KINEMATICS OF TRANSLATIONS

The study of motion can be divided into two:

1. Kinematics – describes motion in Distance vs Displacement

terms of displacement, velocity, and
Displacement
acceleration
2. Dynamics – refers to force and - Is a vector whose length is the
motion shortest distance from the initial to the
final position. Is a vector quantity,
Frame of reference
does depend on direction.
 Is a system that allows an observer to
In order to define displacement, we need
specify quantitatively where and when
directions
something is observe
 It may be a physical entity, such as Examples:
the ground, a room, or a building to
which the motion or position of an + and –
object is being referred. N, S, E, W
Motion – an object change in position Angles
relative to a reference point

Position – refers to the location of an object

with respect to a frame of reference.

Translation – is the term used in physics for

motion in a straight line

It is commonly described by three quantities:

displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

Distance and Displacement are two

quantities that seem to mean the same but
are distinctly different with different
meanings and definitions.
Check for Understanding
Distance is the measure of “how much
ground an object has covered during its  a physics teacher walks 4 meters east,
motion” 2 meters south, 4 meters west, and
Displacement – refers to the measure of finally 2 meters north.
“how far out of place is an object”
4m
Distance

 Distance (d) – how far an object

travels from its initial to final position 2m 2 2m
 Does not depend on direction
 Imagine an ant crawling along ruler
 4m  Since acceleration is defined in term of

Quantities used to describe the motion of the

body may be either scalar or vector. There
are two types of quantities.

1. Scalar Quantities – those than can

be described completely by their
magnitude and appropriate unit., No velocity, which is a vector quantity,
Direction then acceleration is also a vector
Examples: quantity.
1. Speed 60mph 3. Volume 33ml
2. Density 6 g/mL 4. Distance 100m Velocity can change in three ways:

2.Vector Quantities – completely Changes in speed

described by their magnitude, appropriate  In science, acceleration applies to any
unit, and direction. change in an objec’s velocity.
Examples:  Acceleration can be caused by positive
(increasing)
1. Velocity 60 mph east  Change in speed or by negative
2. Force 8 N south (decreasing) change in speed
Speed and Velocity

Speed (s)

 Rate at which an object is moving

 Speed = distance/time
 S= d/t
 Like distance, speed does not depend
Changes in Direction
on direction

Example: A fire truck travels 35km in 3.2  Acceleration can be the result of a
hours. What is its average speed? change in direction at constant speed,
for example, riding a bicycle around a
Given: d = 35km, t = 3.2h
curve.
Find: S
Changes in speed and direction
Solution: s = d/t = 35km/3.2h =
10.94km/h  Sometimes motion is characterized by
Velocity (c) changes in both speed and direction at
the same time.
 is the total displacement per unit time.  For example: turning a corner. The car
 Velocity = displacement/time is accelerating both because it is
 V= d/t changing direction and because its
speed isdecreasing.
Acceleration

 Refers to the change in velocity with Acceleration

respect to time.
A = v/t = vf-vi/t
Where:

(A) acceleration

(Vi) initial velocity of an object

(vf) final velocity of an object

(t) the elapsed time

Example: A car moves at 10m/s. Twenty

seconds later, it moves at 15m/s. determine
the acceleration of the car.

Given: vf = 15m/s, vi = 10m/s, t = 20s

Find: a

Solution: a = vf-vi/t

15ms-10m/s/20s = 0.25m/s2

LAW OF INERTIA

 Objects will remain in their current

state
 Ojects change their state due to force
 Force is an influence that changes
equilibrium
 Mass dictates inertia
Objects with greater mass have more inertia.  The force required to produce a
It takes more force to change their motion. change in motion of a body is diectly
proportional to its mass and the rate
of change in its velocity.
 Force = mass x acceleration

Weight (Fw) – is the force exerted by

gravity on the object, represented by the
formula, Fw = mg, with g is the acceleration
due to gravity (going down)

Normal force (Fn) – is the force acting

against weight, which is always
Force – is defined as an influence that tends perpendicular to the surface the ojbect is
to change an object’s state of motion when resting upon (going up)
left unopposed. It can also be defined as the
strenght or energy which is the result of Frictional force, or friction (Ff) – is the
physical action or movement. From there, we resistance of a surface of an object upon
have two kinds of forces. another object in contact with it (going left)

Types of forces Applied force (Fapp) is the force directly

applied to an object (going right)
1. Contact forces – interactions
between objects that touch Determining the net force uses only the basis
2. Non-contact forces – attract or linear equation
repel, even from a distance.
Fnet = FA + Fa
Law of Inertia
There are two (2) kinds of friction to be
 The first law of newton also known as considered. First is static friction, the
the law of inertia, states that an object friction in which an object needs to overcome
at rest will remain at rest, and an in order to move. Kinetic fiction, on the
object in motion will continue at a other hand, is the friction experienced by
constant velocity unless an external moving surfaces interacting on each other.
force acts upon it. Inertia is the
tendency of objects to resist changes In conclusion, Newton’s Second Law provides
in their state of motion. the explanation for the behavior of objects,
in the case that the forces applied to it do
Law of Acceleration not balance. Also, forces do not simply cause
motion – forces cause accelerations, which
 Objects move due to having a net cause motion.
force
 Net force is the summation of forces Law of Interaction
 Result of mass and acceleration is
force  Force-pairs exist due to inertia’s
 Fnet = ma existence.
 Object experience at least two (2)
The Law of Acceleration acting forces.
  Magnitudes of force-pairs are mostly
equal.

3rd Law of interaction

Law no. 3:

For every action, there is an equal and

opposite reaction.