ACS Guide to

IT Professions 2022
Roles, skills and wages in tech, in detail.
About ACS
ACS is the professional association for Australia’s technology sector. We represent
Technology professionals across industry, government, and education. Our key aim is
to grow the nation’s digital skills and capacity.
To find out more, go to acs.org.au

About Lightcast
Lightcast provides trusted global labour market data, analytics, and expert guidance that
empowers communities, corporations, and learning providers to make informed decisions
and navigate the increasingly complex world of work. With a database of more than one
billion job postings and career profiles, our team provides best-in-class customer service
with robust data, clear analysis, and expert guidance on skills, jobs, and opportunities.
Headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, and Moscow, Idaho, Lightcast is active in more
than 30 countries and has offices in the United Kingdom, Italy, New Zealand, and India.
The company is backed by global private equity leader KKR.
For more, visit www.lightcast.io

Authors
By Kyle Rudman, Bledi Taska and Rucha Vankudre
Foreword

Guiding members Skilling up

With the ACS guide to the IT professions we wanted Australia is in the midst of a critical skills shortage.
to do something a little bit different for our members. The demand for IT professionals far outstrips domestic
Rather than produce a report focussed on the industry supply, and our continued capacity to rely on overseas
as a whole, we wanted to make something that could workers to fill in the gaps is in doubt.
help professionals in their career journeys.
This is a vital issue for our industry and our profession.
The report you’re reading right now is the product of A shortage of skills – and a particular shortage of the
that effort, a roadmap for our members on the various right skills – risks grinding Australia’s economic growth
IT professions available to them. to a halt.

For students looking for a career in technology, it is With the report you’re reading now, we wanted to
designed to serve as a pointer to industry demand and provide useful information to members to assist in their
put them on a path to a productive career. career journeys – but we also wanted to identify what
skills are most in demand. And that’s where this year’s
For established professionals, it can serve as a guide to
ACS guide to the IT professions gives us the answers
wages and skills, showing them the opportunities that
we need.
are available and the skills that are most in demand.
It’s just the beginning, of course. We need to ensure that
And for employers, it is designed to be a help when it
our skills pipelines are sending people down the right
comes to understanding the market, to benchmarking
path. Data jobs, for example, represent four of the five
wages, and to understanding hiring.
fastest growing IT professions in Australia, and knowing
The research has helped us understand the market that, we can start to work on developing the skills
better, too. There are clear messages here, including pipeline to meet that demand.
the fact that employers are asking for much more
ACS is committed to playing our part in that process, and
than technical skills, and IT professionals need to
we hope that industry and the education sector will join
develop additional professional skills to succeed
us in that effort.
– communications, project management, risk
management, and teamwork. If we can do that, if we can make sure that Australian
IT workers are learning the skills most needed, then
These are the kinds of learnings that can make or
we can ensure that Australia’s IT professionals are the
break careers. We hope you’ll find this useful in your
envy of the world, delivering high-paying jobs for our IT
own journey, and we hope to work with you in the
professionals and the value that business needs to keep
future to help you in ways you need the most.
Australia moving forward.

Dr Nick Tate FACS CP Chris Vein

ACS President ACS CEO

1
Table of contents

4 Introduction 40 Data Scientist

42 Data Warehousing Specialist

6 Part 1: The ICT sector landscape
44 Database Administrator
6 Occupational analysis
46 Database Architect
9 Skills analysis
48 IT Project Manager
11 Industry analysis
50 Mobile Applications Developer
12 Geography of ICT postings
52 Network/Systems Administrator
13 Wages by state and territory
54 Network/Systems Support Specialist
14 Education requirements
56 Network Engineer/Architect
16 Experience requirements
58 Operations Analyst
17 International wage comparison
60 Security Management Specialist
18 Part 2: Focus on cyber security
62 Software Developer/ Engineer
20 Top occupations within cyber security
64 Software QA Engineer/Tester
21 Top skills within cyber security
66 Systems Analyst
24 Part 3: Occupation profiles
68 Technology Consultant
24 Business Intelligence Analyst 70 Telecommunications Engineering Specialist
26 Business Intelligence Architect/Developer 72 UI UX Designer/Developer
28 CIO/Director of Information Technology 74 Web Designer
30 Computer Programmer 76 Web Developer
32 Computer Support Specialist 78 Webmaster/Administrator
34 Computer Systems Engineer/Architect 80 Appendices
36 Cyber/Information Security Engineer/Analyst 80 Appendix 1: Job title to Lightcast Global Occupation Taxonomy crosswalk
38 Data/Data Mining Analyst 83 Appendix 2: Lightcast to ANZSCO occupation crosswalk

84 Appendix 3: Top certifications

Table of contents 3
 Job ads by occupation family

Introduction Occupation family 2021 2016 2021 2016

postings postings postings to 2021
share share Growth
As we move further into the digital age, the economy is openings for ICT occupations have grown 15% faster than
becoming increasingly reliant on the technology sector the overall market. The COVID-19 pandemic heightened Healthcare including nursing 141,704 10.1% 12.2% 21%
to fuel productivity and growth. Within Australia, this is this trend, as seen by the particularly large increase in
Information and communications technology 117,732 8.9% 10.1% 14%
driving rapid demand growth for workers in information demand between 2020 and 2021.
and communications technology (ICT). Since 2016, job Business management and operations 109,718 9.6% 9.4% -2%

Sales 103,997 11.4% 8.9% -22%

Cybersecurity
ICT postings postings
vs. job postings economy vs.2016
index, jobto postings
2021 economy index, 2016-2021
Hospitality, food and tourism 78,620 6.3% 6.8% 8%

2 Such rapid growth presents strong opportunities for The first section of the report provides an overview of the
students and jobseekers, but also presents challenges quickly changing landscape of the ICT sector. It identifies
1.8 as demand for some skills grows more quickly than top occupations, top skills and top industries, and it also
for others. Therefore, it is critical to stay current with provides an examination of job requirements within the
1.6 understanding trends in demand and relevant skills in sector and how these requirements compare globally.
order for educators, employers and jobseekers to fully The second section takes a closer look at the labour
1.4 realise the potential associated with this growing field. market for cyber security, an area of growing relevance
within the ICT sector.
Demand

This report consists of three main sections.

1.2
Finally, the third section provides a compendium of
occupation profiles for all relevant jobs and key statistics
1
related to them.

0.8

Data and methodology in this report

0.6
This report uses a proprietary dataset collected by Lightcast that includes millions of unique online job
0.4 postings in Australia, made since 2016. To build and maintain this database of job postings, Lightcast
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 collects job postings from close to 1,000 online job boards, newspapers and employer sites on a daily
ICT demand index AU demand index basis and it deduplicates postings for the same job, whether it is posted multiple times on the same site
or across multiple sites. The online ads are then classified by location, employer, occupation, education
required, skills required, wages and any other type of information that can be extracted from the ad. The
insights from this data provides a timely view of trends in the labour market because they allow for a
detailed, real-time look at the skills employers seek.

Key to this methodology is the ability to analyse skill demand and skill transferability in highly granular
Occupations in the ICT family now make up over 10% of Looking at the five largest occupation families, shown ways. Lightcast draws on its industry-leading occupational and skill taxonomies. Based on real-time
all job postings in Australia, and the ICT family is the in the following table, we see that it also has the analyses of job titles and requirements for skills and education, the Lightcast Global Occupation
second largest occupation family in the nation, with over second fastest five-year growth rate at 14%, behind only Taxonomy (GOT) was adapted to more accurately reflect current employer demand. This separates out
115,000 postings in 2021. healthcare. This demonstrates that ICT has become distinct occupations that the ANZSCO system codes as one occupation in some cases, and consolidates
one of the most important sectors within the Australian similar occupations where employer requirements did not vary significantly between job categories. The
labour market. combination of occupation taxonomy and the granularity that the Lightcast data offers is a powerful tool
for labour market analysis. However, in all cases, we also map occupations back to ANZSCO based on
best fit so that results can be compared across reports.

