Unit 3 Information and

Communication
Technology Skills

IntroductIon
ICT stands for Information and Communication
Technology. It includes a diverse set of technological
tools and resources used to communicate, create,
disseminate, store, and manage information. ICT
includes computers, the Internet, broadcasting
technologies (radio and television) and telephony.
In digital technology, translation of information is
into binary format (zero or one) where each bit is a
representative of two distinct amplitudes, whereas
in analog technology, information is translated into
electric pulses of varying amplitude. UNESCO defines
informatics as the science dealing with the design,
realisation, evaluation, use, and maintenance of
information processing systems, including hardware,
software, organisational and human aspects, and the
industrial, commercial, governmental and political
implications of these.
People use technology every day at home and at
workplace. ICT tools enable anytime, anywhere access
to information and resources. The various ICT tools that
are used include computers we use at work, smartphones

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 through which we talk, Internet for getting
information, communicating with others
through e-mail and social networks,
watching movies and TV shows, etc. For
example, to find a job you may have to
search the Internet for job openings, create
a resume on a computer, use e-mail to
send the resume, send messages through
your phone to communicate appear for
telephonic interview and get your offer
Figure 3.1: ICT technology
letter through e-mail.
ICT skills help us to communicate, run
our business and stay connected with our family and
friends. Hence, every person needs to acquire ICT skills
and build them to stay updated with the latest software
and applications (apps).

SeSSIon 1: IntroductIon to Ict

Information can be recorded or stored in many ways. It
can be hand-written on paper, typed using a typewriter
or a computer and so on. When information is stored
and recorded on electronic devices, it takes on a ‘digital’
form. ICT devices are tablet, smartphones and laptops’
as shown in Figure 3.1. As a student you should be
able to identify and understand the functions of

Figure 3.2: ICT Devices

the main components of a typical information and/

or communication system as well as the functions

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 of various computer peripherals. It will help you to noteS
effectively utilise the knowledge and skills of ICT. The
basic ICT skills that you need are
• knowing how to operate computers; and
• knowing how to browse the Internet for collecting,
storing and disseminating information.

ICT at Workplace
ICT has become part of our workplace in all sectors of
economy, right from carrying out money transactions
through the online banking system to development of
textbooks or research papers in educational institutions.
At workplace, we use different computer software
and applications to complete tasks like making
documents, calculations, tables, graphs, etc. We
can also use applications to do every day work, like
buying things, booking train or bus tickets, Internet
banking and making online payments. Modern ICT
employs a variety of media forms, which includes
text, graphics, animation, audio and video, etc. It
also involves creating, curating, managing images
and documents; gathering and processing data and
presenting them; working with audio and video tools
to create media rich communications, etc. Therefore,
employees are expected to possess a sound knowledge
of all these to work independently on various software
and computers.

ICT at Home
These days most of the people uses television for
entertainment and phones for calling up other people.
New devices, such as smartphones with an Internet
connection are now being used to stay connected
with family and friends on a regular basis through
social media networks, such as Facebook, Instagram
and Twitter. We use computers and mobile phones
for talking to each other, sending and receiving
information, watching videos and news, listening to
music and playing games. You can visit the following
sites and know about the ICT activities which are
being carried out in various sectors.

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 Sector ICT used for Website
Agriculture Various activities related to research, http://dare.nic.in/ https://bit.
development and training in agriculture ly/2H3DJfU
and allied fields
Retail Training programmes in the retail sector http://rasci.in/
Beauty and Training programmes in beauty and http://www.bwssc.in/
Wellness wellness sector
Banking Training programmes in banking, http://www.bfsissc.com/
and Finance financial services and insurance sector
Apparel Training programmes in Apparel sector http://sscamh.com/indexHome.php
Logistics Training programmes in Logistics sector http://lsc-india.com/
Health Care Training programmes in Health Care http://www.healthcare-ssc.in
sector

The above-mentioned sites are suggestive. You may

visit various other sites related to the sectors for
more information about the activities being organised
in the sector and understand the benefits of ICT
in searching, collecting and using information for
different purposes.

These activities will be run under guidance and with feedback

from vocational teacher.

Activity 1
Past, present and future use of ICT
Materials required
Diagrams or models of the basic computer components, actual
samples or illustrations of peripheral devices, chart sheets
sketch pens and pencils
Procedure
• Form groups of five students each
• Each group will divide the chart paper into three columns.
• Each group will choose one topic related to the past present
and future use of ICT

Activity 2
Application of ICT
Materials required
Poster and newspapers cutting, pens, etc.

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 Procedure noteS
• Form groups of three students
• Discuss the role and importance of ICT in personal life and
in workplace.
• List at least five points in each area.
• Prepare a poster depicting five ways each in which ICT is
modifying:
(a) personal life
(b) workplace
• Make a mention of an activity using ICT (e.g., train
reservations), the technology (e.g., online ticket booking
through railway website), how ICT has affected the activity
(e.g., getting train tickets sitting at home) and how the
activity was conducted before the technology (e.g., queuing
at railway stations)
• You can use newspaper cuttings, or other material that
you can get from outside.

Check Your Progress

A. State whether the following statements are True or False

1. The full form of ICT is Information Commuting

Technology.
2. Live sports and news can only be shown using ICT.

B. Short answer questions

1. Give any two uses of ICT at home.

2. What are the emerging skills in ICT?
3. What are the key skills one should possess to use ICT?

What have you learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• identify the importance of information and
communication technology.
• list the various tools that are being used for ICT.
• demonstrate the knowledge of application of ICT in our
daily life

SeSSIon 2: Ict toolS: SmartphoneS and

tabletS — I
Smartphones and tablets are becoming more and more
important as most people carry them around and

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 use them in daily activities like sending e-mails and
messages, sharing pictures, etc. Without these, most
people cannot work with others. The spreading of an
idea, or of news occurring somewhere in the world is
now possible through social sites on the internet. As
long as one person is able to connect to the internet and
express their view about a situation or simply about
an idea, then the information that individual will want
to share, will get out into the world. Smartphones are
now being used to stay connected with social media and
exchange information.

Smartphones
Mobile phones are ICT tools for talking to people but
smartphones are more advanced. With a simple mobile
phone you can only make phone calls and receive calls.
With a smartphone (Figure 3.3), you can make calls
and do things that you normally do using a computer,
such as browsing the web, sending e-mails, making
video calls, playing games, listening to music, watching
movies and much more.
Smartphones are also called mobile phones as you
can use them anywhere — at home, in office or on the
Figure 3.3: A smartphone
road (Figure 3.4). They do not need a telephone line.
They use wireless (mobile) networks to make calls and to
connect to the Internet. Some of the popular operating
systems for smartphones are Android OS, Apple iOS
and Windows Mobile.

Tablets
For some activities, such as reading a book for a
longtime, the screen of a mobile may be too small. For
such activities, we can use a tablet (Figure 3.4).
A tablet is a mini computer with input, output
and processing functions that are all combined
into one ‘touchscreen’, where you can do various
tasks just by touching its screen. It is bigger
than a smartphone and you can perform all the
functions that one can perform on a computer or
Figure 3.4: A tablet
a smartphone.

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 TV and Radio
TV and radio are being used as an ICT tool since a long
time. Radio is used to broadcast audio while TV is used
to broadcast audio-visual information to many people.
Radio and TV are used for both entertainment and to
learn new things. You can hear news, songs, stories,
speeches, cricket commentary, etc., on radio, while TV
is used for watching movies, news, weather forecast,
songs, cartoons and educational lectures.

Applications or apps
How does a smartphone perform so many functions? It
does so with the help of software applications (Apps). On
the screen of a Smartphone or Tablet, you see a lot of
small pictures (or ‘icons’). If you touch these, they start
programs or functions required for watching movies,
playing games, using camera, etc.
Apps are software programs (a set of instructions, or
a set of modules or procedures, that allow for a certain
Figure 3.5: App. Stores
type of computer operation) that perform different
functions. Some of the apps are already present on the
phone or tablet. These are called “default” apps. Besides,
there are hundreds of other apps that can be purchased
and downloaded or downloaded free of cost from online
stores. There are several online stores, including Google
Play Store for Android and Apple App Store for Apple
(Figure 3.5).

Commonly found applications

Some of the default apps installed on all smartphones/
mobiles are given in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1: Some of the default Apps installed on smartphones and
simple mobile phones
Phone: This app is used to
Camera: Connects to the camera
make calls. It also stores the
in the phone and takes photos and
names and phone numbers of
videos.
people you know.

Mail: An e-mail app to send and

Calendar: Shows a calendar
receive e-mails using your E-mail
and you can also enter
account in Gmail, Yahoo, Outlook,
appointments, reminders, etc.
etc.

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 Photos: This helps you store
Clock: This shows the time and
all your photos and video and
also sets alarm, timers, etc.
arrange them into albums.

Maps: This app helps you find

directions to where you want Messages: This is for sending and
to go. It uses GPS (Global receiving SMS messages.
Positioning System)

Web Browser: This allows you

Music: This allows you to play and
to open a browser to search
listen to songs and music.
and visit different websites.

Google Play store: This is the

Apple Store: As Android
Google store from where you
smartphones have a Google
can get apps like Facebook,
Playstore, similarly, Apple devices
WhatsApp, etc. Some apps
have an Apple store where you can
are free while some are paid
download and use various apps.
ones.

Difference between a smartphone and a tablet are

given in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2: Smartphone vs. Tablet

Smartphone Tablet
Main usage As a phone but with some additional As a wireless portable personal
features, such as camera. The computer with a touchscreen
majority of smartphones run on interface which makes it more
Apple iOS or Google Android but useful than the notebook computer.
others use Windows Phone or Some tablets use Android OS, others
BlackBerry OS. useApple iOS or Windows OS.
Screen size Screen size is smaller Has a bigger screen
Photos and Watching a movie or making changes Watching videos and making
videos to a picture is difficult changes to a photo is better and
easier due to bigger screen size
Battery life You need to charge phones more often Usually have a longer battery life
Storage Comes with different storage Usually have higher storage
capacities, but phones with high capacity, i.e., they can store more
storage are costly pics, videos and Apps

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 noteS

The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the

e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities below.

