UNIT III

CLOUD COMPUTING AND SERVICE MODELS

Over the past two decades, the world economy has rapidly moved from manufacturing to more
service-oriented.
oriented. In 2010, 80 percent of the U.S. economy was driven by the service industry, leaving
only 15 percent in manufacturing and 5 percent in agriculture and other areas. Cloud computing
benefits the service industry most and advances business computing with a new paradigm. In 2009, the
global cloud service marketplace reached $17.4 billion. IDC predicted in 201
2010 that the cloud-based
economy may increase to $44.2 billion by 2013. Developers of innovative cloud applications no longer
acquire large capital equipment in advance. They just rent the resources from some large data centers
that have been automated for this
his purpose.
Users can access and deploy cloud applications from anywhere in the world at very competitive
costs. Virtualized cloud platforms are often built on top of large data centers. With that in mind, we
examine first the server cluster in a data center
center and its interconnection issues. In other words, clouds
aim to power the next generation of data centers by architecting them as virtual resources over
automated hardware, databases, user interfaces, and application environments. In this sense, clouds
grow out of the desire to build better data centers through automated resource provisioning.
Public, Private, and Hybrid Clouds
The concept of cloud computing has evolved from cluster, grid, and utility computing. Cluster
and grid computing leverage the use of many computers in parallel to solve problems of any size.
Utility and Software as a Service (SaaS) provide computing resources as a service with the notion of
pay per use. Cloud computing leverages dynamic resources to deliver large numbers of serv
services to end
users. Cloud computing is a high-throughput
high throughput computing (HTC) paradigm whereby the infrastructure
provides the services through a large data center or server farms. The cloud computing model enables
users to share access to resources from anywhere
anywhere at any time through their connected devices.

In this scenario, the computations (programs) are sent to where the data is located, rather than
copying the data to millions of desktops as in the traditional approach. Cloud computing avoids large
data movement,
ment, resulting in much better network bandwidth utilization. Furthermore, machine
virtualization has enhanced resource utilization, increased application flexibility, and reduced the total
cost of using virtualized data-center
center resources. The cloud offers significant benefit to IT companies
by freeing them from the low-level
level task of setting up the hardware (servers) and managing the system
software. Cloud computing applies a virtual platform with elastic resources put together by on
on-
demand provisioning of hardware,
ardware, software, and data sets, dynamically. The main idea is to move

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desktop computing to a service-oriented
service oriented platform using server clusters and huge databases at data
centers. Cloud computing leverages its low cost and simplicity to both providers and uusers. According
to Ian Foster, cloud computing intends to leverage multitasking to achieve higher throughput by
serving many heterogeneous applications, large or small, simultaneously.
Public Clouds
A public cloud is built over the Internet and can be accessed by any user who has paid for the
service. Public clouds are owned by service providers and are accessible through a subscription. The
callout box in top of the architecture of a typical public cloud.
cloud. Many public clouds are available,
including Google App Engine (GAE), Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, IBM Blue
Cloud, and Salesforce.com’s Force.com. The providers of the aforementioned clouds are commercial
providers that offer a publicly accessible remote interface for creating and managing VM instances
within their proprietary infrastructure. A public cloud delivers a selected set of business processes. The
application and infrastructure services are offered on a flexible price-per-use
price basis.
asis.

Private Clouds
A private cloud is built within the domain of an intranet owned by a single organization. Therefore,
it is client owned and managed, and its access is limited to the owning clients and their partners. Its
deployment was not meant to sell capacity over the Internet through publicly accessible interfaces. Private
clouds give local users a flexible and agile private infrastructure to run service workloads within their
administrative domains. A private cloud is supposed to deliver more efficient
efficient and convenient cloud
services. It may impact the cloud standardization, while retaining greater customization and
organizational control.

Hybrid Clouds
A hybrid cloud is built with both public and private clouds, Private clouds can also support a
hybrid cloud model by supplementing local infrastructure with computing capacity from an external
public cloud. For example, the Research Compute Cloud (RC2) is a private cloud, built by IBM, that
interconnects the computing and IT resources at eight IBM Research Centers scattered throughout the
United States, Europe, and Asia. A hybrid cloud provides access to clients, the partner network, and
third parties. In summary, public clouds promote standardization, preserve capital investment, and offer
application
tion flexibility. Private clouds attempt to achieve customization and offer higher efficiency,
resiliency, security, and privacy. Hybrid clouds operate in the middle, with many compromises in terms
of resource sharing.

