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Lec 7

The document covers fundamental concepts in electrical and electronics engineering, focusing on the relationship between Thevenin and Norton theorems, and the characteristics of alternating current (AC) versus direct current (DC). It explains key terms such as amplitude, peak value, cycle, time period, frequency, and phase in the context of AC waveforms. Additionally, it discusses the significance of sine waves in representing AC and the concept of phase difference between waveforms.

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yuvraj77yadav
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26 views31 pages

Lec 7

The document covers fundamental concepts in electrical and electronics engineering, focusing on the relationship between Thevenin and Norton theorems, and the characteristics of alternating current (AC) versus direct current (DC). It explains key terms such as amplitude, peak value, cycle, time period, frequency, and phase in the context of AC waveforms. Additionally, it discusses the significance of sine waves in representing AC and the concept of phase difference between waveforms.

Uploaded by

yuvraj77yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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uNIT-1

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS


ENGINEERING
ECE-249

1
Outline

❑ Revision of the last class

❑ Relation between Thevenin and Norton Theorem

❑ Alternating Current and Voltage

❑ Definitions of amplitude and phase


Relationship between Norton’ s and Thevenin’s theorems

This is essentially source transformation.


For this reason, source transformation is often called Thevenin-Norton
transformation.

Dr. Sweta Chander


Relationship between Norton’ s and Thevenin’s theorems

Dr. Sweta Chander


5
6
7
8
AC Fundamentals
➢ Previously you learned that DC sources have fixed polarities and constant
magnitudes and thus produce currents with constant value and unchanging
direction

In contrast, the voltages of ac sources


alternate in polarity and vary in magnitude
and thus produce currents that vary in
magnitude and alternate in direction.
Difference between DC and AC
DC AC
1. DC is constant with time 1. AC is not constant with time
2. Frequency is zero for DC 2. Frequency is not zero with
AC
3. DC supply obtained from cell 3. AC supply obtained from AC
or battery generator
4. DC motors are not simple to 4. AC motors are simple to
construct and it requires high construct, cheaper and it
maintance requires less maintance
ALTERNATING CURRENT
Alternating current is a time-varying waveform which constantly changes in
amplitude, and which reverses direction at regular intervals.

• Constantly changing its polarity every half cycle alternating between a positive
maximum value and a negative maximum value with regards to time
Waveform
Waveform: The waveform is obtained by plotting the instantaneous
values of voltage against time.
Waveform
Among all waveforms sine wave is better way to represent
alternating current because

• integration and differentiation of sine wave is also sine wave


• easy to generate
• easy to analyse
Instantaneous Value
Instantaneous Value: The instantaneous value of an alternating
voltage or current is the value of voltage or current at one particular
instant.
➢ In other words, as the coil voltage changes from instant to instant. The value of
voltage at any point on the waveform is referred to as its instantaneous value.

✓ at t = 0 ms, the voltage is zero


✓ at t=0.5 ms, the voltage is 20V

➢ The voltage has a peak value of 40 volts


➢ The cycle time of 6 ms
Amplitude
Amplitude (Em): The amplitude of a sine wave is the distance from
its average to its peak.
This is the maximum value, positive or negative, that it can attain.
Peak Value
Peak Value: The peak value of a voltage or current is its maximum value with
respect to zero.
• Also know as Amplitude

Peak-to-Peak Value: It is measured between


minimum and maximum peaks. The peak value
applies to both positive and negative values of
the cycle.
Cycle

Cycle: One complete set of positive and negative value of the alternating
quantity is know as cycle.
Time Period
Time Period: It is the duration of time required for the quantity to
complete one cycle.
➢Denoted by T
➢Inverse of frequency

The period of a waveform can be measured between any two corresponding points:
• From zero crossing of one cycle to zero crossing of next cycle
• From positive peak of one cycle to positive peak of next cycle
Frequency
Frequency: It is the number of complete cycles that occurred in one second.
• measured in cycles per second (cycles/sec)
• expressed in units of Hertz (Hz)
• represented by the letter ‘f ’.

f =1 Hz
T

Angular Frequency (w):

w = 2 f rad/sec
Voltage Equation and Current Equation
Voltage Equation and Current Equation
Voltage Equation: Voltage equation for sine wave is
v(t ) = vm sin wt
vm is peak value of voltage

Current Equation: Current equation for sine wave is


i(t ) = I 0 sin ( wt )
I 0 is peak value of current
Phase

Dr. Sweta Chander


Phase and Phase Difference

Phase of the alternating current or voltage may be expressed in time


measured in seconds or fraction of a time period or the angle expressed in
the degree or radians.

If two alternating current or voltages act simultaneously in the same


circuit, they may do so in such a manner that their peak values do not
occur at the same time.

The time interval between two positive peak values of a.c. current or
voltage is known as the phase difference.

Dr. Sweta Chander


Phase Angle and Phase Difference

Dr. Sweta Chander


Voltage and Currents with Phase Shift
➢ If a sine wave does not pass through zero at t =0 s, it has a phase shift.
➢ Waveforms may be shifted to the left or to the right

Dr. Sweta Chander


Phase Difference

Dr. Sweta Chander


Phase Difference

Dr. Sweta Chander


Phase

Dr. Sweta Chander


Phase

Dr. Sweta Chander


Phase
In the figure, there are two sine waves.

• They are out of phase because they do not start from zero at the same
time.
• To be in phase they must start at the same time.
• The waveform A starts before B and is LEADING.
• Waveform B is LAGGING .

Dr. Sweta Chander

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