Activity
Getting started with mobile devices
Materials required
Pen/pencil, notebook, smartphone, tablet
Procedure
• Form groups depending on the number of smartphones and
Tablet available. For example, if you have 2 smartphones
and 3 tablet, form 5 groups.
• The group studies the basic features of smartphone or
a tablet. Note down the names of the Apps or icons you
see in the smartphone/tablet. Compare the differences
between tablet and smartphones.

Check Your Progress

A. Short answer questions

1. Identify the following symbols and write the name in

the blank space.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

2. Write any two differences between a smartphone and a

tablet.

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 What have you learnt?
After completing this session, you will be able to
• demonstrate the knowledge of the uses of ICT tools,
such as smartphones and tablet.
• differentiate between smartphones and tablets.

SeSSIon 3: Ict toolS: SmartphoneS and

tabletS — II
To operate your smartphone, you need to know about
basic controls and functions and their uses.
Mobile Device Layout
Some of the basic controls you see on mobile device are
as follows: (Figure 3.6):
• Power button: This is used to start and
shut down a mobile device.
• Screen: A screen on which we perform
functions by touching with our fingers.
• Back button: You use the Back Button
to go back to the previous screen in an
application.
• Microphone: This is present at the bottom
of the mobile and we speak into the
microphone when we talk to someone.
• Menu button: This is used to show the
Figure 3.6: Basic Controls of options available in a particular app. This
a Mobile may not be present in all mobile devices.

• Home button: This brings you back to the

Home Screen from wherever you are in your
mobile, whether you are on another page or
using an App.
• Earpiece: This helps you to listen to voice calls.
• Volume button: This helps you to increase or
reduce the sound of your mobile.

Basic features of a mobile device

Some of the basic features present in all mobile devices
are as given in Table 3.3.

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 Table 3.3: Basic Features of a Mobile Device
Bluetooth: This is a short-range wireless technology which helps you connect
with other devices that are within 30 feet of where you are. Once connected, you
can send messages and songs.
Chargeable Battery: This is a portable power pack which can be recharged. It
allows you to use the device anywhere.
Wi-Fi: This is a wireless network technology that helps you connect to the local
area network. This is used to connect to the Internet and work with e-mails,
social media and anything to do which requires internet.
Touch Screen: The output display of a mobile device is a touch screen. This
helps you to run apps and type anything into the mobile by simply touching
different areas of the screen with your finger.

Camera: Smartphones and Tablet have a front and back camera to capture
pictures and videos.

Clock: Every mobile device has a clock which can be set according to the time
in your country.

Cellular network connectivity: This provides the network through which you
can make calls.

Global Positioning System: It is a navigation (direction finding) system that

helps you to navigate, find direction and maps to specific locations.

Home screen of a mobile device

The home screen is the first (start) screen of a mobile
device (Figure 3.7). There are three main parts of the
home screen.
Basic gestures used
Gestures are used to interact
with the touchscreen of your
mobile device. For example,
instead of clicking a mouse to
open an App, you tap on the
touchscreen. Some of these
gestures’ as shown in Figure 3.8
are as follows:
• Tap: Touch the screen
with your finger, once, to
click.
Figure 3.7: Home Screen of a Mobile

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 • Tap and hold: This is similar to right-clicking
your mouse.
• Drag: To tap, hold and move your finger across
the screen.
• Swipe: To slide finger to the right, left, up or down
of the screen like turning a page.
• Double tap: To tap twice quickly─this is to
zoom out (increase the size of) of something. For
example, to make a word appear bigger.
• Pinch: To bring thumb and finger together on the
screen─to zoom in (reduce the size). For example,
Figure 3.8: Basic gestures to make a picture appear smaller.

The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the

e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities below.

Activity
Getting familiar with a mobile device
Materials required
Pen, notebook, smartphone, tablet
Procedure
• Form groups’ depending on the number of mobile devices
available. For example, if you have 3 smartphones and
2 Tablet, form 5 groups.
• Each member starts the device and notes down the names
of icons in the status bar and the dock. One group of
volunteers shall come in front of the class and read aloud
what they have noted.
• The class then discusses the various features of the icons.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions

1. What is a short-range wireless communication

technology called?
(a) Wi-Fi
(b) Internet
(c) Bluetooth
(d) PS

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 2. Which part of the home screen is visible on all pages?
(a) Status bar
(b) Main icon area
(c) Dock
(d) Clock
3. What does GPS stand for?
(a) Global Positioning System
(b) Global Payment System
(c) Global Program System
(d) Global Pointing System

What have you learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• identify various parts of a mobile device and list their
functions.
• list the important features of a mobile device.

SeSSIon 4: partS of a computer and

perIpheralS
Parts of a computer
A computer system is a programmable machine
designed to store and retrieve information and perform
arithmetic and logical operations to produce meaningful
results in desired format. It consists of three main
units: Input Unit, Central Processing
Unit (CPU) and Output Unit. Different
computers have different ways in which
the input, processing and output units
are connected. In desktop computers,
as shown in Figure 3.9, all three
units are separate devices. It has: (i)
a keyboard, which is the input unit,
(ii) a box with the Central Processing
Unit, which is the processing unit and
(iii) a monitor, which is the output
unit. Input unit helps the user to enter
raw data and instructions into the
computer system, central processing
Figure 3.9: Desktop Computer
unit performs the required operations

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 as per given instructions and the output unit produces
meaningful results in the desired format for the
user. The CPU is further divided into three parts:
(i) control unit (CU), (ii) arithmetic and logic unit (ALU),
and (iii) memory unit (MU). Control unit acts as a
receptionist and a manager of a company. It receives
each and every instruction from user and coordinates
between different parts to perform various operations.
Arithmetic and logic unit acts as an accountant of a
company, which performs all the mathematical and
logical calculations and the memory unit acts as a
temporary store of a company, where small amount
of data is stored while other operations are being
performed.
In a laptop, all three units, input, processing and
output are combined into one device. Input and output
devices are also called ‘peripherals’. These are plugged
into the computer using connection ports.

Input devices
An input device is used to enter information into the
computer. A keyboard, as shown in Figure 3.10, is
an input device used to enter letters, numbers and
Figure 3.10: Keyboard
control functions. Microphone is an input device that is
connected to the computer to record sound. A web camera
is a device used to record videos. Many computers come
with built-in microphones and webcams. Another input
device is a scanner that copies physical documents and
stores them in a computer in digital (computer-readable)
format. For example, if you fill an admission form for a
college, you can scan it and then e-mail it to the college
instead of sending the actual form by post.

Output devices
Output devices bring information from the computer
to the user. If you want to calculate the percentage
marks, you input all your marks using a keyboard, the
computer calculates using the formula and you see the
results on a monitor screen. This monitor, as shown in
Figure 3.11, is the output device on which the computer
Figure 3.11: Monitor
displays the output information. In the same way, a

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 printer is an output device which gives us the hard copy
of the information processed by the computer. If you
want to hear the song you have recorded, you can use
speakers to play them. Just like input devices, output
devices can also be either separate or built-into the
computer.
The commonly used peripheral devices are given in
Table 3.4.

Table 3.4: Common Peripheral Devices

Keyboard: It is used Mouse: We use it to Microphone: It Projector: It is used

to provide input to the go to different parts is used to record to project images or
computer on what to do, of the screen on the voice on the video from computer
which could be in the monitor. computer, and on a screen.
form of typed letters, communicate.
numbers, and symbols.

Monitor: It displays all Speakers: It plays Scanner: It is a Printer: It helps to

the visual output that back all the sound- device that scans/ print out the visual
CPU produces after based output. captures a paper output on the paper,
processing the input. image, document as displayed on the
and converts it monitor.
to digital file on
computer.

Other peripheral devices and their functions

In large retail stores, a peripheral device commonly
found is the barcode reader or barcode scanner. It is
used for recording the items purchased in order to
create the receipt/bill. In offices and homes, we use a
peripheral device known as scanner, and it is used to
convert the information on a paper document into a
digital information document. Figure 3.12: Barcode scanning

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 Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) of the computer
as shown in Figure 3.13, is like our brain. How does
our brain work? Our eyes see (input) a mathematical
problem and sends the details to the brain. The brain
thinks (processes) and gets the result while the hand
writes it on paper (output). In a similar way, the CPU
also processes information received from the keyboard
and gives the output to the monitor or the printer. Just
as our brain can understand arithmetic and logical
Figure 3.13: Central information, the CPU can also solve mathematical and
Processing Unit
logical problems.
There are 3 main parts of the CPU.
• Control unit: It acts like a receiver and a manager
of a company. It receives inputs from user and
controls different parts to do the operations
required.
• Processing unit: It acts as an accountant of a
company and performs all the mathematical and
logical calculations.
• Memory unit: It acts as the storage room of a
company, where data is stored temporarily (RAM)
as well as for a long time (ROM).

Understanding RAM and ROM

Let us take the example of a kitchen to understand
the meaning of RAM and ROM. If you are a cook, what
would you keep on the kitchen counter? And what
would you store away in the kitchen shelves? Well,
all the things you need immediately and regularly will
be on the counter. And things that you do not access
often will be in the shelves. Random Access Memory
(RAM) is like the kitchen counter to a computer that
is switched on, and Read Only Memory (ROM) is like
the storage shelf. Flash memory is usually an external
device which is a mix of both RAM and ROM. Some
key differences between various storage devices are
given in Table 3.5.

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 Table 3.5: Types of Memory Storage Devices
RAM ROM Flash Memory

• When you are • Permanently stores • Can permanently store

doing tasks on your information information
computer, you use
RAM

• Temporarily stores • Information is stored • Information is not lost when

information when computer is off computer is switched off
• Information is lost • Information cannot be • Information can be changed
when computer is changed easily on easily. It is mainly used
switched off • It is mainly used when in removable storage devices
• Information can be starting the computer. (like USB), and its usage is
changed easily. based on user’s needs.

Motherboard
Motherboard, also referred to as a system board, is the
main circuit board inside a computer. It connects input,
processing and output devices.
Some other important parts of a computer system
are storage devices, ports and connections.

