DC Generator

DC motor
 D.C. GENERATORS PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical

energy. when a conductor move in a magnetic field in such a
way conductors cuts across a magnetic flux of lines and
e.m.f. produces in a generator and it is defined by faradays
law of electromagnetic induction e.m.f. causes current to
flow if the conductor circuit is closed.
First Law :
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an e.m.f. is
always induced in it.
or
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is induced in that
conductor.
Second Law :
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is equal to the rate of change of
flux linkages.
Fleming's Right Hand Rule
The following are the basic requirements to be satisfied
for generation of E.M.F

1.A uniform Magnetic field

2.A System of conductors
3.Relative motion between the magnetic field and conductors

• Magnetic field :-
Permanent Magnet
(or)
Electro Magnet (practical)
• Conductor :- Copper (or) Aluminum bars placed in
slots cut around the periphery of cylindrical rotor
• Relative motion:-
By Prime Mover
Turbine
I.C Engine (Internal combustion)
Simple loop generator
Basic Generator
Generators
Simple loop generator with slip ring
Generators
Basic operation of the generator
As the loop rotates, the magnetic flux
through it changes with time
This induces an e.m.f and a current in
the external circuit
The ends of the loop are connected to
slip rings that rotate with the loop
Connections to the external circuit are
made by stationary brushes in contact
with the slip rings
Simple loop generator
with split ring
 Working Principle of D.C Generator

Schematic diagram of a simple DC Generator

1st half cycle(00 to 1800 ) Path of current ABR1B1MLR2B2CD
2st half cycle(1800 to 3600) Path of current DCR2B1MLB2R1BA
 Constructional Details Of DC Machine

Yoke:
Rotor:
Stator:
Field electromagnets:
Pole core and pole shoe:
Brushes:
Shaft:
Armature:
Coil:
Commutator:
Bearings:
 Construction details of DC generator
Cross section view of dc machine

shaft
S
Practical Dc Machine
1)Yoke:-
- Acts as frame of the machine
- Mechanical support
- low reluctance for magnetic flux
- High Permeability
-- For Small machines -- Cast iron—low cost
-- For Large Machines -- Cast Steel (Rolled steel)

Large DC machine Small DC machine

2)pole cores and pole shoes
2)Field Magnets:-
a) Pole core (Pole body) :- --Carry the field coils
--Rectangle Cross sections
-- Laminated to reduce heat losses
--Fitted to yoke through bolts
b) Pole shoe:- Acts as support to field poles
and spreads out flux
Pole core & Pole shoe are laminated of annealed steel
(Of thickness of 1mm to 0.25 mm)
3)Armature core
Generated EMF or EMF Equation of a generator

Let Φ = flux/pole in Weber

Z =Total number of armature conductors
=No. of slot × No. of conductors/slot
P= No. of generator poles
A =No. of parallel paths in armature
N= Armature rotation in revolutions per minute (r. p. m)
E= e.m.f induced in any parallel path in armature
Generated e.m.f Eg= e.m.f generated in any one of the parallel
paths i.e E
Average e.m.f generated/conductor = d Φ volt
dt
Now, flux cut/conductor in one revolution d Φ = ΦP wb
 No. of revolutions/sec=N/ 60
∴Time for one revolution , dt= 60 /N sec
According to Faraday’s Law of electro magnetic induction
E.M.F generated/conductor = dΦ= ΦPN volts
dt 60
No. of conductors (in series) in one parallel path= Z / A

∴E.M.F generated/path= Φ PN × Z Volts

60 A
∴Generate E.M.F, Eg= ΦZ N × P Volts
60 A
For
i) Wave winding A = 2
ii) Lap winding A = P
Cummulatitave differentially
Cummulatitave differentially
Types of Generators

1)Separately excited generators

2)Self excited generators

i) shunt wound
ii) series wound
iii) compound wound
a) long shunt
b) short shunt
Clasifications of Generators
Internal and External Characteristics
Characteristics of Series Generator
Compound Generator Characteristics
Principle of operation of dc motor
❑ When a current carrying conductor
is placed in a magnetic field, the
conductor experience a mechanical
force.