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Community cloud
A community cloud in computing is a collaborative effort in which infrastructure is shared
between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns (security,
compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether managed internally or by a third-party and hosted internally or
externally.This is controlled and used by a group of organizations that have shared interest. The costs
are spread over fewer users than a public cloud (but more than a private cloud), so only some of the
cost savings potential of cloud computing are realized.

Fig: 1. Deployment reference model

Categories of Cloud Computing:
Cloud computing supports any IT service that can be consumed as a utility and delivered through
a network, most likely the Internet. Such characterization includes quite different aspects: infrastructure,
development platforms, application and services
Cloud computing delivers infrastructure, platform, and software (application) as services, which
are made available as subscription-based services in a pay-as-you-go model to consumers. The services
provided over the cloud can be generally categorized into three different service models: namely IaaS,
Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). These form the three pillars on top of

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which cloud computing solutions are delivered to end users. All three models allow users to access
services over the Internet, relying entirely on the infrastructures of cloud service providers.
These models are offered based on various SLAs between providers and users. In a broad sense,
the SLA for cloud computing is addressed in terms of service availability, performance, and data
protection and security. The three cloud models at different service levels of the cloud. SaaS is applied
at the application end using special interfaces by users or clients. At the PaaS layer, the cloud platform
must perform billing services and handle job queuing, launching, and monitoring services. At the
bottom layer of the IaaS services, databases, compute instances, the file system, and storage must be
provisioned to satisfy user demands. The IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS cloud service models at different service
levels.

Fig.2.: Services Architecture

1. Infrastructure- and hardware-as-a-service
Infrastructure- and Hardware-as-a-Service (IaaS/HaaS) solutions are the most popular
and developed market segment of cloud computing. They deliver customizable infrastructure on
demand. The available options within the IaaS offering umbrella range from single servers to entire
infrastructures, including network devices, load balancers, and database and Web servers. The main
technology used to deliver and implement these solutions is hardware virtualization:one or more
virtual machines opportunely configured and interconnected define the distributed system on top of
which applications are installed and deployed. Virtual machines also constitute the atomic
components that are deployed and priced according to the specific features of the virtual hardware:
memory, number of processors, and disk storage.
IaaS/HaaS solutions bring all the benefits of hardware virtualization: workload
partitioning, application isolation, sandboxing, and hardware tuning. From the perspective of the

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 service provider, IaaS/HaaS allows better exploiting the IT infrastructure and provides a more secure
environment where executing third party applications.
From the perspective of the customer it reduces the administration and maintenance cost
as well as the capital costs allocated to purchase hardware. At the same time, users can take
advantage of the full customization offered by virtualization to deploy their infrastructure in the
cloud; in most cases virtual machines come with only the selected operating system installed and the
system can be configured with all the required packages and applications.

Table.1 : Cloud Computing Services Classification

Figure 3 provides an overall view of the components forming an Infrastructure-as-a-
Service solution. It is possible to distinguish three principal layers: the physical infrastructure, the
software management infrastructure, and the user interface. At the top layer the user interface
provides access to the services exposed by the software management infrastructure. Such an
interface is generally based on Web 2.0 technologies: Web services, RESTful APIs, and mash-ups.
These technologies allow either applications or final users to access the services exposed by the
underlying infrastructure. Web 2.0 applications allow developing full-featured management
consoles completely hosted in a browser or a Web page. Web services and RESTful APIs allow
programs to interact with the service without human intervention, thus providing complete
integration within a software system. The core features of an IaaS solution are implemented in the
infrastructure management software layer. In particular, management of the virtual machines is the
most important function performed by this layer. A central role is played by the scheduler, which is
in charge of allocating the execution of virtual machine instances. The scheduler interacts with the
other components that perform a variety of tasks:
• The pricing and billing component takes care of the cost of executing each virtual machine
instance and maintains data that will be used to charge the user.