Storage devices
In order to transfer files from one computer to another
one, you need smaller storage devices which you can
carry easily from one place to another. These storage
devices are used to store digital information. The
commonly used storage devices are USB flash drive,
hard disk, CD, DVD, etc., as shown in Figure 3.14. They

Compact Disc USB Flash Drive DVD External Hard Disk

Figure 3.14: Storage Devices

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 mainly differ in their storage capacity (how much data
they can store).
You may have heard of a computer with data storage
capacity of 500 MB or 2GB. What does that mean?
Data is stored in the form of bits and bytes. Bit (Binary
Digit, represented by 0 or 1) is the smallest storage unit.
Eight bits combined together form a byte, which in turn
represents a character (numerals/letters/symbols).
• 8 bits make a byte and 1024 bytes make a kilobyte
(KB).
• 1024 KB make 1 megabyte (MB)
• 1024 megabyte make 1 gigabyte (GB)
• 1024 gigabyte make 1 terabyte (TB)
Very simply, more the number of bytes, larger and more
number of files can be stored.

Ports and connections

How do you think we connect our keyboard or mouse to
the CPU? We do it with the help of wires. Where do you
think the wires go in the CPU? The slots or channels
into which we connect the mouse/keyboard/external
hard disk wires are called ports. Thus, ports help us
connect input, output and storage devices in a computer
system.
There are several types of ports that you can use to
connect a computer to an external devices and networks.
These are:
• Universal serial bus or the USB port (as shown in
Figure 3.15) which connects peripheral devices,
Figure 3.15: USB Port such as a mouse or a keyboard or a printer to a
computer using the cable.
• Display port (as shown in Figure 3.16) which
connects the monitor, or any display unit, to
the computer using the cable. These can be of
Figure 3.16: RGB Display port different types, like Video Graphics Array (VGA)
(Left) and HDMI port (Right)
and High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI),
depending on the requirement.
• Audio ports (as shown in Figure 3.17) help to
connect microphone, speakers, and headphones
Figure 3.17: Audio Ports
to a computer system. Often, the speaker and

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 headphone port is called the line out port, i.e., it
is meant for sound output.
• Ethernet port (as shown in Figure 3.18) is used for
connecting the system to high speed Internet cable. Figure 3.18: Ethernet Port

• Power port (as shown in Figure 3.19) is used for

connecting the computer system to the power
supply.
Figure 3.19: Power Port

The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the

e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities below.
Initial thinking activity
After watching the initial video write why do you think it is
important to know the different parts of a computer?

Activity 1
Knowing your computer
Materials required
Pen/pencil, notebook
Procedure
• Form groups of 5 students each group.
• List the basic input output devices you need in a computer.
• Draw a diagram of a computer system showing all the
devices connected to it. Label the diagram and mention
the uses of the various devices.
• One volunteer from the group presents the illustration to
the class and explains it to the students.

Activity 2
Connecting devices to a computer
Materials required
Pen/pencil, notebook, computer
Procedure
• Form groups of 5 students in each group.
• Each member of the group connects one of the parts of the
computer, such as printer, monitor, keyboard, mouse and
the speakers to the central processing unit.
• Fit the cables into the correct ports as explained and check
if each device is working properly.

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 noteS Check Your Progress
A. Multiple choice questions

1.Which of the following units make up the CPU? Choose

and tick all the correct options.
(a) Processing Unit
(b) Input Unit
(c) Memory Unit
(d) Control Unit
(e) Output Unit
2. Which of the following are names of ports in a computer?
Choose and tick all the correct options.
(a) HDMI
(b) Input
(c) VGA
(d) USB
(e) Ethernet
3. There is a talent contest in your town. For participating
in the audition, you have to send a recording of a song.
What would you connect to your computer to record
your song?
(a) Keyboard
(b) Microphone
(c) Scanner
(d) Mouse

B. Short answer questions

Write the purpose of the I/O devices
Input/Output device Purpose
Mic/microphone
Scanner
Camera
Barcode Reader
Printer
Speaker

What have you learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• identify the basic parts of a computer.
• list the use of input and output devices.
• list the functions of the CPU.
• differentiate between RAM and ROM.
• identify the different ports and connections on a
computer.

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 SeSSIon 5: baSIc computer
operatIonS
Computer hardware and
software
A computer system consists of two
main parts—the hardware and the
software. The physical parts that
we can see and touch are called the
hardware. It is the machinery of a Figure 3.20: Hardware and Software
computer. These are the keyboard,
monitor, CPU, etc. The software that we cannot see
makes the hardware work the way we want. For example,
as shown in Figure 3.20, the monitor is a physical
device or the hardware. When we start a program, it is
displayed on the monitor. This is done by the software
which displays things on monitor. Hardware would not
be of any use without the software.
The most important software in any computer is the
Operating System (OS). This is the software that starts

Figure 3.21: Ubuntu Desktop

working as soon as we switch on a computer. It displays

the desktop on the monitor. Some of the most commonly
used operating systems for laptops and desktop are
Ubuntu (as shown in Figure 3.21), Microsoft Windows
and Mac OS.
Mobile devices also have operating system that
helps them perform their functions. Some of the mobile

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 operating systems are Apple iOS and Google Android
(as shown in Figure 3.22).
All the computer applications, such as browsers,
games, Office tools, etc., are also software programs
that perform a particular function.

Starting a computer
What is the first thing you do after you wake up in
Figure 3.22: Mobile Android OS the morning? What if your father tells you to do your
homework immediately? Can you do it? Maybe, but
normally you would do some daily activities and get ready
before you start working? Similarly when a computer
is switched on, it performs some basic processes/
functions, before it is ready to take instructions from
the user.
To start a computer, press the Power button on
the CPU. This will start the Windows operating system
and display the Windows desktop on the monitor.

Basic functions performed when a computer

starts
Just as we go about with our morning routine, without
Figure 3.23: Starting a Computer
anyone telling us what to do, a computer automatically
runs a basic program called BIOS (Basic Input/Output
System) as soon as it is switched on or the power button
is pushed on.
The BIOS first does a self-test. If the self-test
shows that the system is fine, the BIOS will load the
Operating System. This means that
the computer’s operating system, for
example Ubuntu, is now ready to take
inputs from the user.
Login and logout
When multiple people use the same
computer, each person has his/her
own files and applications. To make
sure nobody else sees your work, you
have login-IDs and passwords. A login
Figure 3.24: Sign-in in Windows and password is like a key to the lock
which allows you to use the computer.

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 When you login to the computer with your login-ID
and password (as shown in Figures 3.24 and 3.25), the
computer knows that you are an authorised person and
allows you to work on the applications in the computer.
Once you finish working, you must log out or sign out
so that no one else can see your work.

Shutting down a computer

You can shut down the computer in Ubuntu by clicking Figure 3.25: Sign-in in
Ubuntu
“Systems” at the top right and then click on Shut Down
as shown in Figure 3.25. When you click Shut down,
the Operating System will close all the applications and
turn off the computer.

Using the keyboard

A keyboard is an input
device used to type text,
numbers and commands
into the computer, as
shown in Figure 3.26.

Function keys
Keys labelled from F1 to
F12 are function keys.
You use them to perform Figure 3.26: Parts of a Keyboard

specific functions. Their

functions differ from program to program. The function
of the F1 key in most programs is to get help on that
program. Some keyboards may have fewer function
keys.

Control keys
Keys, such as Control (CTRL), SHIFT, SPACEBAR,
ALT, CAPS LOCK, and TAB, are special control keys
that perform special functions depending on when and
where they are used.

Enter key
The label on this key can be either ENTER or RETURN,
depending on the brand of computer that you are using.
You use the ENTER or the RETURN key to move the

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 cursor to the beginning of a new line. In some programs,
it is used to send commands and to confirm a task on
a computer.

Punctuation keys
It includes keys for punctuation marks, such as colon
(:), semicolon (;), question mark (?), single quotation
marks (‘ ’), and double quotation marks (“ ”).

Navigation keys
Keys, such as the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP,
and PAGE DOWN are navigation keys. These are used
to move up and down, right and left in a document. The
HOME and END keys move the cursor to the left/right
end of a line of text, respectively. The PAGE UP and
PAGE DOWN keys are used to move one page up and
one page down, respectively.

Command keys
Keys, such as INSERT (INS), DELETE (DEL), and
BACKSPACE are command keys. When the INSERT key
is turned ON, it helps you overwrite characters to the
right of the cursor. The DELETE key and the BACKSPACE
key are used to remove typed text, characters, and
other objects on the right and left side of the cursor,
respectively.

Windows key
Pressing this key opens the Start menu.

Using a mouse
A mouse, as shown in Figure 3.27 is a small device that
you can use to move, select, and open items on your
computer screen. Let us see some of the functions that
can be performed using a mouse. Different application
will behave differently to the mouse actions. Here we use
the File Explorer to see the effect of the mouse action.
Figure 3.27: Mouse
Roll over/hover
Some actions can be done by simply rolling over or
hovering over an item. When you bring the mouse

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 over a file in File Explorer, it will show
the details of that file as shown in
Figure 3.28.

Point and click

As you move the mouse on your desk, a
pointer moves correspondingly on your
screen. The mouse allows you to select
an item on the screen. When you click a Figure 3.28: Roll Over
particular file, it gets selected as shown
in Figure 3.29.

Drag and drop

To move an item, you need to click it,
and then holding the mouse button
down, move the item to a new location.
After you move the item to the new
location, you release the mouse button.
Figure 3.29: Point and Click
This is called drag and drop. When you
drag a file in File Explorer, you can pick
it up from the present location and drop
it in a new location where you release
the mouse as shown in Figure 3.30.

Double-click
It means to quickly click the left mouse
button twice. When we double-click the
file icon, it will open the file. Figure 3.30: Drag and Drop

The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the

e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities below.
Initial thinking activity
After watching the initial video write what do you think happens
when you start a computer and how do you enter data using a
keyboard and mouse?

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 noteS Activity 1
Use of computer
Materials required
Pen/pencil, notebook, computer
Procedure
1. Form groups depending on the number of computers
available.
2. One student starts the computer and logs in. Another
student identifies the keys on the keyboard. Another
student then performs all the functions of the mouse,
such as hover, click, double-click, etc.
3. After the students have performed all the activities, they
will shut down the computer. Other students watch and
give feedback on what was done right and which tasks
can be improved.