❑ Direction is given by Flemings left

hand rule
( F- B; S-I; T- M)

❑ Magnitude is F=B.I.L

35
Fleming Left Hand Rule

Magnitude is F=BIL

36
Magnetic field due to Stator and Filed Stator and Filed Magnetic interaction
 Fleming Left Hand Rule

37
DC Motor
DC Motor types
DC Motor Characteristics
Induction Machine

AC Machines

Synchronous Machines Asynchronous Machines

(Induction Machine)

Induction Induction
Synchronous Synchronous
Generator Motor
Generator Motor
Due to lack of a Most widely
A primary Used as motors as separate field used
source of well as power factor excitation, these electrical
electrical compensators machines are motors in
energy (synchronous rarely used as both domestic
condensers) generators. and industrial
applications
AC MACHINES CONSTRUCTION
Just Like dc Machines, ac Machines also consist of
❑ Stator, and
❑ Rotor.

42
The Stator:

❑ The outer stationary steel frame enclosing a hollow, cylindrical core.

❑ A large number of circular silicon steel laminations with slots cut in the inner
circumference.
❑ Three phase windings mutually displaced by 120° are wound in these slots.
❑ The greater the number of poles, the lesser is the speed and vice-versa.
❑ Three phase supply induces rotating magnetic field.
❑ Air gap between the stator and rotor ranges 0.4mm to 4mm, determines the power of
43 the motor
The Rotor is the inner rotating section
❑ Squirrel Cage is the most common form of rotor:
❖ Laminated cylindrical core with parallel slots at the outer
periphery
❖ Copper or aluminium bars are placed in the slots
❖ All the bars are welded at each end by metal rings called “End
rings”
❖ End rings are sometimes castellated to facilitate cooling.
❖ It is not connected to the supply and operates on the transformer
principle
❖ Advantages: This is a simple and robust construction
❖ Disadvantage: Low starting torque as it is not possible to
add external resistance.
❑ Wound
❖ Laminated cylindrical core
❖ Has star connected three phase winding
❖ Open ends are connected to three separate
insulated slip rings
❖ External resistances are connected to
44 increase the starting torque
 What will happen if the rotor reaches the speed of the
stator flux?
❖ No relative speed between stator field and rotor conductor
❖ No induced current
❖ No torque

Is it practically possible?
No, Because friction will slow down the rotor

Hence the rotor speed is always less than the stator

rotating field speed and the difference is called “Slip”

Note: For a stationary rotor the slip is 1; Generally the change in slip from
46
no load to full load is 0.01 to 0.1 so the speed of the motor is constant.
Torque-Slip Characteristic
Since the machine produces torque at any rotor speed, it is known as an
asynchronous machine. An important performance measure in a motor is the
variation of its speed as the shaft torque (load torque) is increased. The
torque-slip (speed) characteristic of induction motor is shown in next slide,
from which the following observations are made.
-At low slip2 , T μ s (linear)
- At high slip, T μ 1/s (rectangular hyperbola)
-The motor has a maximum torque called breakdown torque (TBD) and
cannot run at a load torque more than TBD.
-The motor has a definite starting torque (corresponding to s = 1) which is
much less than TBD.
-It can be shown that if the stator voltage is changed, the torque would vary
directly as the square of voltage.
TORQUE-SLIP CHARACTERISTICS

(T/Tm) versus s for various values of a = (R2/X2)

The graphs show that in steady state conditions induction motors with the smallest value of “a”
run at practically constant speed over the normal operating range of the machine. Unfortunately,
these machines generally have poor starting torques and for a motor to start it is necessary that
Starting torque > load torque
49
Synchronous operation

Three
Three Three phase AC
phase
phaseACAC current
current
current

Phase
Phase11
Phase 1
Coil
Coil11
Coil 1

Phase
Phase22
Coil
Coil22 Phase 2
Phase3
Phase3 Coil 2
Phase3
Phase3
Coil 3333
Coil
Coil
Coil
Phase3
Coil 3
Synchronous Machine

INTRODUCTION Three-Phase Synchronous Machines Synchronous machines are

called "synchronous" as their speed is directly related to the line frequency.