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 • The monitoring component tracks the execution of each virtual machine instance and maintains
data required for reporting and analyzing the performance of the system.
• The reservation component stores the information of all the virtual machine instances that have
been executed or that will be executed in the future.
• If support for QoS-based execution is provided, a QoS/SLA management component will
maintain a repository of all the SLAs made with the users; together with the monitoring component,
this component is used to ensure that a given virtual machine instance is executed with the desired
quality of service.
• The VM repository component provides a catalog of virtual machine images that users can use
to create virtual instances. Some implementations also allow users to upload their specific virtual
machine images.
• A VM pool manager component is responsible for keeping track of all the live instances.
• Finally, if the system supports the integration of additional resources belonging to a third-party
IaaS provider, a provisioning component interacts with the scheduler to provide a virtual machine
instance that is external to the local physical infrastructure directly managed by the pool.
The bottom layer is composed of the physical infrastructure, on top of which the management
layer operates. As previously discussed, the infrastructure can be of different types; the specific
infrastructure used depends on the specific use of the cloud. A service provider will most likely use a
massive datacenter containing hundreds or thousands of nodes.

Fig: 3.
Infrastructure-as-a-Service reference implementation

The proposed architecture only represents a reference model for IaaS implementations. It has
been used to provide general insight into the most common features of this approach for providing

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cloud computing services and the operations commonly implemented at this level. The role of
infrastructure management software is not to keep track and manage the execution of virtual machines
but to provide access to large infrastructures and implement storage virtualization solutions on top of the
physical layer.

2. Platform as a service
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) solutions provide a development and deployment platform for
running applications in the cloud. They constitute the middleware on top of which applications are built.
A general overview of the features characterizing the PaaS approach is given in Figure 4.Application
management is the core functionality of the middleware. PaaS implementations provide applications
with a runtime environment and do not expose any service for managing the underlying infrastructure.
They automate the process of deploying applications to the infrastructure, configuring application
components, provisioning and configuring supporting technologies such as load balancers and
databases, and managing system change based on policies set by the user.

Fig:4. PaaS Reference model

Developers design their systems in terms of applications and are not concerned with hardware
(physical or virtual), operating systems, and other low-level services. The core middleware is in charge
of managing the resources and scaling applications on demand or automatically, according to the
commitments made with users. From a user point of view, the core middleware exposes interfaces that
allow programming and deploying applications on the cloud. These can be in the
form of a Web-based interface or in the form of programming APIs and libraries. The specific
development model decided for applications determines the interface exposed to the user. Some

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implementations provide a completely Web-based interface hosted in the cloud and offering a variety of
services. It is possible to find integrated developed environments based on 4GL and visual programming
concepts, or rapid prototyping environments where applications are built by assembling mash-ups and
user-defined components and successively customized. Other implementations of the PaaS model
provide a complete object model for representing an application and provide a programming language-
based approach. This approach generally offers more flexibility and opportunities but incurs longer
development cycles. Developers generally have the full power of programming languages such as Java,
.NET, Python, or Ruby, with some restrictions to provide better scalability and security. In this case the
traditional development environments can be used to design and develop applications, which are then
deployed on the cloud by using the APIs exposed by the PaaS provider. Specific components can be
offered together with the development libraries for better exploiting the services offered by the PaaS
environment. Sometimes a local runtime environment that simulates the conditions of the cloud is given
to users for testing their applications before deployment. This environment can be restricted in terms of
features, and it is generally not optimized for scaling.
PaaS solutions can offer middleware for developing applications together with the infrastructure
or simply provide users with the software that is installed on the user premises. In the first case, the PaaS
provider also owns large datacenters where applications are executed; in the second case, referred to in
this book as Pure PaaS, the middleware constitutes the core value of the offering. It is also possible to
have vendors that deliver both middleware and infrastructure and ship only the middleware for private
installations.

Table 2 provides a classification of the most popular PaaS implementations. It is possible