Activity 2
Using the keyboard
Material required
Computer
Procedure
• Form groups depending on the
number of computers available.
• Open a text editor in Ubuntu
by typing ‘editor’ in the search
bar and then selecting the
Text Editor. You can also open
Notepad in Windows by typing
Notepad on the Windows Search Figure 3.31: Typing
bar and then selecting Notepad
from the search result.
• Each student types the following letters on the text editor.
Position your hands on the keyboard, as given in the
Figure 3.31 and type the given letters and words. After one
student is done, the next student practices the same until.
All student should get a chance.
Letters in the home: rowasdf; lkjhj; asdfgf; lkjhj;
Letters in the top row: qwerty poiuy trewq yuiop
Letters in the bottom: rowzxcvb nm,./bvcxz.,mn
• Now, each student types five words using the keyboard.
For example, add, all, ask, sad, gas, dad, lad, had, hall,
fall, row, tow, top, out, pot, rot, wire, tire, type, write, cab,
nab, man, can, van, ban. All students in the group should
get a chance to practice.

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 Check Your Progress
A. Multiple choice questions

1. Which of the following functions are performed using a

mouse. Choose and tick all the correct options.
(a) Turn on computer
(b) Typing
(c) Right click
(d) Drag and Drop an Icon
2. What is the term used when you press and hold the left
mouse key and move the mouse around?
(a) Highlighting
(b) Dragging
(c) Selecting
(d) Moving
3. Rearrange the steps for starting a computer in the
correct sequence.
(a) Desktop appears after login ( )
(b) Login screen appears ( )
(c) Power on Self-Test (POST) starts ( )
(d) Operating system starts ( )
(e) Welcome screen appears ( )

B. Short answer questions

1. Describe the functions of at least 5 types of keys.

2. Describe the functions of a mouse.

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• start and shut down a computer.
• identify the various keys on a keyboard and their
associated functions.
• use a mouse.
• type simple words.

SeSSIon 6: performIng baSIc fIle operatIonS

Need to perform basic file operations
In any school (or office), each teacher has a separate
cabinet, as shown in Figure 3.32 where they keep the
files of different students/classes on separate shelves.
Similarly, information on a computer is stored in Figure 3.32: File Cabinet

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 electronic files, which can be put into separate folders.
It is easier to manage the electronic files as they can be
simply copied, moved, renamed or even deleted.

Files and folders

All information stored in a computer is kept in files.
Different types of files store different types of information.
Each file is given a file name and has a file name
extension that identifies the file type. (The file name and
file name extension are separated by a period or a ‘dot’.)
For example, a document (e.g., with the name Neha)
created using Notepad (a type of computer application
to create simple text files) will have the extension .txt.
There are other types like .doc, .xls, etc. An image file
usually has an extension .jpg, while a sound file usually
has .mp3. A folder is a location where a group of files
can be stored.

Creating a file (using a text editor in Ubuntu)

When a student, Neha, joins a class, the teacher creates
a file on the computer to store Neha’s information, such
as name, address, phone number, etc. Let us create a
new file using a text editor in Ubuntu.
• To open a text editor, type ‘editor’ in the search
dialog box. Then double-click the text editor
option as shown in Figure 3.33 and 3.34. This
will open a blank document. In Windows, you can
open Notepad and type in the text.

Figure 3.33: Opening Text Editor Figure 3.34: Text Editor

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 • Here you can add text, such
as ‘Neha Tiwari, Shakti Nagar,
New Delhi. M: 7856453451’
• To save the file click Save.
In the Save As dialog box,
browse to the Desktop folder,
type the name as ‘Neha’
and click Save as shown in
Figure 3.35.

Figure 3.35: Saving a File

The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the

e-learning module for this lesson viahttp://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities below.
Initial thinking activity
After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for this
topic why do you think it’s important to know how files are
stored in a computer?

Activity 1
Create a file
Materials required
Pen/pencil, notebook, computer
Procedure
• Form groups, depending on the number of computers
available. Each member of the group creates a file. Others
can watch and give feedback on what was done correctly
and what can be improved.
• Open a text editor in Ubuntu or Notepad in Windows.
• Type details, such as name, class, address, parent’s name,
etc., for a student
• Save the file on the desktop.
Each student studies the shortcut given below:

CTRL+z undo CTRL+c copy

CTRL+y redo CTRL+v paste
CTRL+a select all CTRL+p print
CTRL+x cut CTRL+s save
The first group asks the other groups a questions (e.g., what
does CRTL+Z do? or what is the shortcut for Copy).

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 Check Your Progress
A. Multiple choice questions

1. Which one of the following shortcut key is used to paste

a file? Tick mark the correct answer.
(a) Ctrl + C
(b) Ctrl + P
(c) Ctrl + V
(d) Ctrl + X
2. Which of the following is a valid file extension for
Notepad file? Tick mark the correct answer.
(a) .jpg
(b) .doc
(c) .text
(d) .txt
3. Which key do you use to copy something? Tick mark
the correct answer.
(a) Ctrl+X
(b) Ctrl+C
(c) Ctrl+Z
(d) Ctrl+T

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• demonstrate the knowledge of the computer files and
folders.
• open a new file in a text editor, type in the details and
save the file.

SeSSIon 7: communIcatIon and networkIng

— baSIcS of Internet
The Internet is a huge network of computers around the
world. Using the Internet you can get any information
that is stored in a web page on the World Wide Web.
You can do all this by connecting your computer to the
Internet.
If your computer is connected to the Internet, you
say that your computer is online. With the help of the
Figure 3.36: the Internet
Internet, you can gather a lot of knowledge which is
available on it. The knowledge is stored in a big library/
storehouse, called the World Wide Web (WWW) or the
Web. It is a collection of different websites that you can
view if you are connected to the Internet. You can also

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 use these websites to buy something, watch movies,
read books, learn new skills, educate yourself, find the
best colleges to study further, etc.

Uses of the Internet

There is no limit to what you can do online, but some of
the most common uses are given in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6: Common uses of Internet
Search information: You can Shopping: You can buy and sell
get the latest information about products, such as books and
anything that is uploaded on electronic goods over the Internet.
the web, whether it is result, You can also pay for these products
news about an earthquake, a via digital modes of payments,
cricket match or the election such as wallets, plastic cardsor
details. through e-banking.
Entertainment: You can listen Online booking: You can book
to music, play games, watch movie tickets, hotels, bus/train/
movies or share pictures. plane tickets, etc., online.

E-mail and chatting: You can Online learning: There are a

talk or send messages to people number of courses available
all around the world quickly online─some are free while others
and easily. The messages you are not. You can do a course on
send over the Internet can a topic you like or want to know
reach any part of world in just more about.
a few seconds. For example,
Gmail and Outlook.
Social networking: You can Online banking: You can do
share your interests, knowledge banking operations, like checking
and stories with your family details of your bank account
and friends around the world. or transferring money from one
For example, Facebook and account to another through mobile
Twitter. banking/NEFT/RTGS.

Connecting to the Internet

As shown in Figure 3.37, to connect to the Internet, you
need:
(a) A device, such as a computer, laptop or mobile.
(b) A connection device, i.e., a modem.
An Internet Service Provider (ISP)─i.e., the telephone
company which provides the Internet connectivity using
the phone lines or a wireless network.

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 Figure 3.37: Connecting to the Internet

Types of connections
(a) Wired connections: When our
computer is connected to the
Internet using a wire, it is called
a wired connection (as shown in
Figure 3.38). We use Ethernet
cables (cables used for connecting
to the Internet) to connect to the
modem which connects to the ISP
using a phone line.
Figure 3.38: Wired connection
(b) Wireless connection: You can
also connect your computer to the
Internet using wireless technology
as shown in Figure 3.38A. Laptops
need a wireless Internet card to
connect to a modem with using any
cables.

Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the amount of data that
can be transmitted over a network in a
Figure 3.38A: Wireless connection
certain amount of time. To understand
bandwidth, Let us take the example of a pipe, the amount
of water flowing through a pipe depends on its thickness.
Similarly, the amount of data that your network can
receive or send depends on its bandwidth. In case of
digital devices, the bandwidth is usually expressed in
bits per second (bps) or bytes per second and in case

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 of analog devices, the bandwidth is expressed in cycles
per second, or Hertz (Hz).
Data transfer speed over the networks (including the
internet) is calculated in terms of bits per second.
1 Kbps (kilo bits per second) = 1000 bits per second
1 Mbps (mega bits per second) = 1000 kilo bits per second
1 Gbps (giga bits per second) = 1,000 mega bits per
second

Internet browser
To see the information on the various websites, you
need an Internet Browser. An Internet Browser is an
application or a software program on your computer
or laptop which helps you visit the various websites.
Some examples of browsers are Google Chrome, Mozilla
Firefox and Internet Explorer. Figure 3.39: Some Internet
Browsers
(a) Searching for information: Do the steps below to
search for information on the Internet.
Open an Internet browser, as shown in Figure 3.40.
• Type the topic, on which you want information, in
the search box and hit the Enter key.

Figure 3.40: Internet Explorer Figure 3.41: Firefox in Ubuntu

• The search results having the required

information will be displayed.
• In Ubuntu, click Firefox icon as shown in Figure
3.41 to open Firefox Mozilla browser and search
for information.

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 noteS

The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the

e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities below.
Initial thinking activity
After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for this
topic, write down why do you think the first person did not have
enough information about available jobs.

Activity 1
Uses of the Internet
Materials required
Pen/pencil, notebook
Procedure
• Form groups depending on the number of computers
available.
• Discuss the various uses of the Internet. Every member
gives one use and what he/she would do using an Internet
connection. Rest of the group should give feedback on
whether it is correct and not. One group volunteers and
presents to class. Students give feedback.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions

1. To connect to the Internet, the computer has to be

connected to the ____________________________.
(a) Internet Society
(b) Internet Architecture
(c) Internet Service Provider
(d) Large Area Network

2. What is the Internet?

(a) Phone connections
(b) Collection of computer networks
(c) Network of computers in an office
(d) None of the above

B. Short answer question

1. Write a short note on the uses of internet.

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 What have you learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to

• search information on the Internet.
• identify the various uses of Internet.

