MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSIT

U TY OF KEN
NYA

FACULTY
Y OF ENGIN
NEERING

U
University E
Examination
ns 2017/20188

SECOND YE
S EAR SECONND SEMES MINATION FOR THE DEGREE
STER EXAM D OF
F
BAC
CHELOR OF SCIENCE
E IN ELECT
TRICAL AN
ND TELECO
OMMUNICA ATION AND
D IN
EN
NGINEERIN
NG

ECE 22214: ELECT

TROMAGN
NETIC FIEL
LDS

DATE: Decemberr 2017

TIME: 2 Hours

INSTRU
UCTIONS

1. This
T paper co
onsists of fivve questions.

2. Answer
A Quesstion One annd any otherr two questioons from thee remaining four.
f

3. U
Unless otherw mbols have their
wise specifiied; Assumee free spacee conditions and all sym
usual meanin
ng.

4. Use
U the formu
ula sheet proovided where necessary.

5. Free space co
onstants:

ε 0 = 8.854 × 10 −12 F/m µ 0 = 4π × 10 −7 H/m

H
QUESTION 1 [30 marks]

a) Give brief but complete answers to each of the following questions:

i. State any two differences between electrostatic and magnetostatic fields.
[2 marks]

Electrostatic field Magnetostatic field

Is due to stationary charges Is due to charges moving at constant
velocity (DC current)
Conservative Not conservative
Electric forces impart kinetic energy on Magnetic forces do not impart kinetic
charges energy on charges.
Non-solenoidal Solenoidal

ii. Give two requirements that a suitable Gaussian surface must satisfy. [2 marks]

9 Must be totally enclosed.

9 Must contain the point at which the electric field is to be determined.
9 The magnitude of the field must be constant at every point on the surface.
9 The field must be normal to the surface at every point of interest.

iii. A certain force field is specified in 2-dimensions as

F = 2 xza x + x 2a z

Establish whether this field can arise from a static distribution of charge.
[2 marks]

ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×E = = ax (0 − 0) + a y ( 2x − 2x ) + az (0 − 0) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 xz 0 x2

9 ∇ × F = 0 hence F is conservative which is a property of an electrostatic

field. Hence it can arise from a static distribution of charge.

iv. Explain why the magnetic scalar potential between any two points in a magnetic
field is multivalued. [2 marks]

9 H is a non conservative field hence in the magnetic scalar potential is

dependent on the path along which it is computed.
 v. State Maxwell’s equations in point form for steady magnetic fields. [2 marks]

∇×H = J
∇⋅B = 0

b) Given the potential function V = 2 ρ sin φ in a region with cylindrical symmetry, determine
the volume charge density that is the source to the given potential field at P (4, π / 3,1) .
[5 marks]

V = 2 ρ sin φ

∂V 1 ∂V ∂V
E = −∇V = −a ρ − aφ − az
∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
∂ 1 ∂
= −a ρ (2 ρ sin φ ) − aφ (2 ρ sin φ )
∂ρ ρ ∂φ
= −a ρ 2sin φ − aφ 2 cos φ

D = ε 0 E = −2ε 0 ( a ρ sin φ + aφ cos φ ) C/m 2

⎡1 ∂ 1 ∂ ⎤
ρv = ∇ ⋅ D = −2ε 0 ⎢ ( ρ sin φ ) + (cos φ ) ⎥
⎣ ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ⎦
⎛1 1⎞
= −2ε 0 sin φ ⎜ − ⎟ = 0 C/m -3
⎝ρ ρ⎠

At P(4, π / 3,1), ρ v = 0

c) A point charge Q1 = 5 µC moves from the origin the point P (3, 4, −5) in 3 µs in the
presence of the magnetic field B = 3a x − 2a y + a z T . Assuming uniform velocity, determine
the magnetic force. [5 marks]