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to organize the various solutions into three wide categories: PaaS-I, PaaS-II, and PaaS-III. The first
category identifies PaaS implementations that completely follow the cloud computing style for
application development and deployment. They offer an integrated development environment hosted
within the Web browser where applications are designed, developed, composed, and
deployed. This is the case of Force.com and Longjump. Both deliver as platforms the combination of
middleware and infrastructure. In the second class we can list all those solutions that are focused on
providing a scalable infrastructure for Web application, mostly websites. In this case, developers
generally use the providers’ APIs, which are built on top of industrial runtimes, to develop applications.
Google AppEngine is the most popular product in this category. It provides a scalable runtime based on
the Java and Python programming languages, which have been modified for providing a secure runtime
environment and enriched with additional APIs and components to support scalability. AppScale, an
open-source implementation of Google AppEngine, provides interface compatible middleware that has
to be installed on a physical infrastructure. Joyent Smart Platform provides a similar approach to Google
AppEngine. A different approach is taken by Heroku and Engine Yard, which provide scalability
support for Ruby- and Ruby on Rails-based Websites. In this case developers design and create their
applications with the traditional methods and then deploy them by uploading to the provider’s platform.
The third category consists of all those solutions that provide a cloud programming platform for any
kind of application, not only Web applications. Among these, the most popular is Microsoft Windows
Azure, which provides a comprehensive framework for building service oriented cloud applications on
top of the .NET technology, hosted on Microsoft’s datacenters.

3. Software as a service
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a software delivery model that provides access to applications
through the Internet as a Web-based service. It provides a means to free users from complex hardware
and software management by offloading such tasks to third parties, which build applications accessible
to multiple users through a Web browser. In this scenario, customers neither need install anything on
their premises nor have to pay considerable up-front costs to purchase the software and the required
licenses. They simply access the application website, enter their credentials and billing details, and can
instantly use the application, which, in most of the cases, can be further customized for their needs. On
the provider side, the specific details and features of each customer’s application are maintained in the
infrastructure and made available on demand.
The SaaS model is appealing for applications serving a wide range of users and that can be
adapted to specific needs with little further customization. This requirement characterizes SaaS as a
“one-to-many” software delivery model, whereby an application is shared across multiple users. This is
the case of CRM and ERP applications that constitute common needs for almost all enterprises, from

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small to medium-sized and large business. Every enterprise will have the same requirements for the
basic features concerning CRM and ERP; different needs can be satisfied with further customization.
This scenario facilitates the development of software platforms that provide a general set of features and
support specialization and ease of integration of new components. Moreover, it constitutes the perfect
candidate for hosted solutions, since the applications delivered to the user are the same, and the
applications themselves provide users with the means to shape the applications according to user needs.
As a result, SaaS applications are naturally multitenant.
Important class of popular SaaS applications comprises social networking applications such as
Facebook and professional networking sites such as LinkedIn. Other than providing the basic features of
networking, they allow incorporating and extending their capabilities by integrating third-party
applications. These can be developed as plug-ins for the hosting platform, as happens for Facebook, and
made available to users, who can select which applications they want to add to their profile. As a result,
the integrated applications get full access to the network of contacts and users’ profile data. The nature
of these applications can be of different types: office automation components, games, or integration with
other existing services. Office automation applications are also an important representative for SaaS
applications:
Google Documents and Zoho Office are examples of Web-based applications that aim to address
all user needs for documents, spreadsheets, and presentation management. They offer a Web-based
interface for creating, managing, and modifying documents that can be easily shared among users and
made accessible from anywhere.
It is important to note the role of SaaS solution enablers, which provide an environment in which
to integrate third-party services and share information with others. A quite successful example is
Box.net, an SaaS application providing users with a Web space and profile that can be enriched and
extended with third-party applications such as office automation, integration with CRM-based solutions,
social Websites, and photo editing.

Pros in Cloud Computing

Let’s go through the pros and cons of cloud computing for businessmen and corporate. Let’s
begin with the Pros in Cloud Computing:

• Dumping the costly systems: Cloud hosting allows the businessmen to expense minimum cost for
the systems management. Since, we can do everything in the cloud, the local systems need not to be
used or have very less to do with thus saving the pocket that was used for costly devices.
• Providing various options to access: Allowing the user to access cloud for various options
irrespective of Computer only, making it most popular technology now a days. A person can access