Introduction 5
Part 1: The ICT sector landscape Looking next at the fastest growing ICT occupations,
interestingly, we see that data-related occupations have
have all seen over 100% growth in the past five years.
Cyber security organises is also becoming increasingly
seen the biggest growth in recent years relative to other important, as represented by Cyber/Information Security
Occupational analysis ICT occupations. Database Architect, Data Warehousing Engineer/Analyst and Security Management Specialist
Specialist and Data Scientist are leading the pack and occupations.
We start first by identifying the 20 largest occupations which is Computer Systems Engineer/Architect. Over
within the ICT sector. one-third of all ICT postings are found in these two
occupations. The next largest occupation is Data/Data
Software Developer/Engineer postings dominate the Fastest growing ICT occupations 2021 2016 2021 2016
Mining Analyst, with 11,532 postings or 8.3% of the share
sector, with 31,725 job postings in 2021, almost twice the postings postings postings to 2021
of ICT postings.
number of postings as the second largest occupation, share share Growth
Database Architect 3,770 0.9% 2.7% 191%
20 largest ICT occupations 2021 2021
Data Warehousing Specialist 588 0.2% 0.4% 174%
postings postings share
Software Developer/Engineer 31,725 22.9% Data Scientist 1,128 0.4% 0.8% 113%

Computer Systems Engineer/Architect 16,071 11.6% Cyber/Information Security Engineer/Analyst 4,843 2.0% 3.5% 77%

Data/Data Mining Analyst 11,532 8.3% Data/Data Mining Analyst 11,532 5.7% 8.3% 46%
Operations Analyst 8,706 6.3%
Computer Systems Engineer/Architect 16,071 10.0% 11.6% 16%
Computer Support Specialist 8,097 5.8%
Security Management Specialist 1,976 1.3% 1.4% 13%
Systems Analyst 7,290 5.3%
Software Developer/Engineer 31,725 21.4% 22.9% 7%
IT Project Manager 5,234 3.8%

Cyber/Information Security Engineer/Analyst 4,843 3.5% Network/Systems Support Specialist 2,202 1.5% 1.6% 5%

Business Intelligence Analyst 4,776 3.4% Technology Consultant 2,516 1.7% 1.8% 5%

Network/Systems Administrator 4,202 3.0%

Chief Information Officer/Director of Information Technology 3,833 2.8%

Database Architect 3,770 2.7%

Software QA Engineer/Tester 3,687 2.7%

Database Administrator 3,263 2.4%

Network Engineer/Architect 3,088 2.2%

UI/UX Designer/Developer 2,630 1.9%

Web Developer 2,580 1.9%

Technology Consultant 2,516 1.8%

Network/Systems Support Specialist 2,202 1.6%

Computer Programmer 2,005 1.4%

Part 1: The ICT sector landscape 7

ICT occupations are particularly high paid, with the All occupation groups in the ICT family with the exception Skills analysis
majority earning well above the national average salary of ICT Support Technicians have an average salary above
of $72,434. Unsurprisingly, ICT Managers command the the national average. The top 20 in-demand skills include a combination of While these skills may not be unique to ICT jobs, they
highest salary, at well over 200% of the national average. general basic skills and specialised technical skills. The demonstrate that employers are looking for more than
top three skills are communication, requested in 31% of technical skills in their ICT workforce. These skills are
ICT postings; teamwork/collaboration, requested in 19% transferable across occupation families.
of ICT postings; and problem-solving, requested in 18%
The most requested specialised skills are SQL, which is
of ICT postings. These are all skills that are commonly
Average salary of ANZSCO ICT occupation groups, 2021 requested in 16% of ICT postings, and Java and DevOps,
requested across other occupation families as well.
which are both requested in 12% of ICT postings.

Occupation Occupation group Average

code salary 2021
Top 20 most requested skills for all ICT postings, 2021
1351 ICT Managers $178,069

2611 ICT Business and Systems Analysts $126,121 Communication skills 31%
Teamwork/collaboration 19%
2621 Database and Systems Administrators, and ICT Security Specialists $120,099
Problem-solving 18%
2613 Software and Applications Programmers $117,712
SQL 16%
2631 Computer Network Professionals $114,208
Planning 13%
2633 Telecommunications Engineering Professionals $112,076 Java 12%
2632 ICT Support and Test Engineers $107,136 DevOps 12%
3132 Telecommunications Technical Specialists $100,454 Troubleshooting 11%

2612 Multimedia Specialists and Web Developers $96,216

Software engineering 11%
Software development 11%
N/A Average salary across all occupations $72,493
% of job postings
Python 10%
3131 ICT Support Technicians $71,380 requesting skill
Project management 9%
Source: https://www.anzscosearch.com/average-salary-2021/ Stakeholder management 9%
Technical support 8% Specialised skills
Writing 8% Basic skills
Research 7%
Linux 7%
Detail-orientated 7%
Microsoft Azure 7%
Customer service 7% 15% 30%

Part 1: The ICT sector landscape 9

All of the fastest growing skills in ICT are specialised. storage and cloud computing, such as Microsoft Azure, Industry analysis
Many of them allow ICT workers to collaborate with each Amazon Web Services (AWS), Elastic Compute Cloud, Industry distribution for ICT occupation postings, 2021
other and share knowledge; these include Confluence, Splunk, Ansible and 'platform as a service’. Finally, The largest share of ICT postings can be
code reviews, GitHub, ServiceNow and Atlassian Jira. data-related skills such as Python, PostgreSQL and data found within the professional, scientific and
Several of the fastest growing skills are associated with transformation are also growing. technical services industry, which contains
26.8% of all ICT postings. The next largest Other
industry is public administration and safety at 14%
Manufacturing 5%
17.3% and financial and insurance services at
Top 20 fastest growing skills for all ICT postings, 2016-2021
13.1%. Professional,
Healthcare and scientific and
Docker software 316% Focusing on these three industries, we look social assistance technical services
27%
5%
at the five largest occupations within them
DevOps 270% to see how ICT occupations may vary. We Education and
training 6%
find that Software Developer/Engineer is the
Microsoft Azure 268% Public administration
top occupation among all three industries Retail and safety
Confluence 227% and that Computer Systems Engineer/ trade 6% 17%
Architect and Data/Data Mining Analyst are
Data architecture 204% also common across the industries. However,
Information Financial and
within the professional, scientific and insurance services
ServiceNow 198% media and 13%
technical services industry, we find Cyber/ telecommunications
7%
Splunk 198% Information Security Engineer/Analyst to be
a top occupation, while Computer Support
Data transformation 192% Specialist is a top occupation in the public
administration and safety industry, and
Ansible 185%
business intelligence analyst in the financial
Platform as a service (PaaS) 164% and Insurance industry. This demonstrates
that while many ICT occupations may be
Python 142% useful across a number of industries, there
are also industry-specific skills that allow for
Code reviews 136%
specialisation.
Atlassian Jira 124%

Software engineering 119% % growth of skill Five largest occupations by industry comparison, 2021
2016 to 2021
Automation tools 118%
Professional, scientific and Public administration Financial and insurance
GitHub 114%
technical services and safety Services
Facebook 114% Software Developer/
Software Developer/Engineer Software Developer/Engineer
Engineer
AWS Elastic Compute Cloud 113%
Computer Systems Engineer/Architect Data/Data Mining Analyst Data/Data Mining Analyst
Software as a service (SaaS) 112%
Computer Systems Engineer/
PostgreSQL 111% Data/Data Mining Analyst Computer Support Specialist
Architect

Systems Analyst Operations Analyst Operations Analyst

100% 200% 300%
Cyber/Information Security Engineer/ Computer Systems
Business Intelligence Analyst
Analyst Engineer/Architect

Part 1: The ICT sector landscape 11

The geography of ICT postings Wages by state and territory
Almost 40% of ICT postings are found in New South The highest percentage of remote ICT postings are found The advertised salaries for ICT jobs can vary greatly by Tasmania and the Northern Territory. For example, within
Wales, compared to 32% of total postings in Australia. in Victoria (7%), followed closely by New South Wales, state or territory. Due to sample size constraints, we Business Analysis occupations, postings in New South
Victoria has the second highest share of ICT postings Queensland and South Australia (6%). In contrast, only 1% calculated the average minimum advertised salary at the Wales and Queensland advertise average minimum
with almost 28%. of ICT postings are remote in the Northern Territory. occupation group and state or territory level. Across the salaries of $129,000 and $145,000 annually. In South
groups, we find that salaries are highest in New South Australia and the Northern Territory, the equivalent
Wales and Queensland and lowest in South Australia, salary is $106,000 and it is only $96,000 in Tasmania.