FM = Qv × B
(3 − 0)a x + (4 − 0)a y + (−5 − 0)a z
= 5 × 10−6 × ( 3a x − 2a y + a z )
3 × 10−6
= 1.67 ⎡⎣( 3a x + 4a y − 5a z ) × ( 3a x − 2a y + a z ) ⎤⎦
ax ay az
= 1.67 3 4 −5 = 1.67(−6a x − 18a y − 18a z )
3 −2 1
= −10a x − 30a y − 30a z N
d) In a certain region, J = 3r 2 cos θa r − r 2 sin θaθ A/m 2 , find the current crossing through the
surface defined by θ = 30D , 0 < φ < 2 π , 0 < r < 2 . [5 marks]

I = ∫ J ⋅ dS
S

dS = r sin θdrd φaθ

2 2π
I= ∫ ∫ ( 3r )
cos θa r − r 2 sin θaθ ⋅ r sin θ drd φaθ
2

r =0 φ=0

2 2π 2
=−∫ ∫ r sin θdrd φ = 2 π
3 2
∫r
3
sin 2 θdr
r =0 φ=0 r =0

2
r4
= 2 π sin 2 θ = 8 π sin 2 θ = 8 π sin 2 30D = 2 π A
4 r =0

e) Using a well labeled diagram and relevant mathematical derivations, show that the normal
component of B at the interface between two mediums is continuous. [5 marks]

BN 1
µ1
∆S

a N 12

µ2
BN 2

We apply v∫ B ⋅ dS = 0 around a small cylindrical Gaussian surface shown. We find that

S

BN 1∆S − BN 2 ∆S = 0
∴ BN 1 = BN 2

Thus
µ1
HN2 = H N1
µ2

The normal component of B is continuous but the normal component of H is

discontinuous by the ratio µ1 / µ2 .
QUESTIION 2 [20 marks]
m

a) Derive the conttinuity of cuurrent equatioon. [8 marks]

Consider a volume
C v V bounded by a closed suurface S in a homogeneous mediuum of
permittivity e and conducctivity s conttaining chargge density qev
e .

The net curreent leaving V through S must

T m be equaal to the time rate of deccrease of thee total
n V, i.e.,
chharge within

dQenc
I =− = v∫ J ⋅ dS
dt S

B
But

Qenc = ∫ q ev dv
V

H
Hence,

d
v∫ J ⋅ dS = − dt ∫ q
S V
ev dv

v∫ J ⋅ dS = ∫ ∇ ⋅ J dv
S V
(diveergence theoorem)

A
Also,

d ∂q
∫
dt V
qev dv = ∫ ev dv
V
∂t

H
Hence,
 ∂ρ
∫ ∇ ⋅ J dv + ∫ ∂t
V V
dv = 0

Since the above relation must be true for any and all regions, we have

∂ρ
∇⋅J + =0
∂t

b) The magnetic field is given as H = a φ 20 ρ A/m in the volume of a resistor shaped as a

cylindrical rod whose axis is aligned with the z-axis. The resistive region has conductivity
σ = 5 S/m. The resistor’s electrodes are circular of radius a = 1 mm and are located at
z = −3 mm and z = 3 mm , respectively. Ignore any fringing effects.
i. Find the expression for the current density J inside the resistor. [2 marks]

1 ∂ ( ρ Aφ ) 1 ∂
J = ∇ × H = az = az (20 ρ 2 ) = 40a z A/m 2
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂ρ

ii. Find the expression for the electric field E inside the resistor. [2 marks]

J 40a z
E= = = 8a z V/m
σ 5

iii. Find the total current I through the surface defined by 0 ≤ ρ ≤ a , 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π ,

z = 0. [3 marks]
a 2π
I = ∫ J ⋅ dS = ∫ ∫ (40a ) ⋅ ρd ρd φa
z z = 40 π a 2 = 0.125 mA
a =1mm
0 0

iv. Find the voltage between the two electrodes. [3 marks]

3 mm

V = − ∫ E ⋅ dL = − ∫ 8a z ⋅ dza z = − 8(6 × 10−3 ) = −0.048 = 0.048 V

c z =−3 mm

v. Find the resistance R of the resistor. [2 marks]