SeSSIon 8: communIcatIon and networkIng —

Internet browSIng
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW) or simply the Web is a
huge collection of information as shown symbolically
in Figure 3.42. It is a vast network of linked hypertext
files, stored on computers throughout the world, that
can provide a computer user with information on a
huge variety of subjects. Thus, it serves as a platform
through which users can use or share information.
It is made up of Figure 3.42: Symbolic
• A web page Representation of World Wide
Web (WWW)
• A web browser
• A system to transfer information between the web
browser and the web pages

Web page
A web page is a document present on a computer that
is connected to the Internet. There are hundreds of web
pages. Each web page has a unique address/location
like the address of a house. We can use the address to Figure 3.43: Web
see a particular web page. For example, the address of Address

NCERT is http://ncert.nic.in as shown in Figure 3.43.

To view a web page you need a web browser on your
computer.

Web browser
A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a
software application for using and sharing information
on the World Wide Web.

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 Mozilla Firefox Google Chrome Internet Explorer Apple Safari Opera

Figure 3.44: Web browsers

The most popular web browsers

that are used today are shown in
Figure 3.44.
If you want to see a web page that
gives information on plants, you type
that address in the web browser in the
address bar as shown in Figure 3.45.
Then the web page on plants will be
Figure 3.45: Web browser displayed in the browser.
(a) Hyperlinks: Very often, there are hyperlinks
(highlighted and underlined words) present on web
pages. If you click a hyperlink, it will take you to another
part on the same page or to a
different page.
(b) Important parts of a
web browser (as shown in
Figure 3.46):
(i) Address bar
(Alt+d): You can type the
address/URL of a web page
in this box and press Enter.
Figure 3.46: Parts of a Browser The browser will display the
page linked to that URL.
(ii) Tabbed browsing (Ctrl+T): Tabbed browsing
allows a user to view multiple pages in the same
window. So if you want to compare two types of
plants, for example, trees and shrubs, you can
open the two in two different tabs.
(iii) Back and forward buttons (Alt+Left or right arrow
keys): These buttons allow you to go back to the
last page viewed, or go forward to the next page
viewed. For example, in the previous example, if
you click ‘Back’ arrow on the ‘Flowers’ page it will
take you back to the ‘Table of Content’.

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 (iv) Refresh button (F5):
Sometimes, you do not
see the complete page
correctly. You can reload
the page by clicking the
Refresh button.
(v) Steps to browse a
web page: Open a
web browser, such as
Internet Explorer or
Google Chrome. To
search for information,
Figure 3.47: Searching for Information
follow the given steps:
• Type http://google.co.in in the address bar
• Type ‘best hill station in India’ in the Google
search bar
• Press Enter
• Scroll the screen and click on the link for the
page you want to see.

The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the

e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities below.
Initial thinking activity
After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for this
topic, write why do you think the second person told her friend
that she neither needs books or someone else to get information
about anything?

Activity

Web browsing
Materials required
Pen/pencil, notebook, computer with an Internet connection
Procedure
1. Form groups depending on the number of computers
available.
2. One member does the steps while the other watches and
give feedback on what was done correctly and what can
be improved.

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 noteS Do the following
• You are planning to go to your relative’s place who lives in
another city.
• Use Internet (IRCTC, etc.) find out which trains are going
there, their timings and ticket fare.
• Find out about two cities you want to visit and places you
can visit in these cities.
• Use Internet (IRCTC) to find out which trains connect
these two cities, their timings and ticket fare.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions

1. What do I need to get information from the World Wide

Web?
(a) Computer
(b) Browser
(c) Internet Connection
(d) All of the above
2. Which of the following is a web browser?
(a) Internet
(b) Chrome
(c) Windows
(d) None of the above

B. Short answer questions

1. List the steps to search for information using a web

browser.

What Have You Learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• use a web browser to search for information on the
Internet.

SeSSIon 9: communIcatIon and networkIng —

IntroductIon to e-maIl
Electronic mail or e-mail is a quick way of sending
messages to people using the Internet. Electronic mail
is a message sent over the Internet from one person
to another. It consists of lines of text and images.The
invention of e-mail has influenced our lives and they
have become a popular means of communication.

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 How does the e-mail work?
Files containing videos, documents, spreadsheets,
etc., can be sent along with the e-mail as attachments.
E-mail is fast and easy to use and it can be sent to
multiple people at the same time.
Let us compare the way a postal mail and an e-mail
is sent as shown in Table 3.7.

Table 3.7: Comparing Postal mail vs. e-mail

Postal Mail e-mail
Postal mail address is a street,
city, etc., of a geographical location
Address

while an e-mail address is a digital

location on a mail computer [email protected]
where you can send or receive an
electronic message.

Postal mail is written with paper

Written on

and pen.
An e-mail is written on a computer
or mobile device.

Postal mail is sent by bus, air, train

while an e-mail travels in a digital
Sent via

format over an Internet connection.

Postal mail is brought by the

Received in

postman and dropped into the

letterbox outside our house.
E-mail comes into the Inbox of the
receiver’s e-mail account.

E-mail ID or Address
The general format of an e-mail address is local_
part@domain. An example of an e-mail address is
[email protected].
• An e-mail address is made up of two parts
separated by the @ symbol. The part before the @

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 noteS symbol is created by the user and is usually the
name of the person, for example, ashokrastogi_1.
This is different for every user. One might need to
add numbers or any other prefix or suffix in case
someone else has already taken that mail address
before him. One person can only have a specific
e-mail address.
• The part after the ‘@’ symbol is the domain name
of e-mail service provider, i.e., the company that
provides the e-mail service. Here gmail.com is the
domain name of Google. For example, Gmail by
Google, Outlook.com by Microsoft and yahoo.co.in
by Yahoo!

Advantages of e-mail
E-mails can be sent to multiple users along with the
attachments. They are fast as they reach anyone
around the world immediately, free as most services do
not charge money and it is environment friendly, as no
paper is used.

The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the

e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities below.
Initial thinking activity
After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for
this topic where the boy he is going to send a post card, what
suggestion did his friend give?

Activity 1

Advantages of using e-mail

Materials required
Pen/pencil, notebook
Procedure
• Form groups of 5 students each.
• Discuss how writing e-mail is better than sending a letter
through postal mail. Every student says whether he/she
prefers to send an e-mail or post a letter and why.

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 Check Your Progress noteS
A. State whether the following statements are True or False

1. Email cannot be sent to more than one person at a time.

2. Email is an electronic message sent over the Internet or
a computer network.
3. Pictures, videos, audio files, and spreadsheet files
cannot be attached with an e-mail.

What have you learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• differentiate between postal mail and electronic mail.
• write an e-mail message.
• list the benefits of an e-mail account.

SeSSIon 10: communIcatIon and networkIng —

creatIng an e-maIl account
Creating an e-mail account
To set up an e-mail account, there are a number of
popular providers to consider
(a) Gmail (run by Google)
(b) Outlook mail (run by Microsoft)
(c) Yahoo mail (run by Yahoo)

Figure 3.48: Email service providers

Here we will learn how to create an e-mail account
using Gmail. All e-mail hosting sites will have similar
procedures.

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 Steps to open an e-mail account on Gmail
1. Go to www.gmail.com and click “Create 2. The sign up form will appear. You will
an account”. need to fill your name, username,
password and other details in a sign-
up form. A password should be at least
8 characters long and contain letters,
numbers and special characters (e.g.,
$%#). This will make it more secure.

3. Fill in other details as your phone 4. Google welcome page will appear. Click
number, country, etc. Review the Terms on the ‘Continue to Gmail’. This will
of Service and Privacy Policy, click the display your Gmail account page.
check box, and then click Next step.

The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the

e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities below.
Initial thinking activity
After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for this
topic why, do you think the person could not send an e-mail?

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 Activity
noteS
Creating an e-mail account
Materials required
Pen/pencil, notebook, computer with Internet connection
Procedure
• Form groups, depending on the number of computers
available.
• Each student takes turns to:
(a) create an e-mail account using gmail.com (or any
other free service). NOTE: make careful note of your
e-mail address and password.
(b) sign out and sign in the e-mail account. Do not
share password with others.

Check Your Progress

1. Multiple choice questions

1. Here are the steps to sign in to your Gmail account.

(i) Type username (ii) Go to www.gmail.com
(iii) Click Sign in (iv) Type password
Choose the option with the correct order.
(a) i > ii > iv > iii
(b) ii > i > iii > iv
(c) ii> i > iv > iii
(d) ii > iii > i > iv
2. Which one of the following statements is false?
(a) You need to create an account before you can send
an e-mail.
(b) You should sign out of your account when you are
not using the computer.
(c) You do not need an Internet connection to use your
Gmail account.
(d) You must not share your password with others.
3. Which of the following is an e-mail service?
(a) WhatsApp
(b) WeChat
(c) Gmail
(d) Facebook

Short answer questions

1. What characters should the password have in e-mail

address, to make it more secure?

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 What have you learnt?
After completing this session, you will be able to
• create an e-mail account.
• sign in and sign out an e-mail account.

SeSSIon 11: communIcatIon and networkIng —

wrItIng an e-maIl
Gmail is a free e-mail application. Let us learn how to
use it.
1. To write a new e-mail, connect to the
Internet and open Gmail.
2. Type ‘gmail.com’ in the address bar of
Internet Explorer.
3. To start using Gmail, you need to sign in.
Type your e-mail ID and password in the
given areas and click on the Sign in button
as shown in Figure 3.49
4. Click on the COMPOSE button on the
Gmail home page.
This will open a New Message window. Let us
Figure 3.49: Sign in page understand this with an example. Mohan Padra
wants to send Diwali greetings to his sister, his
wife and daughter. He wants do this by writing an
e-mail using the Gmail account he just created.
In the To: section he types the e-mail ID of his
sister, i.e., [email protected]
• In the Cc: section he types the e-mail
IDs of his wife, [email protected] and
her daughter [email protected]. In this
way he is able to send the same message
Figure 3.50: Compose email to all three at once instead of writing it
three times.

• In the Subject: section, he writes ‘Happy Diwali’

which is the main topic of the e-mail message.
• He starts the main body of the message with
a greeting “Hello everyone”. This can change
depending on whom you are writing the mail to.
Then he writes the complete message. He ends

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 the e-mail message with “best wishes” and his
name (Mohan).
• When he click the Send button, the e-mail will
reach the recipients.
Follow the given steps to write an e-mail
1. In the To section, write the e-mail-id of the
person you are sending the mail to.

