THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS

2019 Term 2

MATH1241
Mathematics 1B

(1) TIME ALLOWED – Two (2) hours

(2) TOTAL NUMBER OF QUESTIONS – 3

(3) ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

(4) THE QUESTIONS ARE OF EQUAL VALUE

(5) ANSWER EACH QUESTION IN A SEPARATE BOOK

(6) THIS PAPER MAY BE RETAINED BY THE CANDIDATE

(7) ONLY CALCULATORS WITH AN AFFIXED “UNSW APPROVED” STICKER

MAY BE USED

(8) A SHORT TABLE OF INTEGRALS IS INSIDE THE FRONT COVER and

A STANDARD NORMAL TABLE IS APPENDED ON THE LAST PAGE

(9) TO OBTAIN FULL MARKS, YOUR ANSWERS MUST NOT ONLY BE

CORRECT, BUT ALSO ADEQUATELY EXPLAINED, CLEARLY WRIT-
TEN AND LOGICALLY SET OUT.

All answers must be written in ink. Except where they are expressly required pencils
may only be used for drawing, sketching or graphical work.
2019 Term 2 MATH1241 Page 2

BLANK PAGE

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2019 Term 2 MATH1241 Page 3

USE A SEPARATE BOOK CLEARLY MARKED QUESTION 1

1. a) Evaluate the following integral

2x3 + x2 + 4
Z
I= dx.
(x2 + 4)2

b) Use appropriate tests to determine whether each of the following series

converges or diverges
∞
X n2
i)
n=1
2n
∞
X 1
ii) (−1)n−1 1/n
n=2
3

c) Find the general solution to the differential equation

d2 y dy
2
+ 6 + 9y = 27x
dx dx

d) Using the Maple output below, or otherwise, answer the questions that
follow.
> with(LinearAlgebra):
> N := <<4,0,0,1>|<0,1,-1,0>|<0,-1,1,0>|<1,0,0,4>>;
 
4 0 0 1
 0 1 −1 0 
N := 
 0 −1

1 0 
1 0 0 4
> Eigenvalues(N);  
5
 2 
 
 3 
0
> Eigenvectors(N);
   
5 1 0 −1 0
 2   0 −1 0 1 
 ,  
 3   0 1 0 1 
0 1 0 1 0

i) Write down a basis for ker N.

ii) Write down a basis for the column space of N.
iii) State the rank and nullity of N.
iv) What are the eigenvalues of N 2 ?

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2019 Term 2 MATH1241 Page 4

e) You are given the following information about the events A and B.
• P (A) = 0.2
• P (B) = p
• P (A|B) = 0.3
• P (Ac |B c ) = 0.9
i) Draw a tree diagram representing this information.
ii) Find p.

f) Let B = {u, v, w} be a basis for R3 . Let

S1 = {u − v},
S2 = {u − v, v − w},
S3 = {u − v, v − w, w − u}.

i) For each of S1 , S2 and S3 , determine, with reasons, whether they are

linearly independent.
ii) State the dimensions of span(S1 ), span(S2 ) and span(S3 ).

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2019 Term 2 MATH1241 Page 5

USE A SEPARATE BOOK CLEARLY MARKED QUESTION 2

2. a) The times (in seconds) of a group of athletes running the 400 metres
are found to be approximately normally distributed with mean 48.7 and
variance 1.9. Estimate the value of t such that the fastest 2% of these
athletes achieve a time of t seconds or better.

b) Let X be a discrete random variable with the following probability dis-

tribution.
x 1 2 3 4 5
P (X = x) 0.1 0.3 0.1 p q
It is given that E(X) = 3.3.
i) Find the missing probabilities p and q.
ii) Calculate the variance of X.

c) Is   
x1 + 1 2x2 + 4
S= x1 , x2 ∈ R
x2 + 2 x1 + x2 + 3
a vector space over R, with the usual operations of matrix addition and
scalar multiplication? Prove your answer.

d) Consider the linear transformation

F : M22 → M22 where F (X) = X + aX T .

Here a is a real constant, and X T denotes the transpose of the matrix X.

You do not need to prove that F is a linear transformation.
 
0 0
i) Show that ker(F ) = if and only if a 6= ±1.
0 0
ii) Prove that if a 6= ±1 then every matrix B ∈ M22 can be written in
the form B = X + aX T for some X ∈ M22 .

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2019 Term 2 MATH1241 Page 6

e) At each turn in the game “Rock, Paper, Scissors”, the player makes a
choice of rock or paper or scissors. When playing the game, Daenerys
follows a fairly predictable strategy. If she chooses rock one turn, she will
choose paper or scissors next turn, with probabilities 13 and 23 respectively.
If she chooses paper one turn, she will choose any one of the three options
next turn, with equal probabilities. If she chooses scissors, she will choose
rock or scissors next turn, with probabilities 13 and 23 respectively.
Let rn , pn , sn be the probabilities that Daenerys chooses rock, paper,
scissors on the nth turn in the game, and consider the vector
 
rn
vn =  p n  .
sn

i) Find a matrix A such that vn+1 = Avn for all n.

ii) Determine the long–term probabilities for each of the three choices
if Daenerys continues to follow the above strategy.

