© 2022 JETIR July 2022, Volume 9, Issue 7 www.jetir.

org (ISSN-2349-5162)

LOW PASS FIR FILTER DESIGN USING

OPTIMAL LS METHOD
Jyoti Patel1, Silky Pareyani2
1M.Tech Scholar, ECE Department, GGCT, Jabalpur
2Asst. Professor, ECE Department, GGCT, Jabalpur

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Abstract- The paper represents the design of linear implemented either in software using interactive
phase finite impulse response (FIR) digital filter under software like MATLAB or a processor. In high-
optimization framework, which uses least squares design bandwidth applications FPGA, ASIC or a specialized
method for minimizing magnitude response error and digital signal processor are used for expediting
thereby reducing the ripple content. In this work we operations of filtering. Digital filters are preferably used
present least squares (LS) approach to design linear because they eliminate several problems associated with
phase Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter. Since the analog filters. There are two fundamental types of digital
design of FIR digital filters is non-analytic, we aim at filters: Finite Impulse Response (FIR) and Infinite
ideal zero-phase magnitude response and minimize the Impulse Response (IIR).
weighted error in passband and stopbands. The problem 1. FIR FILTER:
of least squares can then be solved non-iteratively by Filters play an important role in digital signal processing
solving system of linear equations. Solution of which applications. They are widely used in digital signal
yields impulse response that is both real and symmetric. processing applications, such as digital signal filtering,
Frequency response of the proposed LS FIR filter shows noise reduction, frequency analysis, multimedia
a flat passband, and higher stop-band attenuation than compression, biomedical signal processing and image
traditional FIR design. enhancement etc. A digital filter is a system which
Key Words:Finite Impulse filter, Digital filter design, passes some desired signals more than others to reduce
Evolutionary algorithms, Digital signal processing or enhance certain aspects of that signal. It can be used
to pass the signals according to the specified frequency
pass-band and reject the other frequency than the pass-
1.INTRODUCTION band specification.
A digital filter is a system that performs
mathematical operations on a sampled, digitized signal The frequency response of an ideal low pass filter (LPF)
to reduce or enhance certain features of the processed is shown in the Figure 2. The ideal LPF is a filter having
signal. Digital filter scheme consists of a pre filter or linear phase characteristics which does not affect low
anti-aliasing filter to perform filtering of an input signal frequencies and discards high frequencies. In other
using a low pass filter. This is required to restrict the words, it perfectly passes all of the frequencies from 0
bandwidth of a signal to satisfy the sampling theorem. Hz for example, to the cut-off frequency fc without any
An interface is needed between the analog signal and the attenuation, and completely eliminates all the
digital filter, this interface is known as analog-to-digital frequencies above fc. The term cut-off frequency refers
converter (ADC). After the process of sampling and to the frequency at which the response begins to fall off
converting, a digital signal is ready for further significantly. Mathematically, an ideal low pass filter
processing using an appropriate digital signal processor. has a magnitude response given by:
The output signal that is digitized is usually changed
back into analog form using digital-to-analog converter
(DAC). Digital filter is a major topic in the field of
digital signal processing (DSP). Over the past few years
the field of DSP has become so popular both
technologically and theoretically. The major reason for
its success in the industry is due to the use of the low
cost and development of software and hardware.
Applications of DSP are mainly the algorithms that are
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Figure 3: Block diagram of digital filtering process.

Figure 1: Ideal LPF response

It is helpful to investigate the impulse response of such

filter. The impulse response is theoutput of the system in
the time domain when the input is provided.Hence, the
impulse response of the ideal LPF is
Figure 4: Basic structure of FIR filter.

