EEE 101

Introduction
to
Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
Course Information

• Name of the Course: Introduction to Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Lecturer 1: Dr. Seydi Kaçmaz

Lecturer 2: Dr. Mahmut Aykaç
Text Book and References:
• 1- Earl D. Gates, Introduction to Basic Electricity and Electronics Technology, Delmar,
Cengage Learning, 1st Edition, 2014
• 2- Earl Gates, Introduction to Electronics, Delmar, Cengage Learning, 6th Edition, 2012
• 3- Mulukutla S. Sarma, Introduction to Electrical Engineering, Oxford University Press, 2001

Grading: Midterm 1 (%30) + Midterm 2 (%30) + Final (%40)

Attendancy: %70 Mandatory

 Course Outline
 Fundamentals of Electricity
 Representation of Current, Voltage, Resistance, Ohm’s law
 Electrical measurements – Meters
 Power and DC circuits
 Magnetism, Inductance and Capacitance
 AC circuits and measurements
 Transformers
 Semiconductor devices
 Linear electronics circuits
 Digital electronic circuits
CH1 - Fundamentals of Electricity
 OBJECTIVES
After completing this chapter, the student
will be able to:
 Define atom, matter, element, and  Explain the differences among
molecule. potential, electromotive force, and
voltage.
 List the parts of an atom.
 Draw the symbol used to represent
 Define the valence shell of an atom. voltage.
 Identify the unit for measuring current.  Identify the unit used to measure
 Draw the symbol used to represent voltage.
current flow in a circuit.  Define resistance, and identify the unit
 Describe the differences among for measuring resistance.
conductors,  Identify characteristics of resistance in
 Insulators, and semiconductors. a circuit.
 Draw the symbol used to represent
resistance in a circuit.
Fundamentals of Electricity
 Everything, whether natural or artificial, can be broken down into either an
element or a compound. However, the smallest part of each of these is the
atom.
 The atom is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
 The protons and neutrons group together to form the center of the atom,
called the nucleus.
 The electrons orbit the nucleus in shells located at various distances from
the nucleus.
 When appropriate external force is applied to electrons in the outermost
shell, they are knocked loose and become free electrons.
 The movement of free electrons is called current.
 The external force needed to create this current is called voltage.
 As it travels along its path, the current encounters some opposition, called
resistance.
Matter, Elements,and Compounds
 Matter is anything that occupies space and has
weight. It may be found in any one of three states:
solid, liquid, or gas. Examples of matter include the
air we breathe, the water we drink, the clothing we
wear, and ourselves.
 Matter may be either an element or a compound.
 An element is the basic building block of nature.
 It is a substance that cannot be reduced to a
simpler substance by chemical means. There are
now over 100 known elements. Examples of
elements are gold, silver, copper, and oxygen.
 The chemical combination of two or more elements
is called a compound. A compound can be
separated by chemical, but not by physical means.
Examples of compounds are water, which consists of
hydrogen and oxygen, and salt, which consists of
sodium and chlorine.
Matter, Elements,and Compounds
 The smallest part of the compound that still retains the properties of
the compound is called a molecule. A molecule is the chemical
combination of two or more atoms.
 An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the
characteristic of the element.
 The physical combination of elements and compounds is called a
mixture. Examples of mixtures include air, which is made up of
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and other gases, and salt water,
which consists of salt and water.
A Closer Look at Atoms
 As previously stated, an atom is the smallest particle of an element.
Atoms of different elements differ from each other. If there are over 100
known elements, then there are over 100 known atoms.
 Every atom has a nucleus. The nucleus is located at the center of the
atom.
 It contains positively charged particles called protons and uncharged
particles called neutrons.
 Negatively charged particles called electrons orbit around the nucleus.
 The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom is called the element’s
atomic number. Atomic numbers distinguish one element from another.
 Each element also has an atomic weight. The atomic weight is the mass
of the atom and is determined by the total number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus.
 Electrons do not contribute to the total mass of the atom; an electron’s
mass is only 1/1845 that of a proton and is not significant enough to
consider.
A Closer Look at Atoms
 The electrons orbit in concentric circles about the nucleus.
 Each orbit is called a shell. These shells are filled in sequence; K is filled
first, then L, M, N, and so on (Figure 1).
 The maximum number of electrons that each shell can accommodate is
shown in Figure 2. The outer shell is called the valence shell, and the