V 0.048 V
R= = = 384 Ω
I 0.125 mA
QUESTION 3 [20 marks]

a) Derive the expression for the total electrostatic energy stored in the electric field of a
stationary point charge Q located in a linear, homogeneous dielectric. [6 marks]

Q Q
E= a , D = εE
2 r
ar
4 πεr 4π r 2
r2
Q Q
W = ∫ D ⋅ Edv = 4 π ∫ a ⋅
2 r
a r dr
v r1
4 πεr 4π r 2
2 r2 r
Q 1 Q2 ⎡ 1 ⎤ 2 Q2 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
4 πε ∫r1 r 4
= dr = = ⎢ − ⎥
4 πε ⎢⎣ −3r 3 ⎥⎦ r1 12 πε ⎣ r13 r23 ⎦

b) Consider a point charge Q = −3 nC located at P (1,1,1) , and a uniform infinite sheet of

charge with ρS = 10 nC/m 2 extending over the entire y = −3 plane, in a homogeneous
medium with εR = 4 . A. All dimensions are in metres. Find E and P at the origin.
[8 marks]

E = E point + Esurface
Q ρ
= a + S ay
2 R
4 πε R 2ε
−3 × 10 ( −a x − a y − a z ) 10−8
−9

= + ay
16 πε0 ( 3) 8ε0
3/ 2

10−9 ⎡ 3(ax + a y + az ) ⎤
= ⎢ + 10a y⎥
8ε0 ⎢⎣ 2 π ( 3)
3/ 2
⎥⎦
10−9
=
8ε0
( 0.092a x + 10.91a y + 0.092a z )
= 1.30a x + 154a y + 1.30a z V/m

P = χ E ε0 E = (εR − 1)ε0 E
= 3ε0 (1.30a x + 154a y + 1.30a z )
= 3.9ε0a x + 462ε0a y + 3.9ε0a z C/m 2
 5x 3
c) Given D = a x C/m 2 , prove divergence theorem for a cube defined by 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 ,
2
0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1. [6 marks]

- Divergence theorem:

∫ D ⋅ dS = ∫ ∇ ⋅ Ddv
S v

1 1 1 1
5x 3 5x 3
∫ D ⋅ dS =
S
∫ ∫ 2 x
x =0 z −0
a ⋅ dxdz ( − a y ) + ∫ ∫ 2 a x ⋅ dxdz(a y ) +
x =0 z −0
1 1 1 1
5x 3 5x 3
∫ ∫ 2 a x ⋅ dxdy(−a z ) + x∫=0 y∫−0 2 a x ⋅ dxdy(a z ) +
x =0 y −0
1 1 1 1
5 5(0)
∫y =0 z∫−0 2 a x ⋅ dydz(a x ) + y∫=0 z∫−0 2 a x ⋅ dydz (−a x )
5 5
= 0+0+0+0+ +0= C
2 2

∂ ⎛ 5x 3 ⎞
1 1 1 1 1 1
15 x 2
∫ ∇ ⋅ Ddv = ∫ ∫ ∫
v 0 0 0
⎜⎜
∂x ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟⎟dxdydz = ∫ ∫ ∫
0 0 0
2
dxdydz

1 1
5 5
= ∫ ∫ dydz = C
0 0
2 2

Hence,

∫ D ⋅ dS = ∫ ∇ ⋅ Ddv
S v

QUESTION 4 [20 marks]

a) Write down the mathematical expressions for Biot-Savart law for;

i. Line currents

IdL × a R
H = v∫
c
4π R 2

ii. Surface currents

 K × a R dS
H=∫
S
4π R2

Also clearly define each parameter in the expression. [4 marks]

b) Consider a volume current density distribution defined in cylindrical co-ordinates by

⎧ 0 0≤ρ<a
⎪
⎪ ⎛ ρ⎞
J ( ρ, φ, z ) = ⎨ J 0 ⎜ ⎟ a z a≤ ρ≤b
⎪ ⎝a⎠
⎪⎩ 0 ρ>b

where a and b are the inner and outer radii of the cylinder. Determine the magnetic field
intensity in the regions 0 ≤ ρ < a , a ≤ ρ ≤ b , and ρ > b using Ampere’s law. Ignore edge
effects. [8 marks]