ICT postings by state and territory, 2021

Average minimum advertised salary for occupation groups, by state or territory

State or territory Business Data IT Network Software

Analysis Analysis and Managers and Systems Development
Mathematics Engineering
0.5%

Australian Capital Territory $127,075 $100,117 $112,837 $104,912 $107,425

10.8% % postings
39.6%
New South Wales $128,459 $108,290 $129,299 $116,804 $115,945
6.8%

Northern Territory $106,251 $99,175 $112,103 $102,519 $83,577

4.9% 0.5%

39.6% Queensland $145,144 $107,678 $130,806 $113,164 $112,810

South Australia $106,571 $95,998 $109,248 $100,469 $99,956

27.8% 8.7%
Tasmania $96,067 $93,134 $108,719 $100,574 $100,782

0.8% Victoria $114,611 $99,246 $125,577 $106,473 $105,757

Western Australia $115,726 $100,628 $123,727 $108,889 $107,232

ICT job postings eligible for remote work, by state and territory, 2021

1%
% postings
6%
7%

4%

6% 1%
6%

7% 2%

4%

Part 1: The ICT sector landscape 13

Education requirements Although globally ICT occupations traditionally require postings, compared to 97% of postings in Australia. Since
higher levels of education, the requirements in Australia skills and responsibilities across these occupations tend
Examining the distribution of educational requirements, of ICT postings, compared to 73% in postings overall. are noticeably more stringent than the requirements to be similar regardless of geography and in light of the
we find that ICT occupations require much higher levels A bachelor degree or higher is required in 97% of ICT for similar postings in the United Kingdom and United global labour shortage, the below analysis suggests that
of education on average compared to occupations in postings, making opportunities for individuals with less States. ICT postings in the United Kingdom requested by loosening education requirements, employers of ICT
other families. A bachelor degree is required in 93% education extremely limited. a bachelor degree or higher in 90% of cases in 2021, a occupations could open themselves up to a much larger
five-year high, while ICT postings in the United States potential workforce.
ICT vs. all job postings, minimum education requirement distribution, 2021 requested a bachelor degree or higher in 86% of

100.0% 92.8% Australian vs. UK vs. US BA+ requirements for all ICT postings, 2016 to 2021
90.0%
ICT postings
80.0% 73.4% 100%

% of postings requesting higher education

All postings
70.0%
% of postings

60.0%
95%
50.0%
40.0% 90%
30.0%
20.0% 15.0% 85%
8.2%
10.0% 3.4%
0.5% 1.4% 2.2% 1.1% 2.0%
0.0% 80%
High Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral
school degree degree degree degree
75%
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Australia UK US

Part 1: The ICT sector landscape 15

Experience requirements International wage comparison
ICT postings tend to request more years of experience than postings in other occupation families. Twenty-two percent of Finally, we compare average minimum advertised
ICT postings request at least five years of experience, compared to 13% of postings overall. However, over half of all ICT salary in ICT postings across Australia, United Country Average advertised
postings request only three to five years of experience and another 21% request zero to two years, allowing for plenty of Kingdom and the United States in 2021. Salaries are ICT Salary (in AUD)
opportunities for entry-level employees. highest in the United States at $112,707 in ICT postings Australia $107,778
and lowest in United Kingdom with an average
ICT vs. all job postings, minimum experience requirement distribution, 2021 minimum advertised salary of $72,963. Australia falls United Kingdom $87,009
in the middle with an average advertised minimum United States $112,707
60.0% 56.9% salary of $107,778 across ICT postings†.

50.0% 48.4%

ICT postings
40.0% 38.1%
All postings
% of postings

30.0%
21.0%
20.0%
12.7%
9.4%
10.0% 7.0% 6.5%

0.0%
0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years

Australia and the United States have a similar percentage of ICT positions that are entry level, while the United
Kingdom had almost twice as large a share in 2016, with over 40% of ICT postings requiring two or fewer years of
experience. In the past five years, the share of ICT postings in the UK that are entry level has decreased, while it has
stayed mostly constant in Australia and the United States.

Australian vs. UK vs. US entry-level ICT postings, 2016 to 2021

45%

40%
% of postings that are entry level

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Australian UK US †All numbers are in AUD, based on the exchange rates as at 24 April 2022 (US$1 = AUD$1.3807; GBP£1 = AUD$1.7713).

Part 1: The ICT sector landscape 17

Part 2: Focus on cyber security Cyber security postings are very much concentrated in
the Australian Capital Territory, where they are more
similar to trends we have seen in other countries where
government seats frequently have larger demand for
than twice as prevalent as they are nationally. This is cyber security.
Cyber security is becoming an increasingly important Between 2016 and 2021, there was a 33% growth in the
part of the ICT world. The cyber security postings share of cyber security postings overall, and there are Cyber security postings by state and territory, location quotient, 2021
economy is defined as roles that perform cyber security almost twice as many cyber security postings in 2021 as
tasks or roles that work at cyber security companies. there were five years before that (12,544 postings in 2021).

Cyber security postings vs. job postings economy index, 2016 to 2021
0.3
2 LQ
0.6
2.5
1.8
0.6
1.6
0.9 0.3
1.4
1.2
Demand

1.2
LQ = proportion of
1.0 cyber security
1 2.5 postings/proportion
of all job postings.
0.8
0.3
0.6

0.4
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Cyber security postings by state and territory, percentage, 2021
Cyber security postings index ICT postings index Australian postings index

0.5%
% postings
9.8%
38.4%

6.0%

4.9% 0.5%
38.4%

26.6% 13.1%

0.7%

Part 2: Focus on cyber security 19

Top occupations within cyber security Top skills within cyber security
The top cyber security occupation in 2021 was Cyber/ Australia’s state governments are the primary The baseline skills required in cyber security positions show many cyber security-specific skills, such as network
Information Security Engineer/Analyst with almost 4,000 employers looking for cyber security professionals, are similar to those required in ICT positions overall, security and ISO 27001, which is an information security
postings. Security Management Specialist was the second followed by large consulting firms such as such as communication skills, teamwork/collaboration, certification.
largest, with 1,674 postings, and all other occupations had Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Accenture, and and problem-solving. However, the specialised skills
fewer than 1,000 postings each in 2021. PriceWaterhouseCoopers.

Top 15 most-requested skills for cyber security postings, 2021

Top 10 cyber security 2021 Top 10 cyber security 2021

occupations in 2021 postings employers in 2021 postings Information security 35%

Cyber/Information Security Engineer/ Government of Victoria 523 Communication skills 31%

3,896
Analyst
Government of New South Wales 309 Teamwork / collaboration 18%
Security Management Specialist 1,674
Australian Government 229 Problem-solving 16%
Computer Systems Engineer/Architect 815
Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu 228 Planning 13%
Software Developer/Engineer 633
Commonwealth Bank of Australia 181
Security operations 13%
Auditor 430
Accenture 144
Network Engineer/Architect 301
Research 11%
PriceWaterhouseCoopers 127
Business Intelligence Analyst 280 Network security 11%
Amazon 125
Network/Systems Administrator 216 Building effective relationships 11%
Macquarie Group 90
Data/Data Mining Analyst 210 Stakeholder management 9% % of job postings
Australia and New Zealand Banking requesting skill
79
Risk Manager/Analyst 187 Group Writing 9%
Specialised skills
ISO 27001 9%
Basic skills
Project management 9%

Troubleshooting 9%

Linux 8%

Part 2: Focus on cyber security 21

Some of the fastest growing skills for cyber security fastest growing skills in general are more cyber security
postings follow similar patterns to all ICT postings, specific, and include the NIST Cybersecurity Framework,
including cloud computing such as Microsoft Azure and cyber security knowledge, and threat modelling.
collaboration tools such as Atlassian Jira. However, the

Top 15 fastest growing skills for cyber security postings, 2016 to 2021

NIST Cybersecurity Framework 350%

Microsoft Azure 284%

DevOps 249%

Cyber security knowledge 217%

Occupational health and safety 194%

Atlassian Jira 192%

Software as a service (SaaS) 159%

Platform as a service (PaaS) 139%

Threat modelling 127%

Scrum 120% % change in recall

rate of skill
Software engineering 117%

Data privacy 117% Specialised skills

Basic skills
OAuth 112%

Legal compliance 112%

Continuous integration (CI) 102%

Part 2: Focus on cyber security 23

Part 3: Occupation profiles Location quotient distribution
The location quotient is calculated as follows:
State and territory distribution
A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Business Intelligence Analyst LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
proportion of all job postings.
ANZSCO: 22471 Organisation and Methods Analyst State or Total % of
territory postings postings
Collects and analyses data that provides an accurate picture of business operations and performance for an
organisation. Completes statistical analysis of current and historic business data, identifies trends and develops New South Wales 1,903 40%
projections. Presents data analysis that informs planning and strategic decision-making for an organisation.
0.3 Victoria 1,382 29%

0.7 Queensland 609 13%

8.5% 4,776 $116,000 0.6 Western Australia 302 6%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary
0.9
Australian Capital
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary 253 5%
1.2 Territory
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022.
postings, 2016 to 2021. South Australia 243 5%
1.1 1.0
Tasmania 55 1%
Top employers and job titles 0.5 Northern Territory 29 1%
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation.

 Government of Victoria  Technical Business Analyst

 Government of New South Wales  Business Intelligence Analyst
 Commonwealth Bank of Australia  Reporting Analyst

Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements

Occupation-specific skills The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation. postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.

Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth 94%

63%
requesting skill growing demand in demand
Business analysis 37% Microsoft Power BI 598%

Communication skills 36% DevOps 332%

SQL 21% Python 285% 21%

11%
Teamwork/collaboration 20% Confluence 269% 5%
1% 1% 4%
0%
Problem-solving 20% Atlassian Jira 211% High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
degree degree degree degree
Business intelligence 20% Microsoft Azure 193%

Stakeholder management 17% Accounting 180%

Microsoft Power BI 16% Data management 122%

Planning 15% Data collection 113%

Business process 15% Data visualisation 113%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 25

Business Intelligence Architect/Developer Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 261111 ICT Business Analyst The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Develops and builds technology systems that support business intelligence for an organisation. Identifies software LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
needed for business intelligence analysts; sets up systems for collecting data on business operations, customers or sales. proportion of all job postings.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 254 38%

14.1% 667 $114,000 0.4 Victoria 156 23%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.7 Queensland 83 12%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
0.7 Australian Capital
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 73 11%
postings, 2016 to 2021.
Territory
1.2
1.2 Western Australia 45 7%

Top employers and job titles South Australia 45 7%

0.9 2.1
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. Tasmania < 30 < 1%

 Government of Victoria  Business Intelligence Developer 0.3 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%
 Government of New South Wales  Microsoft Power BI Developer
 Government of South Australia  Senior Business Intelligence Developer

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth
postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
requesting skill growing demand in demand
SQL 63% Data lakes/reservoirs 834%
94% 59%
Microsoft Power BI 59% DevOps 533%

Business intelligence 58% Python 434%

Data warehousing 47% Data mining 375%

22%
Extraction transformation Microsoft Azure 311% 17%
33%
and loading
Data transformation 278% 0% 0%
5% 3%
1%
SQL Server 28%
Microsoft Power BI 234% High school Associate
degree
Bachelor
degree
Master
degree
Doctoral
degree
0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years

Communication skills 27%

Technical support 229%
Microsoft SQL Server
24% Creativity 229%
Integration Services
Business intelligence
Microsoft Azure 24% 195%
reporting
Data modelling 23%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 27

CIO/Director of Information Technology Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 135119 ICT Managers not elsewhere classified The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Manages and directs information technology at a senior executive level for a business or other organisation. Manages the LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
flow of information within the organisation; identifies and manages technology needed to support access to information proportion of all job postings.
and integration of systems within the organisation.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 1,534 40%

14.3% 3,833 $122,000 0.5 Victoria 866 23%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.7 Queensland 452 12%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
0.6 Australian Capital
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 446 12%
postings, 2016 to 2021.
Territory
1
1.3 Western Australia 243 6%

Top employers and job titles South Australia 212 6%

0.9 2.2
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. Tasmania 44 1%

 Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu  Service Delivery Manager 0.5 Northern Territory 36 < 1%
 Australian Government  IT Manager
 Government of New South Wales  Technical Manager

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth
postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
requesting skill growing demand in demand
Communication skills 35% DevOps 425%
93%
Planning 25% Atlassian Jira 328%
51%

Project management 24% Salesforce 228%

Teamwork/collaboration 20% Python 177%

25%

Stakeholder management 18% Onboarding 145%

12% 12%

Problem-solving 18% Internal auditing 128% 0% 0%

5%
1%

Budgeting 17% Network hardware 127% High school Associate

degree
Bachelor
degree
Master
degree
Doctoral
degree
0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years

Building effective Data analysis 124%

14%
relationships
Data management 123%
ITIL 12%
External auditing 114%
Mentoring 10%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 29

Computer Programmer Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 261312 Developer Programmer The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Writes code, or instructions that a computer can follow, to create software programs. Follows program designs created LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
by software developers and assists with software program design work. Updates and expands programs, tests for errors proportion of all job postings.
and fix errors. Uses different computer languages as needed to write programs.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 730 36%

-28.0% 2,005 $101,000 0.1 Victoria 611 30%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.7 Queensland 238 12%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
0.7 Australian Capital
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 146 7%
postings, 2016 to 2021.
Territory
1.2
1.1 Western Australia 134 7%

Top employers and job titles South Australia 131 7%

1.2 1.3
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. Tasmania < 30 < 1%

 Government of New South Wales  Analyst Programmer 0.3 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%
 Wipro  Microsoft SharePoint Developer
 XPT Software Australia  C# Developer

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth
postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
requesting skill growing demand in demand
Communication skills 32% Docker software 659%

SQL 29% Microsoft Azure 593% 92% 61%

Java 27% DevOps 541%

Software development 22% Software as a service (SaaS) 442%

22%
JavaScript 21% Data transformation 377%
12%

Problem-solving 20% Confluence 328% 1% 2%

4%
1%
5%

Microsoft C# 19% Debugging 294% High school Associate

degree
Bachelor
degree
Master
degree
Doctoral
degree
0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years

Teamwork/collaboration 18% AWS 227%

Python 17% Scala 226%

DevOps 14% Python 200%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 31

Computer Support Specialist Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 313112 ICT Customer Support Officer The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Provides technical support to computer users, either as a part of an organisation's information technology department, LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
or to individual users in person or via telephone or other communication. Helps to maintain computer networks and fix proportion of all job posting.
problems as they arise, or helps clients diagnose and solve computer problems.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 2,483 31%

-6.6% 8,097 $79,000 0.5 Victoria 2,172 27%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.8 Queensland 1,075 13%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
1 Australian Capital
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 819 10%
postings, 2016 to 2021.
Territory
1.3
1 Western Australia 761 9%

Top employers and job titles South Australia 596 7%

1 1.8
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. Tasmania 112 1%

 Government of Victoria  Service Desk Analyst 0.6 Northern Territory 77 < 1%

 Government of New South Wales  IT Support Officer
 Australian Government  IT Support Analyst

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth
postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
requesting skill growing demand in demand
Communication skills 43% Microsoft Azure 813%

Technical support 41% DevOps 259% 87% 60%

Troubleshooting 34% Microsoft Office 365 246%

35%
IT support 29% Mac OS 154%

Customer service 27% Atlassian Jira 150%

7%
Problem-solving 27% Case management 149% 4%
2% 0% 2% 3%

Microsoft Active Directory 21% Salesforce 141% High school Associate

degree
Bachelor
degree
Master
degree
Doctoral
degree
0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years

Microsoft Office 20% ServiceNow 111%

ITIL 18% Operations management 108%

Microsoft Windows 15% Scheduling 102%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 33

Computer Systems Engineer/Architect Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 263111 Computer Network and Systems Engineer The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Creates computer and data communication networks for businesses and other organisations. Plans and designs layout LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
for a network; determines the hardware needed and placement of computers, servers, cables and routers; determines proportion of all job postings.
data storage and system capacity, speed and software needed for a system.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 6,613 41%

32.0% 16,071 $116,000 0.2 Victoria 4,393 27%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.6 Queensland 1,590 10%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
0.6 Australian Capital
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 1,487 9%
postings, 2016 to 2021.
Territory
0.9
1.3 Western Australia 1,057 7%

Top employers and job titles South Australia 800 5%

1.1 1.8
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. Tasmania 86 < 1%

 Amazon  Solutions Architect 0.2 Northern Territory 45 < 1%

 Accenture  Systems Engineer
 KPMG International  Senior Systems Engineer

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth
postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
requesting skill growing demand in demand
Communication skills 29% Ansible 285%

Systems engineering 22% Docker software 277% 97% 50%

Teamwork/collaboration 21% Internet of Things (IoT) 269%

Problem-solving 16% Confluence 228%

19%
17%
DevOps 15% Splunk 194% 14%

Planning 14% Atlassian Jira 191% 0% 0% 2% 1%

Troubleshooting 13% DevOps 190% High school Associate

degree
Bachelor
degree
Master
degree
Doctoral
degree
0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years

Solution architecture 13% NoSQL 169%

Linux 12% API management 167%

Microsoft Azure 12% Debugging 150%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 35

Cyber/Information Security Engineer/Analyst Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 262112 ICT Security Specialist The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Designs systems that protect the security of large databases, including databases with customer information and patient LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
files. Examines client computer systems, identifies weak points in security, develops and implements new systems, proportion of all job postings.
monitors and responds to security issues.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 1,900 39%

101.0% 4,843 $120,000 0.2 Victoria 1,176 24%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.5 Queensland 718 15%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
0.6 Australian Capital
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 440 9%
postings, 2016 to 2021.
Territory
0.9
1.2 Western Australia 313 6%

Top employers and job titles South Australia 235 5%

0.9 2.8
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. Tasmania 47 < 1%

 Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu  Cyber Security Analyst 0.4 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%
 Government of New South Wales  Security Engineer
 Commonwealth Bank of Australia  Security Architect

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth
postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
requesting skill growing demand in demand
Information security 31% NIST Cybersecurity
470%
Framework
Communication skills 29% 87% 61%