2. FIR FILTER DESIGN

FIR filters have boosted the development of
digital signal processing, beamformers, and so on, due to
their stability and low coefficient sensitivity. Generally,
the design of FIR filters follows two main principles,
i.e., the specification on the response error and the low
implementation complexity. In this brief, we describe
the sparsity of the filter coefficients using the k-
maximum function, which equals to -0-norm under mild
conditions and has no restriction on the magnitude of
nonzerocoefficients. In order to avoid possible violation
of specifications on response errors caused by frequency
discretization, we estimate the frequencies at which the
magnitude of the response error is maximized when
Figure 2: Ideal LPF output constructing linear problems in the proposed algorithm.
To address the nonlinearity and nonconvexity of the
resulted optimization problem, we transform it into a
FIR filters also known as non-recursive digital piecewise linear concave optimization (PLCO) problem
filters have a finite impulse response because after a (1).
finite time the response of FIR filter settles to zero. In designing FIR filter, most important parts are
Block diagram of FIR filter is shown in Figure. The approximation and realization. Transfer function can be
basic structure of FIR filter consists of adders, calculated in four steps after taking specification in
multipliers and delay elements as shown in Figure. The approximation stage as, usually in the frequency
difference equation of nth order digital filter (FIR) can domain, desired or ideal response is chosen. Filter class
be represented as: is chosen which is allowed (e.g. the tap for a FIR filter).
FIR channels otherwise called non-recursive Approximation quality is chosen. Lastly, best algorithm
computerized channels have a limited motivation is selected which is used to find the transfer function
reaction in light of the fact that after a limited time the Implementation of the above transfer function in the
reaction of FIR channel settles to nothing. Block graph form of circuit (blocks) or program (coding) is done by
of FIR channel is displayed in Figure. The fundamental selecting the structure of filter, this stage is called as
construction of FIR channel comprises of adders, realization. Filter structure selection is important part in
multipliers and defer components as displayed in Figure. implementation on FPGA because of area and speed.
The distinction condition of nth request computerized Hardware implementation part in pre modulation cannot
channel (FIR) can be addressed as: afford more area because of less space in on flight [4].
There are three types of FIR filter design techniques,

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In planning FIR channel, most significant parts

are estimation and acknowledgment. Move capacity can
be determined in four stages subsequent to taking detail
in estimate stage as, as a rule in the recurrence area,
wanted or ideal reaction is picked. Channel class is
picked which is permitted (for example the tap for a FIR
channel). Estimation quality is picked. In conclusion,
best calculation is chosen which is utilized to observe
the exchange work Implementation of the above move
work as circuit (squares) or program (coding) is finished
by choosing the design of channel, this stage is called as
acknowledgment. Channel structure choice is significant
part in execution on FPGA in view of region and speed.
Equipment execution part in pre adjustment can't
manage the cost of more region as a result of less space
in on flight [4]. There are three sorts of FIR channel plan
strategies,

a) Windowing technique
b) Frequency sampling
c) Optimal design technique

We cannot achieve minimum order of filter with

window design technique because it is a simple and
convenient design technique for higher order filters. Figure 5: FIR filter design steps
Rectangular, Blackman, Hamming, Hanning, Kaiser,
Flat-top and Gaussian are some of the design techniques
which are mostly used [5]. 3. PROPOSED METHOD
Frequency sampling design technique is the Different methods for designing of FIR filter
simplest and most direct technique if the desired design
frequency response is specified. In this technique 1. Window method
desired frequency response can be obtain by sampling 2. Frequency sampling technique
the frequency response which is provided by the 3. Optimal filter design method
previous method [4]. There are many optimal design An optimal filter design method various method
techniques where we can specify pass and stop bands. are used to design the filter coefficient again and again
Some of these techniques are equi-ripple and least until a particular error is minimized.
square methods. Most important type of optimal design To create a finite impulse response (FIR) the impulse
technique is Parks – McClellan algorithm [6]. In this response h(n) is convolved with input signal x(n) using
paper this algorithm is still optimized such that pass Y(n)= x(n)*.h(n)
band error is reduced. Y(n)= i=1m-1xn-i.h(i)
Where m is the number of points used to express the
convolution.
In FIR designing, the following specifications are
essential;
(i) pass band edge normalized frequency
(ii) stop band edge normalized frequency

(iii)pass band Ripple ᵟp

(iv)Sampling frequency Fr

To determine the pass band ripple and minimum stop

band attenuation used the following expression

ᵟp = -20 log (1-ᵟp)db

ᵟs= -20 log (1-ᵟs)db
LS-optimal FIR Filter method employs the use of a
minimum mean square error criterion given as

e = i=1kWwi[HWi-D(Wi)]2

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where H(W) is the amplitude response of the desired

amplitude response and W(wi) is the weighting function.