2. In the Cc section, write the e-mail-ids of all the

people to whom you want to send copies of the
message.

3. In the Subject, write the topic of the mail. For

example, Happy Diwali.

4. In the main body, type the message you want

to send. This will include the salutation in the
beginning, main message in the middle and
signature at the end.
5. After you type the message, click Send.

The mail will be sent to all the people whose e-mail

addresses you have given in the To and Cc sections.

Figure 3.51: Attach a file

Attaching a file to an e-mail

An attachment is a type of file such as a photo or
document that you can send along with your e-mail.
To add an attachment you need to click on the Attach
button.
• The Attach button often has a paperclip as its
symbol
• When you click on the Attach button it opens up
a new window

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 • The window shows you files and folders on your
computer
• Find and then click on the file you want to attach
and press OK
• The file will now show as an attachment in your
e-mail
• The name of the file will be shown next to a paper
clip symbol

Managing Folders
There are different folders that could help you manage
and organise your e-mails.
• The Inbox holds e-mails that people have sent
to you
• The Sent folder holds e-mails that you have sent
to people
• The Drafts folder holds all the e-mail you have
started writing, but not yet sent
• The Junk/Spam folder holds e-mails that may
not be useful
Figure 3.52: Folders
• The Trash can or folder holds e-mails that you
no longer need and have deleted. To delete an
e-mail, you select an e-mail and then click on the
Delete button for it to be moved from inbox to
trash folder (see Figure 3.52).

The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the

e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities below.
Initial thinking activity
After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for
this topic what do you think is the first thing you will do after
creating your e-mail account.

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 Activity 1
noteS
Writing an e-mail
Materials required
Pen/pencil, notebook, computer with an Internet connection
Procedure
• Form groups, depending on the number of computers
available.
• Each student writes an e-mail to two of the other group
members using their newly created e-mail address wishing
them for a future festival. Other members watch and guide
the student.

Check Your Progress

A. Multiple choice questions

1. What do you type in the “To” field?

(a) The topic of the e-mail
(b) The main message of the e-mail
(c) Email address of the person to whom you want to
send a copy of the e-mail
(d) Email address of the person you are sending the
mail to
2. You want to send an e-mail message to your friend
Sushil. In which order will you perform the given steps
to write and send an e-mail to him?
(i) Type Sushil’s e-mail address, subject and message
(ii) Click on the Compose button (iii) Click Send (iv) Open
your e-mail account.
(a) (iv)>(ii)>(i)>(iii)
(b) (iv)>(i)>(ii)>(iii)
(c) (iv)>(i)>(iii)>(ii)
(d) (iii)>(i)>(ii)>(iv)

B. Fill in the blanks

1. In “To:” section _________________ is typed for sending a

message through e-mail.
2. The Attach button in e-mail often has a ______________
as its symbol.
3. In the ____________________ section of the e-mail, the
topic of the mail is written.
4. After typing the message in the main body of the e-mail,
you need to click on __________ button to send the
e-mail.

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 What have you learnt?
After completing this session, you will be able to
• identify the various elements of the e-mail message.
• compose and send an e-mail message.
• attach files in an e-mail.

SeSSIon 12: communIcatIon and networkIng —

receIvIng and replyIng to e-maIlS
Receiving an e-mail
Imagine your friend sends you an
e-mail. The e-mail will appear in
your Inbox. It shows the name of the
sender, subject and a title of the main
message. It will remain bold till you
open it.
1. Click on the mail to open it.
2. Once you have read the e-mail,
you can reply, forward or delete
the mail.
3. If the invitation was sent to many
people, you get another option,
i.e., Reply to All. When you
click this, the reply will be sent
to all the people who received a
copy of this mail.

Replying to an e-mail
To reply to this e-mail:
1. Click on the Reply option at the
bottom. This will open a space
where you can write your reply.
The e-mail address of the person
to whom this e-mail will be sent
is already present at the top.
2. Type your reply and click Send.
Figure 3.53: Reply to an email

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 Forwarding an e-mail
You can also forward this e-mail to your
parents to inform them about the invitation.
1. When you click on “Forward”, a
space is displayed with the old
message copied to it.
2. You can give the e-mail address of Figure 3.54: Forward an email
the person(s) you want to forward to and write
anything extra you want to add.
3. Then click on the
“Send” button.

Deleting an e-mail
You can delete the mail by
clicking on the delete icon.
This will remove the e-mail
from your inbox and move it Figure 3.55: Delete an email
to the “Trash” folder. It will
remain there for a few days before it is removed from
the system.

The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the

e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/
Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and
e-content for the above topics as well as detailed instructions for
some activities below.

Activity 1
Receiving and replying to an e-mail
Materials required
Pen/pencil, notebook, computer with an Internet connection
Procedure
• Form groups depending on the number of computers
available.
• The teacher sends an e-mail to a student in each group
informing them about a group dance competition.

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 noteS All details about the date, time, venue, etc., is described
in the mail.
• The leader reads the e-mail and then forwards it to all his
group members to inform them about the details of the
dance competition. The leader discusses with the group
whether they want to take part or not and then sends a
reply to the teacher.

Check Your Progress

A. State whether the following statements are True or False.

1. By choosing the “Reply” option, the e-mail address of the

sender of the original message will appear in the “To” field.
2. Email is an electronic message transmitted over the
Internet or computer network from one user to another.
3. You can forward the e-mail by clicking on the delete
icon.

What have you learnt?

After completing this session, you will be able to
• identify a new mail in your inbox.
• reply or forward an e-mail.
• delete an e-mail.

gloSSary
Applications/Apps: software programs on a mobile device which
perform specific tasks
Attachment: adding a file to an e-mail
Barcode: a machine-readable code in the form of numbers and a
pattern of parallel lines of varying widths, printed on a commodity
and used especially for stock control
Bytes: a group of binary digits or bits (usually eight) operated on as
a unit, a byte is considered as a unit of memory size
Digital: the information that is stored on a computer is said to be in
a digital form
Drag: pull an icon or something on the screen with a mouse
E-Commerce: it is a process of buying and selling goods online
Email: a way of sending messages over the Internet
Ethernet: a system for connecting a number of computer systems
to form a local area network

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 File: a document on a computer. There are different types of files noteS
Folder: a location on the computer. It may contain many files or
sub-folders
Gestures: the actions you do with your fingers to interact with a
touch screen
ICT: it is an abbreviation of Information and Communication
Technology
Internet Browser: it is a software which helps you search for
information online
Internet: a number of computers connected together to provide
information
Junk: the location for storing unwanted e-mail as determined by a
spam filter
Messaging: sending text, audio and video messages over an
Internet connection
Motherboard: a printed circuit board containing the principal
components of a computer or other device, with connectors for other
boards to be slotted into
Navigation: the action of moving around a website, the Internet, etc.
Operating/operate: control the functioning of (a machine, process,
or system)
Peripheral: a device that you are able to attach to and use with a
computer, though it does not form an integral part of it
Port: a socket in a computer network into which a device can be
plugged
Privacy: the state of being free from public attention
Reply to all: an option present when we want to reply to all the
recepients, if we choose Reply to all, the reply will be sent to all the
people the mail was sent to or received from
Scanner: a device that scans documents and converts them into
digital data
Smartphone: a mobile device that is used to make calls, connect to
the Internet and run applications that do a variety of functions
Tablet: a mobile device like a smartphone but with a bigger size
Web Browser: a software used to browse information on WWW
using Internet
Web Page: it displays information in the form of text, graphics,
audio or video
Wi-Fi: a wireless connection to the Internet
World Wide Web (WWW): it is a collection of information located on
computers around the world

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 noteS further readIngS
Session 1: Introduction to ICT
• https://bit.ly/2pYKPKF
Session 2: ICT Tools – Smartphones and Tables – 1
• https://bit.ly/2zolM6d
Session 3: ICT Tools – Smartphones and Tables – 2
• https://bit.ly/2vvtqdN
Session 4: Parts of a computer and peripherals
• https://bit.ly/2w3GL0J
Session 5: Basic Computer Operations
• https://bit.ly/2EbIl0o
Session 6: Performing basic file operations
• https://bit.ly/2oPHluK
Session 7: Communications and Networking – Basics of Internet
• https://bit.ly/2vkoUS4
Session 8: Communications and Networking – Internet Browsing
• https://bit.ly/2vikTix
Session 9: Communications and Networking – Introduction to Email
• https://bit.ly/2GpsNfm
• https://bit.ly/1C4PJDi
Session 10: Communications and Networking – Creating an
Email Account
• https://bit.ly/2GpsNfm
• https://bit.ly/2vwslCD
• https://bit.ly/1C4PJDi
Session 11: Communications and Networking – Writing an Email
• https://bit.ly/2xGttUQ
Session 12: Communications and Networking–Receiving and
Replying to Email
• https://bit.ly/2wWjrln

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 CBSE Grade IX AI Curriculum 2024-25

Units/ Sessions Topics Hours

Subunits

1.1 Understanding • Define Artificial Intelligence (AI) 10

AI: Domains and • The applications of AI in everyday life
Applications • The three domains of AI and their
applications

1.2 AI The AI Project • The importance of the AI project cycle. 30

Reflection, Cycle- II • To structure the AI problem statement
Project with the AI project cycle
Cycle and
Ethics
1.3 AI Ethics- II • The difference between ethics and 15
morality.
• The ethical scenarios faced while
building AI solutions
• AI bias and to identify bias in AI

2.1 Basics of Data • Data Literacy and its impact 10

Literacy • How to become Data literate?
• Data security and privacy
• Best practices for Cyber Security

2.2 Acquiring Data, • Types of data 20

Processing, and • Sources of data
Data Interpreting Data • Best Practices for acquiring data
Literacy • Features of data and Data Preprocessing
• Importance of Data Interpretation
• Tools used for Data Interpretation

2.3 Project • Data visualization & its importance 20

Interactive Data • Visualization of data with a No-Code tool
Dashboard & • Create a simple and interactive chart
Presentation with a No-Code tool

3.1 Importance of • The applications of Mathematics in AI 5

Math in AI • The different mathematical concepts
important for understanding AI
Math for AI
3.2 (Statistics Statistics • Use of statistics in different AI 10
& applications
Probability)
3.3 Probability • Use of probability in different AI 10
applications

4 Introduction to • Definition and Overview 20

Generative AI • Applications and Use cases

Total 150 hours

Unit 1 AI Reflection
Unit 1.1 – Understanding AI

Purpose: Introduction to the program.