Platform as a service (PaaS) 325%

Teamwork/collaboration 17%
Internet of Things (IoT) 321%
Security operations 14%
DevOps 273%
Problem-solving 14% 16%
Critical thinking 259% 4% 5%
11% 12%
NIST Cybersecurity 0% 3%
12%
Framework Microsoft PowerShell 209% High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral
degree degree degree degree 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
Research 12% Cyber security knowledge 194%

Network security 11% Solution architecture 191%

Planning 10% Threat intelligence and

164%
analysis
Stakeholder management 10%
Microsoft Azure 160%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 37

Data/Data Mining Analyst Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 224999 Information and Organisation Professionals The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Develops computer programs to analyse large customer information databases for companies and organisations. LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
Analyses data to identify patterns and provide information relevant to a particular business, industry or field; analysis proportion of all job postings.
may be used for marketing, or to detect fraud in financial transactions, or for research. Develops computer programs to
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
protect confidential customer information.
New South Wales 4,612 40%

65.8% 11,532 $103,000 0.4 Victoria 3,282 28%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.5 Queensland 1,240 11%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary 0.6 Australian Capital
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 1,041 9%
Territory
postings, 2016 to 2021. 0.8
1.3 Western Australia 661 6%

South Australia 490 4%

Top employers and job titles 1.1 2.1
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. Tasmania 118 1%

 Government of Victoria  Data Analyst 0.5 Northern Territory 88 < 1%

 Government of New South Wales  Senior Data Analyst
 Australian Government  Analyst

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation. Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
requesting skill growing demand in demand
Data analysis 43% Microsoft Power BI 1,365%
91%
52%
SQL 33% Python 343%

Communication skills 30% Data science 268%

33%
Problem-solving 20% Data visualisation 263%

Microsoft Excel 19% Experiments 208%

9%
5% 5%
Teamwork/collaboration 18% Machine learning 200% 1% 1% 2%

High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
Microsoft Power BI 18% Data governance 162% degree degree degree degree

Python 18% Business intelligence

158%
reporting
Research 17%
Information security 134%
Detail-orientated 15%
Critical thinking 122%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 39

Data Scientist Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 224999 Information and Organisation Professionals not elsewhere classified The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Utilises skills and experience to systematically answer questions using data to provide actionable recommendations. LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
Commonly utilises advanced statistical analysis and machine learning techniques. Common responsibilities also include proportion of all job postings.
data cleaning and data management.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 497 44%

142.6% 1,128 $111,000 0.2 Victoria 282 25%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.6 Queensland 124 11%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary 0.8 Australian Capital
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 104 9%
Territory
postings, 2016 to 2021. 0.3
1.4 Western Australia 92 8%

South Australia < 30 2%

Top employers and job titles 1 1.8
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. Tasmania < 30 < 1%

 Atlassian  Data Scientist 0.2 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%

 KPMG International  Senior Data Scientist
 Government of Victoria  Lead Data Scientist

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation. Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
requesting skill growing demand in demand
Data science 100% Data engineering 1,269%
73%
52%
Python 66% Artificial intelligence 995%

Machine learning 57% Deep learning 728%

SQL 47% Extraction transformation

620% 23%
and loading
Communication skills 30% 14% 13%
13%
DevOps 601% 5%
Research 26% 0% 0%

AWS Redshift 553% High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
Problem-solving 24% degree degree degree degree

Generalised linear model

Teamwork/collaboration 22% 419%
(GLM)
Data analysis 20%
Scikit-learn 347%
Artificial intelligence 20%
Information systems 231%

Statistical programming 217%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 41

Data Warehousing Specialist Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 262111 Database Administrator The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Designs, builds and maintains computer systems that store large amounts of data for businesses and other LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
organisations. Implements systems for processing or retrieving data as needed to analyse activity or business operations; proportion of all job postings.
addresses security and privacy requirements for data.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 254 43%

211.4% 558 $121,000 0.4 Victoria 182 31%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.4 Queensland 64 11%

Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary 0.4 Australian Capital
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 37 6%
Territory
postings, 2016 to 2021. 0.6
1.4 Western Australia < 30 4%

South Australia < 30 3%

Top employers and job titles 1.2 2.1
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. Tasmania < 30 1%

 Government of Victoria  Data Governance Analyst 0.5 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%
 Government of New South Wales  Data Operations Engineer
 Australian Government  Data Governance Lead

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation. Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
requesting skill growing demand in demand
Data governance 48% Business process 910%
80%
Data management 30% Metadata 596% 49%

Communication skills 29% Scrum 439%

27%
Data quality 23% Verbal/oral communication 416%
15%
SQL 19% Tableau 394% 9%
11%
9%
Data transformation 16% Information security 394% 0% 0%

High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
Stakeholder management 16% Oracle 371% degree degree degree degree

Data warehousing 15% Data transformation 331%

Teamwork/collaboration 15% Data lakes/reservoirs 282%

Data analysis 12% Atlassian Jira 282%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 43

Database Administrator Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 262111 Database Administrator The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Uses software to store and organise data, such as an organisation's records or financial information. Ensures that users LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
can easily access the information they need and that data is protected from unauthorised access. proportion of all job postings.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 1,314 40%

1.2% 3,268 $111,000 0.3 Victoria 816 25%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.5 Queensland 364 11%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary 0.8 Australian Capital
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 280 9%
Territory
postings, 2016 to 2021. 0.9
1.3 Western Australia 274 8%

South Australia 166 5%

Top employers and job titles 1 2.1
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. Tasmania 32 1%

 Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu  Database Administrator 0.5 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%
 Government of Victoria  SQL Developer
 Amazon  Salesforce Administrator

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation. Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
requesting skill growing demand in demand
SQL 46% Microsoft Power BI 1,075%
88% 61%
Communication skills 32% Microsoft Azure 551%

Database administration 29% DevOps 512%

Teradata database Atlassian Jira 369%

25%
administration 16% 16%
Salesforce platform skills 283%
Oracle 20% 5% 5%
7%
Python 278% 1% 1%
SQL Server 20% High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
Database architecture 264% degree degree degree degree

Data management 19%

NoSQL 261%
Troubleshooting 16%
Data visualisation 257%
Problem-solving 16%
Process improvement 253%
Teamwork/collaboration 15%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 45

Database Architect Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 262111 Database Administrator The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Builds integrated data systems for a business or other organisations. Creates structures needed for different types LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
of information processed, integrates structures into a system that is reliable and secure, sets system standards, and proportion of all job postings.
provides help with troubleshooting and access to data.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 1,598 42%

231.1% 3,770 $123,000 0.4 Victoria 1,093 29%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.5 Queensland 329 9%

Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary 0.7 Australian Capital
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 280 7%
Territory
postings, 2016 to 2021. 0.8
1.3 Western Australia 257 7%

South Australia 165 4%

Top employers and job titles 1.1 1.3
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. Tasmania < 30 < 1%

 Government of Victoria  Data Engineer 0.3 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%

 Cognizant  Senior Data Engineer
 Hastha Solutions  Data Architect

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation. Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
requesting skill growing demand in demand
SQL 51% Data lakes/reservoirs 2,184%
88%
Python 43% Pipeline (computing) 1,310% 53%

Data warehousing 37% Data engineering 1,056%

Extraction transformation Git 829%

35% 21%
and loading 15%
DevOps 793% 11%
Big data 31% 9%
Apache HTTP Server 787% 0% 0% 2%

Pipeline (computing) 27% High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
Microsoft Azure 732% degree degree degree degree

Data architecture 25%

Platform as a service (PaaS) 528%
Data modelling 25%
Cloud computing 512%
Data engineering 23%
Microsoft Power BI 450%
Communication skills 23%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 47

IT Project Manager Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 135112 ICT Project Manager The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Manages projects for an organisation in the information technology industry. Projects may include initiatives to create LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
new products or improve or expand technology or systems. Identifies project requirements, develops and manages proportion of all job postings.
project budgets and schedules, leads project teams, and manages communications with project stakeholders, including
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
an organisation's management and clients.
New South Wales 2,259 43%

-15.6% 5,234 $129,000 0.3 Victoria 1,368 26%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.6 Queensland 575 11%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary 0.5 Australian Capital
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 473 9%
Territory
postings, 2016 to 2021. 0.8
1.3 Western Australia 279 5%

South Australia 224 4%

Top employers and job titles 1 1.7
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. Tasmania < 30 < 1%

 Government of Victoria  Scrum Master 0.2 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%

 Government of New South Wales  IT Project Manager
 Commonwealth Bank of Australia  Agile Coach

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation. Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
requesting skill growing demand in demand
Project management 52% Empower 361%
90% 56%
Communication skills 32% Confluence 326%

Planning 30% DevOps 290%

Stakeholder management 25% Atlassian Jira 221%

18%
Teamwork/collaboration 22% Microsoft Azure 219% 12%
14%

4% 4%
Scrum 21% Prioritising tasks 203% 0% 1%

High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
Budgeting 16% Python 187% degree degree degree degree

Scrum master 15% Software engineering 179%

Problem-solving 14% Key performance indicators

149%
(KPIs)
Project planning and
12%
development Performance management 143%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 49

Mobile Applications Developer Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 261399 Software and Applications Programmers not elsewhere classified The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Designs, builds or improves mobile applications (apps) for smartphones and mobile tablets. Oversees the entire software LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
development process. Analyses customer or user needs, designs programs, writes code, tests design, and documents proportion of all job postings.
programs.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 428 43%
9.4% 1,006 $120,000 0.3 Victoria 328 33%
occupation growth jobs posted average salary
0.7 Queensland 120 12%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 0.6 Australian Capital
61 6%
postings, 2016 to 2021. Territory
0.7
1.3 Western Australia 37 4%
Top employers and job titles South Australia < 30 3%
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. 1.3 0.6
Tasmania < 30 < 1%
 Xero  Android Developer
0.2 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%
 Hastha Solutions  Senior Android Developer
 ARQ Group  Mobile Developer

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
requesting skill growing demand in demand postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.