0≤ρ<a

H = 0 since no current enclosed.

a≤ρ≤b

2π ρ
⎛ρ⎞ (
2π J 0 ρ 3 − a 3 )
2πρ Hφ = ∫0
∫a J 0 ⎜⎝ a ⎟⎠ ρ d ρ dφ = 3a

∴ Hφ =
(
J 0 ρ 3 − a3 ) ⇒ H = J (ρ 0
3
− a3 )a
φ
3a ρ 3a ρ

ρ≥b

2π b
⎛ρ⎞ (
2π J 0 b3 − a 3 )
2πρ Hφ = ∫0
∫a J 0 ⎜⎝ a ⎟⎠ d ρ dz = 3a

∴ Hφ =
(
J 0 b3 − a 3 ) ⇒ H = J (b 0
3
− a3 )a
φ
3a ρ 3a ρ

Hence,
 ⎧
⎪0 0≤ ρ <a
⎪
⎪J
⎪ 0
H=⎨
(ρ 3
− a3 )a a≤ ρ ≤b
φ
⎪ 3a ρ
⎪J
⎪ 0 (b 3
− a3 )a ρ ≥b
φ
⎪⎩ 3a ρ

c) A current sheet K = 9a y A/m is located at z = 0 . The region 1 which is at z < 0 has

µ r1 = 4 and region 2 which is at z > 0 has µ r 2 = 3 . Given H 2 = 14.5a x + 8a z A/m, find
H1 . [8 marks]

H t 2 = 14.5a x , a n = a z

H t1 = H t 2 + a n × K = 14.5a x + a z × 9a y = 14.5a x − 9a x = 5.5a x A/m

B N 1 = B N 2 = µ2 H N 2 = 3µ0 ( 8a z ) = 24 µ0a z

B N 1 24 µ0a z
H N1 = = = 6a z
µ1 4 µ0

Therefore,

H1 = H t1 + H N 1 = 5.5a x + 6a y A/m

QUESTION 5 [20 marks]

a) Define capacitance. [2 marks]

Q
C=
V

b) Fig. Q5 shows a coaxial cable of length L and whose inner conductor has radius a and
outer conductor has radius b but with negligible thickness. Given that L >> (b − a ) (so that
fringing effects at the edges can be ignored), and that the potential difference between the
inner and outer conductors is V0 with the inner conductor being at higher potential; derive
the expression for the capacitance per unit length of the cable. [10 marks]
 Fig. Q5

Owing to the symmetry of the problem, Laplace equation becomes

1 ∂ ∂V
ρ =0
ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ
V = A ln ρ + B
A and B are constants. Using the given boundary conditions, we obtain;
V0 ρ
V =− ln
ln(b / a ) b

∂ ⎛ V0 ρ⎞ V0
E = −∇V = −a ρ ⎜⎜ − ln ⎟⎟ = a ρ
∂ρ ⎝ ln(b / a ) b ⎠ ρ ln(b / a )
V0
D = εE = a ρ ε
ρ ln(b / a )
⎛ V0 ⎞ εV0
ρS = a n ⋅ D = εE = a ρ ⋅ ⎜ a ρ ε ⎟= C/m 2
⎝ ρ ln(b / a ) ⎠ ρ ln(b / a )
2 πρεV0 2 πεV0
Q = ρS S = =
ρ ln(b / a ) ln(b / a )
Q 2 πεV0 2 πε
C= = = F/m
V V0 ln(b / a ) ln(b / a )

c) Let A = (3 y − z )a x + 2 xza y Wb/m in a certain region of free space.

i. Show that ∇ ⋅ A = 0
ii. Find B , H and J at P(−2,1,3) . [8 marks]

Let A = (3 y − z )a x + 2 xza y Wb/m in a certain region of free space.

i. Show that ∇ ⋅ A = 0
 A = (3 y − z )a x + 2 xza y
∂Ax ∂Ay ∂ ∂
∇⋅A = + = (3 y − z ) + (2 xz ) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
ii. Find B , H and J at P(−2,1,3) .

ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
B = ∇× A =
∂x ∂y ∂z
(3 y − z ) 2 xz 0
∂ ∂
= −a x (2 xz ) + a z (2 xz ) = −a x 2 x + a z 2 z T
∂z ∂x
P ( −2,1, 3)
B = 4a x + 6a z T
B −6a x + 6a z
H= = = (3.18a x + 4.77a z ) × 106 A/m 2
µo 4 π × 10 −7

ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
J = ∇×H = = 0 A/m 2 [8 marks]
∂x ∂y ∂z
−2 x 0 2z
 d A = a x dx + a y dy + a z dz dsx = dydz dv = dxdydz
ds y = dxdz
dsz = dxdy

d A = a ρ d ρ + aφ ρ dφ + a z dz dsρ = ρ dφ dz dv = ρ d ρ dφ dz
dsφ = d ρ dz
dsz = ρ d ρ dφ

d A = a r dr + aθ rdθ + aφ r sin θ dφ dsr = r 2 sin θ dθ dφ dv = r 2 sin θ drdθ dφ

dsθ = r sin θ drdφ
dsφ = rdrdθ

⎛ ∂ ∂ ∂ ⎞
∇V = ⎜ a x + ay + az ⎟V
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
⎛ ∂ 1 ∂ ∂ ⎞
∇V = ⎜ a ρ + aφ + az ⎟V
⎝ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z⎠
⎛ ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ ⎞
∇V = ⎜ a r + aθ + aφ V
⎝ ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ ⎟⎠

∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az

∇⋅A = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 ∂ 1 ∂Aφ ∂Az
∇⋅A = ( ρ Aρ ) + +
ρ ∂r ρ ∂φ ∂z
1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂Aφ
∇⋅A = ( r 2 Ar ) + ( Aθ sin θ +
r 2 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ

⎛ ∂Az ∂Ay ⎞ ⎛ ∂Ax ∂Az ⎞ ⎛ ∂Ay ∂Ax ⎞

∇ × A = ax ⎜ − ⎟ + ay ⎜ − ⎟ + a z ⎜ ∂x − ∂y ⎟
⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂z ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 ∂Az ∂Aφ ⎞ ⎛ ∂Aρ ∂Az ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂ ( ρ Aφ ) ∂Aρ ⎞
∇ × A = ar ⎜ − ⎟ + aφ ⎜ − ⎟ + az ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ρ ∂φ ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂z ∂ρ ⎠ ρ ⎝ ∂ρ ∂φ ⎠
1 ⎛ ∂ ( Aφ sin θ ) ∂Aθ ⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 ∂Ar ∂ ( rAφ ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂ ( rAθ ) ∂Ar ⎞
∇ × A = ar ⎜ − ⎟ + aθ ⎜ − ⎟ + aφ ⎜ −
r sin θ ⎝ ∂θ ∂φ ⎠ r ⎝ sin θ ∂φ ∂r ⎠ r ⎝ ∂r ∂θ ⎟⎠

⎛ ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 ⎞
∇ 2V = ⎜ 2 + + 2 ⎟V
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z
2
⎠
1 ∂ ⎛ ∂V ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂ 2V ⎞ ∂ 2V
∇ 2V = ⎜ρ ⎟+ 2 ⎜ ⎟+
ρ ∂ρ ⎝ ∂ρ ⎠ ρ ⎝ ∂φ 2 ⎠ ∂z 2
1 ∂ ⎛ 2 ∂V ⎞ 1 ∂ ⎛ ∂V ⎞ 1 ∂ 2V
∇ 2V = ⎜r ⎟+ 2 ⎜ sin θ ⎟+ 2
r ∂r ⎝
2
∂r ⎠ r sin θ ∂θ ⎝ ∂θ ⎠ r sin θ ∂φ 2
2