The Artificial Intelligence Curriculum hopes to inspire AI-Readiness in you. At the end of this
program, we hope you will get a deep understanding of AI, access to AI-powered tools and the ability
to create solutions with AI.

Welcome to an introduction to Artificial Intelligence! What do you think Artificial Intelligence is?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

What do you want to learn about AI?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

How do you think we should go about it?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

What will you learn?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________

● When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits, i.e., make decisions, predict the future, learn and improve
on its own, it is said to have artificial intelligence. In other words, you can say that a machine is artificially intelligent when
it can accomplish tasks by itself - collect data, understand it, analyse it, learn from it, and improve it.
● AI is a form of intelligence; a type of technology and a field of study.
● AI theory and development of computer systems (both machines and software) are able to perform tasks that normally
require human intelligence.
● Artificial Intelligence covers a broad range of domains and applications and is expected to impact every field in
the future.

Overall, its core idea is to build machines and algorithms which are capable of performing computational tasks that
would otherwise require human-like brain functions.
 What is Artificial Intelligence?
When a machine…
Mimics human intelligence
Can solve real-world problems
Improves on its own from past experiences
Can predict and make decisions on its own
…it can be termed as Artificially Intelligent!

How to make machine intelligent?

AI
Data Algorithm Machine!

How do you think Artificial Intelligence can help you as you go about your daily life? Fill in your ideas
below.
Activity: Game Time
In this activity, you will visit a few online resources to play games and experience the power of AI.

Resources:
Game 1 (Rock, Paper and Scissors):
Rules for playing Game 1:
✔ Type the link below to launch the tool
✔ Scroll down and check the box “I Agree”. Click on Let’ Go
✔ You may turn off the camera to select the moves directly from
the screen
✔ Start the game by selecting "rock", "scissors" or "paper"
✔ Choose continuously until you create a pattern and check how
AI tries to win.
Visit https://next.rockpaperscissors.ai/ to play the game online.

Game 2 (Semantris):
Rules for playing Game 2:
✔ Type the link given and click on launch experiment option to
start the game.
✔ Click on Play Arcade option to start playing the game.
✔ Each time AI gives you the highlighted clue, you are
supposed to enter the most closely associated word to get
more scores.
✔ Check how machine understands your words
Visit https://research.google.com/semantris/ to experience the
magic online.

Game 3 (Quick, Draw):

Rules for playing Game 3:
✔ Type the link and click on Let’s Draw option to start playing
the game.
✔ An item will be named on the screen for you to draw in 20
seconds after you click on Got it!
✔ AI will guess whatever you draw on the white screen.
✔ Try drawing 6 objects correctly in a row to win the game!
Launch the game at https://quickdraw.withgoogle.com/
It’s time for you to try them out!

Games are an integral part of our culture. People across the world
participate in different kinds of games as a form of social interaction,
competition, and enjoyment.

The basic principle of every game is rule-setting and

following the rules.

Write down three rules in the given spaces you would set before playing any game.

Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3

Purpose: Expose you to the 3 domains of AI (Natural Language Processing, Computer Vision, and
Data for AI).

Brief: You will go through three AI games in the form of a challenge. Game Descriptions:

Rock, Paper & Scissors: A game based on Data for AI where the machine tries to predict the next
move of the participant. It is a replica of a basic rock, paper and scissors game where the machine
tries to win ahead by learning from the participant’s previous moves.

Semantris: A game based on Natural Language Processing is a set of word association games
powered by machine-learned, natural language understanding technology. Each time you enter a
clue, the AI looks at all the words in play and chooses the ones it thinks are most related.

Quick, Draw: A game based on Computer Vision developed by Google that challenges players to
draw a picture of an object or idea and then uses a neural network artificial intelligence to guess
what the drawings represent.

We are going to get serious now! You are challenged by an eccentric data scientist, to solve 3
challenges he designed. You have 60 mins before he inserts a virus into every electronic device in
the world! We will work in groups of 4-5 students now. Whether you are ready or not, the
countdown is going to start now! Grab a seat in front of the computer and start your challenge.
Game 1: The AI Game Challenge

Guess what……?

❖ Here are some visuals that will help you guess the games you are going to play. You have 10
seconds to guess and write the name of the games below:

Guess the game.

Have you tried it before?

Guess the game.

Have you tried it before?

Guess the game.

Have you tried it before?

Pair Activity:
List the different sources
Team up with a partner and let the challenge begin! from where you can collect
data.
Game 1: Rock, Paper and Scissors

(based on Data Science)

Write three things you learnt from the game.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

Game 2: Semantris
What is Natural
(based on Natural Language Processing - NLP)
Language Processing?
Mention three things you understood about the game.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

What is Computer Vision?

Game 3: Quick, Draw
(based on Computer Vision – CV)

Did you face any difficulty while playing this game? How
did you overcome this?

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________
Depending on the type of data, we can divide AI into different domains:

Computer Vision, is an AI domain works with videos and images enabling

machines to interpret and understand visual information.
CV

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is an AI domain focused on textual data

enabling machines to comprehend, generate, and manipulate human language.
NLP

Statistical Data refers to statistical techniques to analyse, interpret and draw insights
from numerical/tabular data.
Statistical acquired data.
Data

Some AI Applications

Face Lock in Smartphones

Smartphones nowadays come with the feature of face locks in
which the smartphone’s owner can set up his/her face as an
unlocking mechanism for it. The front camera detects and
captures the face and saves its features during initiation. Next
time onwards, whenever the features match, the phone is
unlocked.

Smart assistants
Smart assistants like Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa recognize patterns
in speech, then infer meaning and provide a useful response.
 Fraud and Risk Detection
Finance companies were fed with bad debts
and losses every year. However, they had a
lot of data which used to get collected
during the initial paperwork while
sanctioning loans. They decided to bring in
data scientists to rescue them from losses.
Over the years, banking companies learned
to divide and conquer data via customer
profiling, past expenditures, and other
essential variables to analyse the
probabilities of risk and default. Moreover,
it also helped them to push their banking
products based on customer’s purchasing
power.

Medical Imaging: For the last decades, computer supported medical

imaging application that has been a trustworthy help for physicians. It
doesn’t only create and analyse images, but also becomes an assistant
and helps doctors with their interpretation. The application is used to
read and convert 2D scan images into interactive 3D models that
enable medical professionals to gain a detailed understanding of a
patient’s health condition.

Let’s Discuss
Why should these three games be relevant for AI awareness?

Group Activity: Reflect and Analyse

Purpose: To understand how three AI domains are inter-related to each other.
You will get to know that even if these three domains of AI – Natural Language Processing, Computer
Vision and Data for AI are quite distinct from each other, they together constitute the concept of
Artificial Intelligence.

Take three different colour strands and work them into a braid. See how long your braid can become
within 30 seconds!! Ready? Go!!!

Let’s understand: To understand AI, we draw an analogy from the three strands in a braid. One is the
Data strand, the second is the Natural Language Processing strand and the third strand is the Computer
Vision. They all together constitute the concept called Artificial Intelligence.
Revision Time
Part A
Quiz Time: AI Quiz

1. Which one of the following is an application of AI?

a. Remote controlled Drone
b. Self-Driving Car
c. Self-Service Kiosk
d. Self-Watering Plant System
2. This language is easy to learn and is one of the most popular languages for AI today:
a. C++
b. Python
c. Ruby
d. Java
3. This field is enabling computers to identify and process images as humans do:
a. Face Recognition
b. Model-view-controller
c. Computer Vision
d. Eye-in-Hand System
4. What does NLP stand for in AI?
a. Neutral Learning Projection
b. Neuro-Linguistic Programming
c. Natural Language Processing
d. Neural Logic Presentation
5. Which of the following is not a domain of artificial intelligence?
a. Data Management System
b. Computer Vision
c. Natural Language Processing
d. Data Science
6. How excited are you about this AI curriculum?
a. Very Excited!
b. A bit excited
c. Same as always
d. Not excited at all

Part B
1. How can AI be used as a tool to transform the world into a better place?
2. Can you list down a few applications in your smartphone that widely make use of
computer vision?
3. Draw out the difference between the three domains of AI with respect to the types
of data they use.
4. Identify the features and the domain of AI used in them:
 (a) (b)

(c)

5. Separate the following areas based on the kinds of domains widely used in them:
a. Crop productivity
b. Traffic regulation
c. Maps and navigation
d. Text editors and autocorrect
e. Identifying and predicting disease
6. After the pandemic, it’s been essential for everyone to wear a mask. However, you see many
people not wearing masks when in public places. Which domain of AI can be used to build a
system to detect people not wearing masks?
7. Search for an online game that recognizes the image drawn by you. Write down the observations
including the AI domain used by it.

Teamwork:
Pair yourself up with your classmates to come up with the dialogues. One out of the two will act like a
chatbot answering stress-related queries during exams and the other can ask the questions. For
example, you can ask ways to remain optimistic during exams and your friend acting as the chatbot may
respond with answers like meditating, strolling through a park, etc.
Unit 1.3
Ethics and Morality
Title: AI Ethical Issues Approach: Interactive Session + Activity

Summary: Students will learn about Morals and Ethics, ethical values related to personal data
and ethical steps for a safer AI.
Objectives:
● Understanding the concept of Ethics and Morals.
● Students will learn to differentiate between Morality and Ethics.
● Students will explore various Ethics with Personal Data, Issues around AI Ethics, AI Ethics
Principles.
Pre-requisites:
● Basic knowledge of AI Project Cycle and its steps.
● Basic understanding of ethics and ethics in AI.
Key- Concepts:
● Familiarizing with AI project cycle, need for using it and how to map it with different projects.
● Familiarizing with AI ethics and issues around AI ethics.
● Ethical principles for safer AI

Let’s take a look at the given ethical scenarios.