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 the cloud out of office through Mobile IPod tablets etc making the work for the users easy and
efficient. It’s not only increasing the efficiency but enhance the services provided to the consumers.
The consumer is made available with the desired files and documents with via single touch.
• No Software maintenance Expense: Cloud computing is made as such it fulfills all the need for the
software thus depriving the user to use costly software systems for the business. All the useful
software are already kept of the cloud servers which makes the user tension free. It completely
removes the scarcity for the users who can’t afford the costly and expensive software and their license
cost. Another booming feature of time to time software up gradation saves company’s time and
money.
• Pre Processed Platform: The cost of adding new person is not affected by the setup of the
application, arrangement and installation for the new device. Cloud applications need not to be
changed and can be used as it is, so there is no need to make changes on the platform for the new
person or application to be added into it.
• Say No to Server: Using Cloud for the business terminates the huge cost expense for the server. The
extra expense involved in the maintenance of the server is removed up to some extent.
• Centralization of data: Other centralization of all the information of multiple projects and accessing
data from the remote location with a single click is the most impressive assets of the Cloud.
• No data is lost, can be recovered easily: Cloud computing provides a quick data recovery as all the
data is stored in the cloud for the backup automatically. The recovery of the data is very costly or not
possible in the personal Business Servers and thus waste lot of time and money.
• Say No to Server: Using Cloud for the business terminates the huge cost expense for the server.
The extra expense involved in the maintenance of the server is removed up to some extent.
• Centralization of data: Other centralization of all the information of multiple projects and
accessing data from the remote location with a single click is the most impressive assets of the
Cloud.
• No data is lost , can be recovered easily: Cloud computing provides a quick data recovery as all the
data is stored in the cloud for the backup automatically. The recovery of the data is very costly or not
possible in the personal Business Servers and thus waste lot of time and money.
• Capable for sharing: When we talk about document accessibility then there is also a concern of
Sharing too. You can share the documents through email to your colleague or friend whenever you
want to.
• Secure Store and Accessibility : Cloud Services provides a secure region and access to the data
stored by the users, there is no issue and threat of losing and data corrupt. So, users can store the data
with eyes closed.

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Cons in Cloud Computing
• No Internet No cloud: To access cloud, an internet connection is a must. So we can say it’s a big
hurdle for the growth of cloud usage all over the world.
• Need a good Bandwidth: With a low bandwidth in internet, we cannot utilize the benefits of the
clouds completely. Again, even a high bandwidth satellite connection can lead to poor quality
performance due to high latency. So, to make the availability of all these things simultaneously is
little difficult to achieve.
• Accessing multiple things simultaneously can affect Quality of cloud access: If a user wants to
have multiple internet work at a same time then he/she has to compromise with the cloud benefits.
Cloud accessibility needs a good Internet speed , so if users is listening to audio, watching Video
while accessing cloud he can have bad experience.
• Security is Must: Cloud computing keeps your data secure but for maintaining the complete
security, assistance from the IT firm is needed for the better experience. If the cloud is used without
any proper assistance and information his/her business can become vulnerable to hackers.
• Hard and Non-negotiable Agreements: There is hard non-negotiable tie up from some of the
Cloud vendors for the business personnel which makes the business men think twice to use the
cloud.
• Cost Comparison with traditional Utilities: Software present in the cloud may look like an
affordable option when it is compared to traditional installation of software in houses. When the
software is accessed from the cloud it may charged you some extra which is not applicable when
installed in the house or taken for home. So, providing many features at a time it is also putting
clients to think about their complete requirement and free availability in the cloud as you are charged
with the additional features.
• Problems to programmers with no Hard Drive: For the Programmers hard disk is must, so if we
are thinking about no storage in system then to keep the hard disk is wastage of money, but on the
other hand it is must for the programmer to have the hard disk for their usage.
• Lack of full support: Cloud-based services are not fully dependable. When a user faces some
problem while taking the facility of cloud they are not supported as per the charge they are imposed
with, and they are actually dependent of the FAQ and user manual to solve their problem which is
not complete fully for the problems they are facing. This lacks transparency in the service, which
makes user doubtful to be dependent fully on the cloud services.
• Incompatibility in software: Several times, problem is arises due to compatibility of the software
with the clouds application. This is due to the fact that some applications, tools, and software are

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 compatible with the personal computer only, and when they are connected to the internet they
doesn’t support the functionality of that fully.
• Lack of insight into your network: It is completely true that cloud computing company provide
you to access disk utilization, CPU and application. But it makes the insight of the user minimal to
their own network. So, when any bug is found on the code, or a hardware problem or anything,
without recognizing the problem it is impossible to fix it.
• Minimum flexibility: The application and services run on a remote server. Due to this, enterprises
using cloud computing have minimal control over the functions of the software as well as hardware.
The applications can never be run locally due to the remote software.

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