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2019 Term 2 MATH1241 Page 7

USE A SEPARATE BOOK CLEARLY MARKED QUESTION 3

3. a) In a biological experiment, bacteria and phages (organisms that eat bac-

teria) grow in a container together. Initially, there are b0 bacteria and p0
phages in the container, and after t hours, the number of bacteria is b(t)
and the number of phages is p(t). The bacteria and phages each repro-
duce at a rate of 10% per hour. Each phage eats on average two bacteria
per hour. Nothing eats the phages, and in the course of the experiment
there are no further limitations on the growth of the populations.
i) Write down a pair of differential equations which express the growth
of the populations and their interactions.
ii) Solve the equations to find expressions for p and b as functions of
time t.
iii) Under what conditions on b0 and p0 do the phages eventually eat all
the bacteria, and if so, when does this occur?

b) A surface is formed by rotating the curve z = x2 + 1 around the z-axis.

i) Write down the Cartesian equation of the surface.
ii) Find the area of the part of the surface that lies between z = 2 and
z = 5.

c) Suppose that y is a function of x satisfying the initial value problem

y 00 + y 0 + xy 2 = 0 with y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 0 .

You may assume that this initial value problem has a solution.
i) Write down p1 (x), the Taylor polynomial of degree 1 for y about 0.
ii) Find p3 (x), the Taylor polynomial of degree 3 for y about 0, and use
it to estimate the smallest positive zero of y.

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2019 Term 2 MATH1241 Page 8

d) A sequence of real numbers {ak }∞

k=1 is defined recursively by a1 = 0.55
and
5
ak+1 = ak (1 − ak ), for k ≥ 1.
2
The Maple session below is needed for the questions on the following
page.

> f := x -> 5/2*x*(1-x);

5
f := x → x(1 − x) (1)
2
> p := factor(f(f(x))-x);
x(5x − 3)(25x2 − 35x + 14)
p := − (2)
8
> q := factor(f(f(x))-3/5);
(5x − 4)(5x − 3)(5x − 2)(5x − 1)
q := − (3)
40
> plot([p,q], x=0..1, -0.1..0.4, linestyle=[solid,dash]);

> a[1] := 0.55;

a1 := 0.55 (4)
> for i to 7 do a[i+1] := f(a[i]) end do;
a2 := 0.6187500000
a3 := 0.5897460938
a4 := 0.6048640964
a5 := 0.5975088032
a6 := 0.6012300832
a7 := 0.5993811756
a8 := 0.6003084548 (5)

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2019 Term 2 MATH1241 Page 9

Note that 0.4 < a1 < 0.8 and if 0.4 < ak < 0.8 then 0.4 < ak+1 < 0.8.
Hence by induction all terms in the sequence are between 0.4 and 0.8.
Use the results from Maple on the previous page to answer the following
questions.
i) For k ∈ Z+ , show that if 0.4 < ak < 0.6 then ak+2 < 0.6 and if
0.6 < ak < 0.8 then ak+2 > 0.6.
ii) Prove that the odd terms (a1 , a3 , a5 , . . .) are increasing and the even
terms (a2 , a4 , a6 , . . .) are decreasing.
iii) Prove that ak is convergent and find its limit.

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2019 Term 2 MATH1241 Page 10

BASIC INTEGRALS
Z
1
dx = ln |x| + C = ln |kx|, C = ln k
Z x
1
eax dx = eax + C
Z a
1 x
ax dx = a + C, a 6= 1
Z ln a
1
sin ax dx = − cos ax + C
Z a
1
cos ax dx = sin ax + C
Z a
2 1
sec ax dx = tan ax + C
Z a
2 1
cosec ax dx = − cot ax + C
Z a
1
tan ax dx = ln | sec ax| + C
Z a
1
cot ax dx = ln | sin ax| + C
Z a
1
sec ax dx = ln | sec ax + tan ax| + C
Z a
1
sinh ax dx = cosh ax + C
Z a
1
cosh ax dx = sinh ax + C
Z a
1
sech2 ax dx = tanh ax + C
Z a
1
cosech2 ax dx = − coth ax + C
Z a
dx 1 x
2 2
= tan−1 + C
Z a +x a a
dx 1 −1 x
= tanh + C, |x| < a
a2 − x 2 a a
= a1 coth−1 xa + C, |x| > a > 0
1 a+x
= ln + C, x2 6= a2
Z 2a a−x
dx x
√ = sin−1 + C
Z
2
a −x 2 a
dx x
√ = sinh−1 + C
Z x 2 + a2 a
dx x
√ = cosh−1 + C, x>a>0
x 2 − a2 a

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2019 Term 2 MATH1241 Page 11

Standard normal probabilities P (Z ≤ z)

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
−2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
−2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
−2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
−2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
−2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
−2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
−2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
−2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
−2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
−2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
−1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
−1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
−1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
−1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
−1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
−1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
−1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
−1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
−1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
−1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
−0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
−0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
−0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
−0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
−0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
−0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
−0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
−0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
−0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
−0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986

END OF EXAMINATION