Ethical Scenario – I
Imagine a situation where you are a high school teacher. You have to
check a lot of essay submissions, which will take a lot of time. You find
an AI tool that can correct the essays submissions and assign them
grades.

Ask: “learners to imagine themselves in the scenario before moving on to discussion questions.”

Let’s Discuss:
1. Would you use the tool to grade the essays?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Why would you do that?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. What will be the advantages and disadvantages of using the AI tool?
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Can you think of any challenges which the AI tool might face?
_____________________________________________________________________
 Wait for the learners to respond.
Ask them why they choose to respond in a certain way.
Point out different responses from different learners in the same situation.

Say: Watch another interesting reference video on ethical scenarios

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyTmeb4vFqE
Ask learners to imagine themselves in the scenario before moving on to discussion questions.

Watch another interesting reference video on ethical scenarios

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyTmeb4vFqE

Ethical Scenario – II
Burger
▪ Imagine a situation where you oversee burgers at a fast-
food restaurant

▪ It is a busy day with a lot of orders coming in fast.

▪ While cooking, you drop a burger on the dirty floor!

▪ Your boss passes by and says, “Just pick it up and serve

it!”

▪ What would you do?

Ask below questions one by one. Wait for the response from the learners. Let the learners know
that these questions do not necessarily have a right answer.

Ethical Questions:

Examples of Ethical questions

• If a shopkeeper gives me back more money than what is due, is it better to return it? Or should I
keep it with me?

• Is taking pens from a library considered stealing?

• Is taking extra paper napkins from a restaurant considered theft?

• You order a new dress from Amazon and after wearing it on your friends birthday party, you
returned it stating the reason inappropriate fitting.
Moral Questions
Examples of moral questions
• Is it OK to lie? If so, under what circumstances?

• If a family is hungry and has no other way to get food, is it OK

to steal food from a rich store owner? Why or why not?

• Is a collective decision made by people, always, right? Or can it

be wrong?

Let’s Discuss:
1. What is ethics according to you?
_____________________________________________
2. What are morals according to you?
_____________________________________________
3. Did you notice any differences or similarities between ethical
and moral questions?
____________________________________________

Ethical vs Morals

Morals Ethics

▪ The beliefs dictated by our society. ▪ The guiding principles to decide what is good or bad.

▪ Morals are not fixed and can be different ▪ These are values that a person themselves chooses
for different societies. for their life.

▪ Examples: ▪ Examples:
▪ Always speak the truth ▪ Is it good to speak the truth in all situations?
▪ Always be loyal ▪ Is it good to be loyal under all circumstances?
▪ Always be generous ▪ Is it necessary to always be generous?

Say “Different societies or religions can consider different things right or wrong. What might be
considered very good by one person, society or religion might not be considered as good by another.”

Fun activity:

Purpose: Use Moral Machine Platform to exercise the morality of persons.

● Moral Machine is a platform for gathering a human perspective on moral decisions made by
 artificial intelligence, such as self-driving cars.
● At the end, you will be able to see how their responses compare with other people.

Activity Guidelines:
To perform the activity:
Go to this https://www.moralmachine.net

● Click on ‘Start Judging’ and you will see a screen as shown.

● Answer the questions till the end.

Let’s summarise:

● The results will tell you which characters you preferred over the others.
● Saving more lives matters to you. When given a choice, you would prefer to save as many people as
you can.
● It does not matter to you much if a person obeys the law or not when it comes to saving people.
● You will also get to know what beliefs you value with the choices you make in the game.
● You prefer protecting passengers, instead of pedestrians more.
● When an equal number of people are getting hurt, you prefer to not be a part of the consequences,
and you do not intervene.
Ethics and Personal Data
Hahaha!
There is a student named Jack This reel is so
▪ Jack spends a lot of time on the internet every day. funny!
▪ He does his research assignments, connects with his
friends, uses social media, plays his favorite games, and
shops on the internet.

▪ This means that a lot of his personal information is on the

internet.

Ethics with Personal Data

▪ There are around 5.34 billion smartphone users in the world as of July 2022, with their
information available on the internet.

▪ AI can help us find out data related to a particular person, from all
the available data.

▪ Such AI solutions are used by organizations to give us customized

recommendations for products, songs, videos, etc.

▪ In this way, AI can influence our decision-making at times

▪ This calls for a need for ethical principles that govern AI and people
who are creating AI.
 Say “Try to identify if the learners can relate to Jack and what he uses the internet for. Ask the
learners if they also use the voice assistant, phone camera, and internet search just like Jack.

Let’s discuss:
1. Can you think of what kind of personal data might be stored on the internet?
___________________________________________________________
2. What are some other ways this personal data could be used to influence individuals?
__________________________________________________________
3. Would it be ethical if governments had access to all the personal data of the citizens?
__________________________________________________________

Major Issues around AI Ethics

Let’s learn some more about Jack:

▪ He is an average middle school student.

▪ His school recently started using an AI-based essay grading system.

▪ The system takes in an essay and assigns grades after evaluation.

▪ Jack is worried that he scored a bad grade, even though he wrote a really good essay.

Let’s discuss

▪ What do you think happened here?

__________________________________________________________________________________
▪ Why did the AI evaluate Jack’s essay incorrectly?
_________________________________________________________________________________

Ask: “what the learners did if they received lesser marks than they had expected.”
The reason was that the data used The AI had learnt from data from
What could
by the AI algorithm to learn how to have students who were in universities.
grade essays was faulty. possibly
gone wrong?

The data had been collected from This is an example of how AI can be
students who also happened to live in wrong at times, because of faulty or
a different country. biased data.

What are the principles of AI Ethics?

AI Ethics Principles
Identifying the principles
● To make AI better, we need to identify the factors
responsible for it.

● The following principles in AI Ethics affect the quality of AI

solutions
▪ Human Rights
▪ Bias
▪ Privacy
▪ Inclusion
Let’s look at the AI Ethics principles in detail:

Human Rights
● When building AI solutions, we need to ensure that they follow human
rights.

● Here are a few things that you should take care of

▪ Does your AI take away Freedom?

▪ Does your AI discriminate against People?
▪ Does your AI deprive people of jobs?
▪ What are some other human rights which need to be protected when it comes to AI?

Brief learners on basic human rights. Ask them some rights that they enjoy and what are the other
rights that they think they should have?
Bias
● Bias (partiality or preference for one over the other) often comes from the collected data. The
bias in training data also appears in the results.

● Here are a few things that you should take care of

▪ Does your data equally represent all the sections
of the included populations?
▪ Will your AI learn to discriminate against certain
groups of people?
▪ Does your AI exclude some people?
▪ What are some other biases that might appear in
an AI?

Ask the learners to recall the discussion on bias from level 0Are there any biases that they have?

Privacy
● We need to have rules which keep our individual and private data safe.
● Here are a few things that you should take care of
▪ Does your AI collect personal data from people?
▪ What does it do with the data?
▪ Does your AI let people know about the data that it is collecting for its use?
▪ Will your AI ensure a person’s safety? Or will it compromise it?
▪ What are some other ways in which AI can breach someone’s privacy?

Ask learners about their understanding of privacy. Are there things that would want to keep private and
not share with others?
Inclusion
● AI MUST NOT discriminate against a particular group of population, causing them any kind of
disadvantage.
● Here are a few things you should take care of
▪ Does your AI leave out any person or a group?
▪ Is a rich person and a poor person benefitted equally from
your AI?
▪ How easy is it to use your AI?
▪ Who does your AI help?
▪ How can we make AI more inclusive?

Ask learners, “if they have felt excluded from any group. How does it feel? Why does exclusion
happen in the first place?”

Let’s discuss:
1. Do you follow some ethics in your life?
2. How does AI Ethics impact us in daily life?
3. Can you think of some examples for each of the 4 AI Ethics
principles – Human Rights, Bias, Privacy, Inclusion?

Key Takeaways:
Each AI problem can be mapped to the AI project cycle.
AI project cycle simplifies the AI solution development process.
Morality defines a set of beliefs dictated by society, culture, or tradition e.g., being truthful, loyal
etc.
Ethics defines the principles that decide what is good and what is bad e.g., is it right to speak the
truth even if it threatens someone’s life?
AI Ethics principles help us guide to create better and safer AI solutions.

Revision Time
1. The guiding principles to decide what is good or bad is known as ___________.
2. When building AI solutions, we need to ensure that they follow ______________________.
3. Praneet has taken extra packets of mouth freshener after dinner from a restaurant. Is it considered as
theft?” Is it -Moral or Ethical concern?
4. Rakshit and Aman are talking about purchasing a new mobile. They discuss various features which
they want in their mobile. Aman finds that, he started getting notification of various models of
Mobiles that meets his requirement? Write which ethical concern the above example depicts.
5. “Preference for one over the other” is known as ____________.
6. Artificial Intelligence and machine learning systems can display unfair behaviour if not trained
properly. (True/False)
7. Search for images of personal secretary on Google, displaying predominantly the images of Women is
an example of ______________________.
8. An Ethical AI framework makes sure that transparency, fairness and accountability is develop into the
systems to provide unbiased results. (True/False)

Answer the following:

1. Differentiate between Ethics and Moral with suitable examples.
2. Define principles of AI.
3. Explain Data privacy.
4. Craft a description of how considerations for inclusivity are addressed during the development of
AI models.
5. Write Major Issues around AI Ethics.
6. A company had been working on a secret AI recruiting tool. The machine-learning specialists
uncovered a big problem: their new recruiting engine did not like women chefs. The system taught
itself that male candidates are preferable. It penalised resumes that included the word “women
chef". This led to the failure of the tool.
a. What aspect of AI ethics is illustrated in the given scenario?
b. What could be the possible reasons for the ethical concern identified?
7. As Artificially Intelligent machines become more and more powerful, their ability to accomplish
tedious tasks is becoming better. Hence, it is now that AI machines have started replacing humans
in factories. While people see it in a negative way and say AI has the power to bring mass
unemployment and one day, machines would enslave humans, on the other hand, other people
say that machines are meant to ease our lives. If machines over take monotonous and tedious
tasks, humans should upgrade their skills to remain their masters always.
What according to you is a better approach towards this ethical concern? Justify your answer.

Unit 2 - Data Literacy