also, as well as Wh words, that, than
Verb + ing, after + ing, on + ing I reached home and went to sleep. When I reached home, I went to
After reaching home, I went to sleep.
sleep.
Contrast ( opposite ideas ) But, yet, still Though, although, even though
Inspite of + ing He worked hard but he failed. Though he worked hard, he failed
Inspite of working hard, he failed
 SYNTHESIS AND TRANSFORMATION OF SIMPLE,
COMPOUND & COMPLEX
Simple Compound Complex

only 1 finite verb 2 finite verbs + coordinator 2 finite verbs + subordinator

Condition or, either… or, nor, if, unless, whether

without + ing neither…nor, otherwise, else, or If you work hard, you will
Without working hard, you will else succeed.
not succeed. Work hard or you will not
succeed.
Reason So, hence, therefore As, since, because
Verb + ing I was sick, so I went home early. As I was sick, I went home early.
Being sick, I went home early.
 CLAUSE ANALYSIS

• 1. Identify the subordinator and the finite verbs.

• 2. Separate the Main Clause and Subordinate Clause [Subordinate Clause STARTS WITH
THE SUBORDINATOR and ends just before the second finite verb or at the end]
• 3. Now, to identify the three different types of Subordinate Clauses ask questions to the
Main Clause in such a way that the Subordinate Clause is the answer or identify the
Subordinators.
 CLAUSES ANALYSIS

• Noun clause – ask ‘What’ to the main clause

• Adjective clause – ask ‘Which’ to the main clause

• Adverb clause (9 types) – ask ‘When’ for Time

ask ‘Where’ for Place

ask ‘How’ for Manner

ask ‘Why’ for Reason

‘so that, such that, in order that’ for Purpose

‘though, although, even though’ for Contrast

‘if, unless, whether’ for Condition

‘so …. that, such …. that for Result

‘ as …. as, than’ for Comparison

 DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

• Rahul said, “I am happy now.”

• Rahul said that he was happy then.
Direct Indirect

Punctuations “ ______” , ?, ! To be removed

Change of Tense am was

Change of Pronouns I he

Comma (, ) becomes connective , that

Change of words now then

 DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

• When the Reporting Verb is in the past tense [said], there is change in the tense of the
Indirect speech
• All Present tense changes to the corresponding Past tense
• Changes in MODAL AUXILIARIES
• When the Reporting Verb is in the Present OR Future tense [says/will say] , there is no
change in the tense of the Indirect speech.
• When the Direct speech is A Habit, A Universal truth or A Proverb, there is no change in
the speech
CHANGE IN WORDS [TIME & DISTANCE]

Direct Indirect
Now Then
This That
Ago Before
Today That day
Here There
These Those
Come Go
Yesterday The previous day
Tomorrow The next day
Tonight That night
Last night The previous night
CHANGE IN WORDS [TIME & DISTANCE]

Direct Indirect
Said, “Sorry” apologized
Said,“ Thank you” thanked
Said, “ Hello” greeted
Said,“ Good morning” wished a good morning
Said, “Yes” agreed
Said, “No” disagreed
 USE OF A CONNECTIVE BETWEEN THE REPORTING
VERB & THE SPEECH
Type of Sentence Reporting Verb Connective

Assertive said/says/will say/told that

Exclamatory exclaimed/ exclaims that

Imperative ordered/ requested… Affirmative – to + verb

Negative- not to + verb

Interrogative asked/ questioned Wh- question –

wh- word
Verbal question-
if/ whether