Android 46% TypeScript 347%

Java 34% Microsoft Azure 309%

90% 69%

Swift (programming Model-View-Controller (MVC) 299%

30%
language)
Microsoft SQL 268%
Teamwork/collaboration 27%
GitHub 252%
20%
Software development 24%
Cryptography 245% 9% 10%
0% 1% 0% 1%
Communication skills 23%
DevOps 230% High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
degree degree degree degree
Mobile application design 20%
Software architecture 220%
Unit testing 18%
Customer contact 207%
Git 16%
Product management 194%
Mobile applications 16%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 51

Network/Systems Administrator Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 262113 Systems Administrator The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Manages the day-to-day operations of an organisation's computer networks, including the systems that connect LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
computers and other technology to each other and to outside networks. Installs, organises and supports the hardware proportion of all job postings.
and software of these systems.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 1,302 31%
-17.0% 4,202 $98,000 0.8 Victoria 1,039 25%
occupation growth jobs posted average salary
0.7 Queensland 544 13%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 0.9 Australian Capital
542 13%
postings, 2016 to 2021. Territory
1
1 Western Australia 387 9%
Top employers and job titles South Australia 242 6%
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. 1 2.5
Tasmania 86 2%
 Government of Victoria  Systems Administrator
0.9 Northern Territory 60 1%
 Government of New South Wales  Senior Systems Administrator
 Government of Western Australia  IT Systems Administrator

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
requesting skill growing demand in demand postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.

System administration 52% Microsoft Azure 326%

Communication skills 30% Software as a service (SaaS) 225%

97% 61%

Troubleshooting 24% Data quality 219%

Technical support 23% Salesforce 181%

27%
Problem-solving 20% Human resource information
168%
system
Microsoft Active Directory 15% 7% 5%
0% 0% 2% 1%
Splunk 136%
Linux 15% High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
degree degree degree degree
Microsoft Office 365 136%
Teamwork/collaboration 14%
User acceptance testing
Planning 14% 133%
(UAT)
VMware 14%
DevOps 130%

Service improvement 128%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 53

Network/Systems Support Specialist Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 263212 ICT Support Engineer The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Evaluates, troubleshoots and maintains an organisation's computer and network systems, usually as part of an LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
information technology department. proportion of all job postings.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 944 43%
19.6% 2,202 $89,000
occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.4 Victoria 567 26%

Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary 0.6 Queensland 238 11%
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022.
postings, 2016 to 2021. 0.8 Australian Capital
170 8%
Territory
1.1
Western Australia 130 6%
Top employers and job titles 1.3

The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. South Australia 114 5%
1 1
 Microsoft  Technical Support Engineer Tasmania < 30 1%
 Government of New South Wales  Desktop Support Engineer 0.5 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%
 Bay Audio  Support Analyst

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.

Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements

Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth
requesting skill growing demand in demand The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
Technical support 40% Atlassian Jira 364%

Communication skills 39% Microsoft Azure 359%

Troubleshooting 35% DevOps 309% 93%

49%

Application support 30% Decision-making 283% 34%

Problem-solving 29% Onboarding 261%

Customer service 22% Software engineering 245% 12%

6% 5%
SQL 18% JavaScript Object Notation 0% 0% 0%
235%
(JSON) High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
Teamwork/collaboration 17% degree degree degree degree

Splunk 218%
Linux 14%
Software as a service (SaaS) 186%
Troubleshooting technical
11%
issues Product Development 148%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 55

Network Engineer/Architect Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 263111 Computer Network and Systems Engineer The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Designs and builds computer network systems, including software and hardware. Runs program and system tests, solves LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
technical problems and maintains the network system. Designs and analyses computer network models. proportion of all job postings.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 1,098 36%
5.8% 3,088 $113,000
occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.5 Victoria 895 29%

Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary 0.5 Queensland 371 12%
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022.
postings, 2016 to 2021. 0.9 Australian Capital
270 9%
Territory
0.9
Western Australia 252 8%
Top employers and job titles 1.1

The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. South Australia 149 5%
1.1 2.3
 Accenture  Network Engineer Tasmania < 30 < 1%
 Wipro  Automation Engineer 0.4 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%
 Cognizant  Network Architect

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.

Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements

Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth
requesting skill growing demand in demand The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
Network engineering 41% Request for proposal (RFP) 657%

Communication skills 31% DevOps 615%

Cisco 28% Software-defined networking 95%

48%
397%
(SDN)
Teamwork/collaboration 21%
Data modelling 292%
Troubleshooting 18%
19% 19%
Platform as a service (PaaS) 238%
Problem-solving 17% 14%

Salesforce 225% 2% 2%
Planning 16% 0% 1%

Microsoft Azure 214% High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
Wide area network (WAN) 15% degree degree degree degree

Big data 213%

Cisco switching 11%
Data architecture 213%
Routers 10%
Extraction transformation
210%
and loading

Part 3: Occupation profiles 57

Operations Analyst Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 224712 Organisation and Methods Analyst The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Analyses systems and processes in a business or other organisaion and uses findings to help solve problems and LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
improve management. Uses advanced statistical and mathematical models and computer software to analyse a wide proportion of all job postings.
variety of data; collaborates with other analysts and with the management of an organisation.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 3,619 42%
-3.9% 8,706 $126,000 0.3 Victoria 2,452 28%
occupation growth jobs posted average salary
0.6 Queensland 938 11%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 0.6 Australian Capital
683 8%
postings, 2016 to 2021. Territory
0.8
1.3 Western Australia 529 6%
Top employers and job titles South Australia 376 4%
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. 1.1 1.5
Tasmania 69 < 1%
 Australian Government  Business Analyst
0.4 Northern Territory 40 < 1%
 Government of Victoria  Senior Business Analyst
 Government of New South Wales  Commercial Analyst

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
requesting skill growing demand in demand postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.

Business analysis 71% Atlassian Jira 507%

Communication skills 36% Python 229% 65%

95%
Business process 27% Salesforce 215%

Stakeholder management 23% Critical thinking 207%

Teamwork/collaboration 19% Data visualisation 142% 22%

Problem-solving 18% Tableau 141% 8%

4%
0% 1% 4% 0%
Planning 17% Onboarding 126% High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
degree degree degree degree
Project management 14% Product management 124%

Microsoft Excel 13% Product development 121%

Change management 13% Scrum master 113%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 59

Security Management Specialist Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 262112 ICT Security Specialist The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Plans, monitors and upgrades IT security measures and responds to computer system security breaches and viruses. LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
May also protect physical security, working in airports or other public or private sector settings, or develop emergency proportion of all job postings.
management plans for businesses or local governments.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 642 32%
28.1% 1,976 $104,000 0.7 Victoria 471 24%
occupation growth jobs posted average salary
0.7 Queensland 369 19%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 0.6 Australian Capital
228 12%
postings, 2016 to 2021. Territory
0.9
1 Western Australia 125 6%
Top employers and job titles South Australia 102 5%
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. 0.9 3.6
Tasmania < 30 1%
 Australian Government  Security Analyst
0.4 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%
 Government of New South Wales  Cyber Security Specialist
 Accenture  Security Consultant

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
requesting skill growing demand in demand postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.