number of electrons it contains is the valence.
 The farther the valence shell is from the nucleus, the less attraction the
nucleus has on each valence electron. Thus the potential for the atom to
gain or lose electrons increases if the valence shell is not full and is
located far enough away from the nucleus.
 Conductivity of an atom depends on its valence band. The greater the
number of electrons in the valence shell, the less it conducts. For
example, an atom having seven electrons in the valence shell is less
conductive than an atom having three electrons in the valence shell.
A Closer Look at Atoms
 Electrons in the valence shell can gain energy. If these electrons gain
enough energy from an external force, they can leave the atom and
become free electrons, moving randomly from atom to atom.
 Materials that contain a large number of free electrons are called
conductors. Figure 1 compares the conductivity of various metals used
as conductors.
 On the chart, silver, copper, and gold have a valence of 1 (Figure 2).
However, silver is the best conductor because its free electron is more
loosely bonded.
 Insulators, the opposite of conductors, prevent the flow of electricity.
Insulators are stabilized by absorbing valence electrons from other atoms
to fill their valence shells, thus eliminating free electrons.
 Materials classified as insulators are compared in Figure 3. Mica is the
best insulator because it has the fewest free electrons in its valence
shell. A perfect insulator has atoms with full valence shells. This means it
cannot gain electrons.
A Closer Look at Atoms
 Halfway between conductors and insulators are semiconductors.
 Semiconductors are neither good conductors nor good insulators but
are important because they can be altered to function as conductors
or insulators. Silicon and germanium are two semiconductor
materials.
 An atom that has the same number of electrons and protons is
identified as an electrically balanced atom.
 A balanced atom that receives one or more electrons is no longer
balanced. It is said to be negatively charged and is called a negative
ion.
 A balanced atom that loses one or more electrons is said to be
positively charged and is called a positive ion.
 The process of gaining or losing electrons is called ionization.
Ionization is significant in current flow.
Current
 Given an appropriate external force, the movement of electrons is
from negatively charged atoms to positively charged atoms. This flow
of electrons is called current (I).
 The symbol “I” is used to represent current.
 The amount of current is the sum of the charges of the moving
electrons past a given point.
 An electron has a very small charge, so the charge of 6,24 𝑥 1018
electrons is added together and called a coulomb (C).
 When 1 coulomb of charge moves past a single point in 1 second, it is
called an Ampere (A).
 The ampere is named for the French physicist André Marie Ampère
(1775–1836), one of the early founders of the science of
electromagnetism, which he called electrodynamics. Current is
measured in amperes.
Voltage
 When there is an excess of electrons (negative charge) at one end of a
conductor and a deficiency of electrons (positive charge) at the opposite
end, a current flows between the two ends as long as this condition
persists.
 The source that creates this excess of electrons at one end and the
deficiency at the other end represents the potential, or the ability of the
source to perform electrical work.
 The actual work accomplished in a circuit is a result of the difference of
potential available at the two ends of a conductor. This difference of
potential causes electrons to move or flow in a circuit and is referred to
as electromotive force (emf) or voltage.
 Voltage is the force that moves the electrons in the circuit. Think of
voltage as the pressure or pump that moves the electrons.
 The symbol e is used in electronics to represent voltage. The unit for
measuring voltage is the volt (V), named for Count Alessandro Volta (1745–
1827), inventor of the first cell to produce electricity.
Resistance
 As the free electrons move through the circuit, they encounter atoms that do
not readily give up electrons. This opposition to the flow of electrons (the
current) is called resistance (R).
 Every material offers some resistance or opposition to current flow. The degree
of resistance of a Material depends on its size, shape, and temperature.
 Materials with a low resistance are called conductors. Conductors have many
free electrons and offer little resistance to current flow. As previously
mentioned, silver, copper, gold, and aluminum are examples of good conductors.
 Materials with a high resistance are called insulators. Insulators have few free
electrons and offer a high resistance to current flow. As previously mentioned,
glass, rubber, and plastic are examples of good insulators.
 Resistance is measured in ohms, a unit named for the German physicist and
mathematician George Simon Ohm (1787–1854). In 1827, Ohm published a paper
acknowledging the mathematical relationship among current, voltage, and
resistance known as Ohm’s law. The symbol for the ohm is the Greek letter
omega (Ω).