where ns is the synchronous speed in rpm, p the number of magnetic poles designed
into each machine and f is the frequency in Hz of the supply voltage.
An alternator is a machine in which the field windings (even number of poles) are
placed on the rotor and the stator carries ac armature windings as shown in Fig. 8.1.
While the reverse structure is possible (fi eld on stator and armature winding on
rotor), the arrangement of Fig. is almost universally adopted in a synchronous
machine because of ease of mechanical construction and of insulating a high-voltage
stationary winding. The fi eld poles are made projecting, i.e. salient type (Fig. 8.1).
For high-speed machines, non-salient or cylindrical poles are preferred (Fig. ). The fi
eld windings are excited through slip rings from a dc source. Generally, a small dc
generator called the excitor is coupled to the shaft of the synchronous machine for
this purpose. This type of machine must run at a definite fixed speed (called
synchronous speed) corresponding to the frequency and number of poles. An
alternator can operate as a motor when fed from three-phase ac supply and
mechanically loaded at the shaft; of course it can run only at synchronous speed
rotated to the supplying frequency of 50 Hz.
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Types of Synchronous Machine

According to the arrangement of the field and armature

windings, synchronous machines may be classified as

(a) Stationary Armature - Rotating Field (Above 5 kVA)

(b) Stationary Field – Rotating Armature (Below 5 kVA)

 Advantages of stationary armature - rotating field:

i) The High Voltage ac winding and its insulation not subjected to

centrifugal forces.(11kV - 33 kV) (BETTER INSULATION)
ii) Easier to collect large currents from a stationary member.
iii) Rotating field makes overall construction simple.
iv) Problem of sparking at the slip ring can be avoided.
v) Ventilation arrangement for HV can be Improved.
vi) The LV(110 V – 220V) dc excitation easily supplied through slip
rings and brushes to the rotor field winding.
vii) Noiseless running is possible.
viii) Air gap length is uniform
ix) Better mechanical balancing of rotor
CONSTRUCTION OF ALTERNATOR
Stationary Armature - Rotating Field
An alternator has 3 phase winding on the stator and DC field winding on
the rotor.
STATOR
Stationary part of the machine.
It is built up of Sheet-Steel Lamination Core (Stampings) with slots
to hold the armature Conductor

Armature winding is connected in STAR

ROTOR:
There are two types of rotor

i) Salient Pole type {Projected Poles}

ii) Non - Salient Pole type {Non – Projected Poles} Smooth

Cylindrical Type
Salient Pole type:
Salient Pole type {Projected Poles}

It is also called Projected Poles.

Poles are mounted on the larger
circular frame.
Made up of Thick Steel Laminations.
Field Winding are connected in series.
Ends of the field winding are connected
to the DC Supply through Slip Rings

Features
Large Diameter and short Axial Length.
Poles are Laminated to reduced
Eddy Current Losses

Employed for Low and Medium Speed

120 RMP to 500 RPM
(Diesel & Hydraulic Turbines)

This cannot be used for Large speed

DAMPER WINDING
Pole faces are provided with damper winding

Damper winding is useful in preventing Hunting

EMF generated will be sinusoidal

Copper Bar
II) NON SALIENT POLE TYPE
Smooth cylindrical rotor or TURBO ALTERNATOR
field winding used in high speed alternators driven by steam turbines .
Features
Smaller diameter and larger axial length compared to salient pole type machines, of the same rating.
Less Windage loss.
Speed 1200 RPM to 3000 RPM.. Better Balancing..

Noiseless Operation

Flux distribution nearly sine wave

Frequency 50 Hz

Ns = 120 F / P

Poles 2 4 6
Spee 3000 1500 1000
d
NON SALIENT POLE TYPE
Characteristics: (Ia)SC (Voc)ph
OCC

C
D SCC

Full
Load
Iasc
E B

O A
field current. If in Amps
Application of Synchronous Motors
Synchronous motors are usually used in large sizes because in small sizes
they are costlier as compared with induction machines. The principal
advantages of using synchronous machine are as follows:

• Power factor of synchronous machine can be controlled very easily by

controlling the field current.
• It has very high operating efficiency and constant speed.
• For operating speed less than about 500 rpm and for high-power
requirements (above 600KW) synchronous motor is cheaper than
induction motor.
In view of these advantages, synchronous motors are preferred for driving
the loads requiring high power at low speed; e.g; reciprocating pumps and
compressor, crushers, rolling mills, pulp grinders etc.