4. FIR FILTER DESIGN PROCEDURE

In practice, design of frequency selective digital

FIR filters involves five steps, which can be summarized
as follows:
1- Filter specification: As discussed in the previous
chapter, this includes specify the filter type, such as
LPF, HPF, BPF or BSF, with preferred amplitude
response, as well as pass band, stop band and sampling
frequency.
2- Coefficient calculation: The main goal here is to
calculate the transfer function of a filter and then
determining its coefficient by a proper method to satisfy
the specifications in step (1) with a minimum of
computational processes.
3- Realization: As discussed before, this includes
converting the transfer function into appropriate filter
Figure 6: The effect of the window function in the
structure.
frequency domain
4- Analysis: This includes analyzing, simulating and
testing with real data to examine whether the filter meets
the performance requirements. If not, return to step 2 or Table 1 Comparison of Pass band and stop band
reduce the performance requirements.
5- Implementation: This includes implementing the Ripple
actual filter obtained in software form, hardware or both. s.no. Order Algorithm Pass band Stop
Of Ripple band
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Filter Ripple
To show the effect of the window function 1. M= 50 Existing 0.009 0.145
on FIR filter design and according to the equations, Algorithm
(Ref 1)
a typical relation between the magnitude frequency
response of the desired or ideal LPF Hd(ejw) Proposed 0.0002 0.0019
window function Wd(ejw) .The Fourier transform of Algoritm
the window 2. M= 100 Existing 0.000123 0.0012
Algorithm(Ref
1)
Proposed 0.00034 0.0154
Algorithm
It can be observed that the width of the transition band is
determined by the width of the main-lobe of the window 3. M= 150 Existing 0.0089 0.01
function Algorithm
(Ref1)
Proposed 0.000037 0.0034
Algorithm

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FIR Filter Response Magnitude Response (dB)

10 0

0
-10

-10
-20
-20

Magnitude (dB)
-30
-30
Gain in dB

-40
-40
-50
-50
-60
-60
-70
-70
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
-80 Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)

-90
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Figure 10: Frequency response (in db) of Low Pass
Normalised frequency FIR Filter using Proposed Algorithm (For M= 100)
Magnitude Response (dB)
Figure 7: Frequency response (in db) of Low Pass
FIR Filter using ExistingAlgorithm (For M= 50) 0

Magnitude Response (dB) -10

0
-20
-10

Magnitude (dB)
-30
-20
Magnitude (dB)

-40
-30

-40 -50

-50 -60

-60 -70

-70 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)
Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)

Figure 11: Frequency response (in db) of Low Pass

FIR Filter using Proposed Algorithm (For M= 150)
Figure 8: Frequency response (in db) of Low Pass
FIR Filter using Proposed Algorithm (For M= 50)
6. CONCLUSIONS
FIR Filter Response
20
In this present work least square error design
0 method is presented for the optimal design of FIR filter.
The analysis shows that as the order of the filter is
-20 increased the ripple content in the stop band diminishes
and can be seen with a greater amount for lower orders.
Gain in dB

-40 The results when compared with the design using

existing method shows that the ripple content disappears
-60 in a similar way but the only difference that ripples
diminish suddenly using least square error design and in
-80 latter case ripples smoothen the response and give a
constant response in stop band. Further least square
-100 error design can be modified using optimization
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Normalised frequency algorithms. Least square error designs can be extended
in future to design optimal FIR filters using
Figure 9: Frequency response (in db) of Low optimization algorithms for both linear phase and Non-
Pass FIR Filter using Existing Algorithm (For linear phase as well as for multi-objective designs.
M= 100) Various works are being done to extend least squares
error design orthogonally using Orthogonal Least
Square (OLS) algorithm to design linear and Non-linear
digital filters.
7. REFERENCES

[1] Xiangming Xi and Yunjiang Lou, (2021), Sparse

FIR Filter Design With k-Max Sparsity and Peak Error
constraints, IEEE transactions on circuits and systems—
II: express briefs, vol. 68, no. 4, April 2021, page no.
1497-1501.
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