Information security 39% Microsoft Azure 530%

Communication skills 29% NIST Cybersecurity

286% 95% 59%
Framework
Research 15%
Software as a service (SaaS) 282%
Teamwork/collaboration 14%
DevOps 277% 25%
Security operations 12%
Policy development 258% 12%
ISO 27001 12% 4%
0% 4% 1% 0%
External auditing 234%
Problem-solvin 11% High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
degree degree degree degree
Internal auditing 191%
Planning 11%
Intelligence analysis 181%
Writing 10%
Cyber security knowledge 176%
NIST Cybersecurity
9%
Framework Systems development life
166%
cycle

Part 3: Occupation profiles 61

Software Developer/Engineer Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 261313 Software Engineer The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Designs or improves computer software. Oversees the entire software development process. Analyses customer or user LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
needs, designs programs, writes code or instructs computer programmers, tests design, and documents programs. May proportion of all job postings.
assist with upgrades or maintenance. May specialise in the design of computer applications or computer systems.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 13,446 42%
21.5% 31,725 $112,000 0.1 Victoria 9,371 30%
occupation growth jobs posted average salary
0.6 Queensland 3,476 11%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 0.6 Australian Capital
1,982 6%
postings, 2016 to 2021. Territory
0.7
1.3 Western Australia 1,878 6%
Top employers and job titles South Australia 1,288 4%
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. 1.1 1.2
Tasmania 216 < 1%
 Hastha Solutions  Software Engineer
0.3 Northern Territory 68 < 1%
 Accenture  DevOps Engineer
 Government of Victoria  Full Stack Developer

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
requesting skill growing demand in demand postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.

Software engineering 31% TypeScript 897%

Java 27% Spring Boot 519% 62%

93%
Communication skills 26% Docker software 282%

Software development 26% Bitbucket 267%

JavaScript 25% Splunk 258% 20%

12%
SQL 23% Microsoft Azure 245% 6%
0% 2% 3% 1%
DevOps 22% Confluence 199% High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
degree degree degree degree
Teamwork/collaboration 21% Automation tools 194%

Problem-solving 17% DevOps 192%

Python 17% AWS CloudFormation 177%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 63

Software QA Engineer/Tester Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 261314 Software Tester The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Designs and runs in-depth diagnostic tests to evaluate software and check for problems before new products are LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
marketed. Pilots software and applies tests to check for errors and glitches. proportion of all job postings.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 1,237 34%
-0.6% 3,687 $120,000 0.7 Victoria 983 27%
occupation growth jobs posted average salary
0.7 Queensland 562 15%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 0.6 Australian Capital
419 11%
postings, 2016 to 2021. Territory
0.9
1 Western Australia 238 6%
Top employers and job titles South Australia 189 5%
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. 1 2.9
Tasmania 43 1%
 Government of Victoria  Test Analyst
0.2 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%
 Accenture  Test Lead
 Government of New South Wales  Test Manager

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
requesting skill growing demand in demand postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.

Communication skills 31% DevOps 1,166%

Planning 25% Microsoft Azure 641% 69%

93%
Atlassian Jira 20% Salesforce 491%

Quality assurance and control 19% Confluence 461%

SQL 19% Version control 295%

17%
Selenium 19% Android testing 274% 9%
5%
1% 4% 3% 0%
Teamwork/collaboration 17% Software quality assurance 257% High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
degree degree degree degree
DevOps 14% Extraction transformation
220%
and loading
Problem-solving 14%
TestNG 171%
Writing 13%
Git 162%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 65

Systems Analyst Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 261112 Systems Analyst The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Helps businesses and other organisations to plan and build computer systems. Reviews the information processing LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
needs of the organisation, plans and sets up computer networks and software, and tests systems for accuracy, proportion of all job postings.
efficiency and ease of use.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 2,845 39%
12.9% 7,290 $104,000 0.4 Victoria 2,066 28%
occupation growth jobs posted average salary
0.6 Queensland 797 11%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 0.7 Australian Capital
554 8%
postings, 2016 to 2021. Territory
0.9
1.2 Western Australia 515 7%
Top employers and job titles South Australia 381 5%
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. 1.1 1.5
Tasmania 83 1%
 Government of Victoria  Systems Analyst
0.5 Northern Territory 49 < 1%
 Government of New South Wales  ICT Business Analyst
 Australian Government  Digital Business Analyst

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
requesting skill growing demand in demand postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.

Communication skills 38% DevOps 383%

Business analysis 31% Microsoft Azure 298%

94% 56%
Problem-solving 21% Salesforce 260%

Business process 21% ServiceNow 217%

Systems analysis 20% Python 215% 23%

11% 10%
Teamwork/collaboration 18% Onboarding 178%
0% 2% 4% 0%
Planning 16% Confluence 177% High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
degree degree degree degree
SAP 15% Process modelling 169%

Project management 15% Unit testing 165%

Stakeholder management 14% Product management 164%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 67

Technology Consultant Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 261111 ICT Business Analyst The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Provides information technology consulting services to businesses and other organisations. Advises or manages LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
installation or expansion of computer network systems; provides problem-solving assistance and staff training with new proportion of all job postings.
systems. May work independently or as part of a consulting team.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 1,057 42%
18.8% 2,516 $112,000 0.1 Victoria 806 32%
occupation growth jobs posted average salary
0.5 Queensland 224 9%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 0.4 Australian Capital
181 7%
postings, 2016 to 2021. Territory
0.9
1.3 Western Australia 121 5%
Top employers and job titles South Australia 116 5%
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. 1.2 1.4
Tasmania < 30 < 1%
 Hastha Solutions  Implementation Consultant
0.1 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%
 Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu  Consultant
 IBM  Functional Consultant

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
requesting skill growing demand in demand postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.

SAP 44% Relational databases 400%

Communication skills 37% SAP S/4HANA 330% 53%

96%
Problem-solving 19% Oracle Cloud 282%

Business process 18% Account management 265%

18%
Planning 16% Salesforce 248% 17%
12%

Teamwork/collaboration 16% JavaScript Object Notation 0% 3% 0%

238% 1%
(JSON) High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral
Oracle 15% degree degree degree degree
0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years

Debugging 230%
Stakeholder management 13%
Business solutions 225%
Project management 12%
Process improvement 224%
Enterprise resource planning
12%
(ERP) Description and
220%
Demonstration of Products

Part 3: Occupation profiles 69

Telecommunications Engineering Specialist Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 263311 Telecommunications Engineer The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Designs or configures telecommunications systems, including electronic communication systems for voice, video or LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
data. Supervises system installation and maintenance. proportion of all job postings.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 100 27%
-13.8% 376 $80,000 0.3 Victoria 99 26%
occupation growth jobs posted average salary
0.9 Queensland 71 19%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 1.8 Australian Capital
56 15%
postings, 2016 to 2021. Territory
1
0.8 Western Australia < 30 6%
Top employers and job titles South Australia < 30 6%
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. 1 1.2
Tasmania < 30 1%
 UGL  Telecommunications Engineer
0.5 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%
 Ventia  Communications Engineer
 Datacom Group  Telecommunications Field Engineer

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
requesting skill growing demand in demand postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.

Communication skills 32% Python 792%

42%
Commissioning 22% Meeting deadlines 711%
100%
Teamwork/collaboration 18% Cost control 387% 32%

Problem-solving 17% Linux 346% 20%

Planning 15% Design and construction 306%

6%
Troubleshooting 15% System/network
292% 0% 0% 0% 0%
configuration High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral
Cisco 13% degree degree degree degree
0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years

Microsoft Excel 285%

Network engineering 11%
Quality assurance and control 279%
Wide area network (WAN) 10%
Engineering design and
Microsoft Excel 10% 273%
installation

Transmission Control
265%
Protocol

Part 3: Occupation profiles 71

UI/UX Designer/Developer Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 261399 Software and Applications Programmers not elsewhere classified The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Assists with technology design to make products easier for people to use. Determines user preferences and assesses LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
the process that users follow to access product functions; develops and tests new design models, and incorporates proportion of all job postings.
findings into improved product design. Researches the behaviour of internet users and consumers, compiles
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
information about the target audience for a site, and develops website layout, design and technology features that
improve accessibility and value for users. New South Wales 1,240 47%

0.1 Victoria 754 29%

-7.1% 2,630 $122,000 0.5 Queensland 215 8%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary
0.5 Australian Capital
206 8%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary Territory
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 0.5
postings, 2016 to 2021. 1.5 Western Australia 133 5%

South Australia 66 3%
1.1 1.5
Top employers and job titles Tasmania < 30 < 1%
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. 0.2 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%
 Government of Victoria  UX Designer
 Government of New South Wales  UX/UI Designer
 Woolworths  Front End Developer

Occupation-specific skills
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth
requesting skill growing demand in demand
67%
Research 40% TypeScript 873%
89%

Teamwork/collaboration 34% DevOps 537%

UX wireframes 25% Troubleshooting 497%

Communication skills 25% Software as a service (SaaS) 361% 17%

12%

User interface (UI) design 24% Scalability design 351% 5% 4% 3%

1% 1%

High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
Creativity 24% Confluence 311% degree degree degree degree

Prototyping 20% Software engineering 233%

JavaScript 20% Quantitative research 232%

User research 19% Atlassian Jira 177%

Visual design 14% Code reviews 167%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 73

Web Designer Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 232414 Web Designer The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Creates design for websites, including layout and graphics. Integrates applications or other content as needed for a site. LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
May also write web design programs. proportion of all job postings.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings

-21.4% 327 $98,000 New South Wales 103 31%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.9 Victoria 53 16%

Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary 0.7 Queensland 44 13%
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022.
postings, 2016 to 2021. 1.1 Australian Capital
40 12%
Territory
1.5
Western Australia 36 11%
Top employers and job titles 1

The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. South Australia < 30 9%
0.6 2.6
 Ingram Micro Holdings Australia  Web Designer Tasmania < 30 6%
 National Australia Bank  Website Designer 2.5 Northern Territory < 30 2%
 OFX Group Limited  Creative Lead

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.

Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements

Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth
requesting skill growing demand in demand The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
Website design 84% Business-to-business 1947%

Creativity 51% Brand management 879% 45%

User interface (UI) design 49% A/B testing 656% 98% 38%

Adobe Photoshop 38% Illustration 612%

Teamwork/collaboration 34% Presentation skills 612% 17%

Adobe InDesign 33% Brand identity 553%

2% 0%
0% 0% 0%
Detail-orientated 28% User research 501%
High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
degree degree degree degree
Problem-solving 20% Marketo 478%

Project management 19% Usability testing 404%

JavaScript 18% User interface (UI) design 359%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 75

Web Developer Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 261212 Web Developer The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Designs and builds websites. Works on technical as well as design aspects of sites. Works with an organisation or LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
client to plan content and format for a site, creates applications, writes code, and integrates design features including proportion of all job postings.
graphics, sound and video. Monitors traffic at the site.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings
New South Wales 981 38%
-51.9% 2,580 $110,000 0.1 Victoria 776 30%
occupation growth jobs posted average salary
0.7 Queensland 314 12%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022. 0.6 Australian Capital
postings, 2016 to 2021. 215 8%
Territory
0.7
1.2 Western Australia 162 6%
Top employers and job titles South Australia 106 4%
The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. 1.2 1.6
Tasmania < 30 < 1%
 Accenture  Front End Developer
 Australian Government  Web Developer
0.4 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%
 Government of Victoria  ETL Developer

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.
Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements
Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
requesting skill growing demand in demand postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
JavaScript 55% TypeScript 1,548%

Front-end development 49% DevOps 740%

65%
88%
Web development 37% Docker software 360%

Communication skills 28% Bash 316%

Teamwork/collaboration 24% Code reviews 278% 24%

Git 21% Bitbucket 254% 6%

8%
3%
0% 5% 1%

HTML5 20% Microsoft SQL Server High school Associate Bachelor Master Doctoral 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
213% degree degree degree degree
Integration
TypeScript 18%
Shell scripting 208%
Problem-solving 16%
Data warehousing 202%
SQL 16%
Technical support 196%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 77

Webmaster/Administrator Location quotient distribution State and territory distribution
ANZSCO: 313113 Web Administrator The location quotient is calculated as follows: A table summary of 2021 ICT job postings data by state
and territory.
Maintains websites for businesses and other organisations. Updates content, checks for broken links or problems with LQ = proportion of all occupation-specific postings/
operating the site. May respond to user comments. proportion of all job postings.
State or Total % of
territory postings postings

-21.1% 465 $93,000 New South Wales 180 39%

occupation growth jobs posted average salary 0.1 Victoria 131 28%
Change in the share of occupation- Total number of unique job Advertised market salary 0.8 Queensland 61 13%
specific postings relative to all job postings in 2021. for new hires in 2022.
postings, 2016 to 2021. 0.3 Australian Capital
60 13%
Territory
0.7
Western Australia < 30 4%
Top employers and job titles 1.2

The three biggest employers and most common job titles for this occupation. South Australia < 30 3%
1.1 2.5
 Australian Government  Content Producer Tasmania < 30 < 1%
 News Corp  Website Manager 0.1 Northern Territory < 30 < 1%
 Government of New South Wales  Web Administrator

Occupation-specific skills
A table summary of all important skills for this occupation.

Minimum education requirements Minimum experience requirements

Skill % of postings Skills with Five-year growth
requesting skill growing demand in demand The distribution of degree requirements for all The distribution of prior experience requirements for all
postings in this occupation. postings in this occupation.
Editing 34% Adobe Premiere 432%

Creativity 32% Marketing 254%

68%
Writing 26% Virtualisation 195% 68%

Communication skills 26% Fundraising 188%

Social media 25% English 166%

24%

Teamwork/collaboration 23% Scheduling 166% 24%

8%
0%
Content management 23% Photography 166% 8%
0% 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years
Detail-orientated 19% Microsoft PowerShell 166% 0 to 2 years 3 to 5 years 6 to 8 years 9+ years

Web content management 18% Budgeting 151%

Research 17% DevOps 148%

Part 3: Occupation profiles 79

Appendices Job title Lightcast GOT occupation name Page

Appendix 1: Job title to Lightcast Global Occupation Taxonomy crosswalk Functional Consultant Technology Consultant 68–69
The IT industry has an incredibly complex taxonomy of job titles. ICT Business Analyst Systems Analyst 66–67
Below is a 'best effort' match of titles to the Lightcast GOT.
Implementation Consultant Technology Consultant 68–69

Job title Lightcast GOT occupation name Page IT Manager CIO/Director of Information Technology 28–29

Agile Coach IT Project Manager 48–49 IT Support Analyst Computer Support Specialist 32–33

Analyst Data/Data Mining Analyst 38–39 IT Support Officer Computer Support Specialist 32–33

Analyst Programmer Computer Programmer 30–31 IT Systems Administrator Network/Systems Administrator 52–53

Android Developer Mobile Applications Developer 50–51 Lead Data Scientist Data Scientist 40–41

Business Analyst Operations Analyst 58–59 Microsoft Power BI Developer Business Intelligence Architect/Developer 26–27

Business Intelligence Analyst Business Intelligence Analyst 24–25 Microsoft SharePoint Developer Computer Programmer 30–31

Business Intelligence Developer Business Intelligence Architect/Developer 26–27 Microsoft SQL Developer Database Administrator 44–45

Commercial Analyst Operations Analyst 58–59 Mobile Developer Mobile Applications Developer 50–51

Communications Engineer Telecommunications Engineering Specialist 70–71 Network Architect Network Engineer/Architect 56–57

Consultant Technology Consultant 68–69 Network Engineer Network Engineer/Architect 56–57

Content Producer Webmaster/Administrator 78–79 Reporting Analyst Business Intelligence Analyst 24–25

Creative Lead Web Designer 74–75 Salesforce Administrator Database Administrator 44–45

Cyber Security Analyst Cyber/Information Security Engineer/Analyst 36–37 Scrum Master IT Project Manager 48–49

Cyber Security Specialist Security Management Specialist 60–61 Security Analyst Security Management Specialist 60–61

Data Analyst Data/Data Mining Analyst 38–39 Security Architect Cyber/Information Security Engineer/Analyst 36–37

Data Architect Database Architect 46–47 Security Consultant Security Management Specialist 60–61

Data Engineer Database Architect 46–47 Security Engineer Cyber/Information Security Engineer/Analyst 36–37

Data Governance Analyst Data Warehousing Specialist 42–43 Senior Android Developer Mobile Applications Developer 50–51

Data Governance Lead Data Warehousing Specialist 42–43 Senior Business Analyst Operations Analyst 58–59

Data Operations Engineer Data Warehousing Specialist 42–43 Senior Data Analyst Data/Data Mining Analyst 38–39

Desktop Support Engineer Network/Systems Support Specialist 54–55 Senior Data Engineer Database Architect 46–47

Developer Program Listing Computer Programmer 30–31 Senior Data Scientist Data Scientist 40–41

Devops Engineer Software Developer/Engineer 62–63 Senior Systems Administrator Network/Systems Administrator 52–53

Digital Business Analyst Systems Analyst 66–67 Senior Systems Engineer Computer Systems Engineer/Architect 34–35

Full Stack Developer Software Developer/Engineer 62–63 Service Delivery Manager CIO/Director of Information Technology 28–29

Appendix 1: Job title to Lightcast Global Occupation Taxonomy crosswalk 81

 Appendix 2: Lightcast to ANZSCO occupation crosswalk
Job title Lightcast GOT occupation name Page
Service Desk Analyst Computer Support Specialist 32–33 Lightcast GOT occupation ANZSCO occupation ANSCO code
Software Engineer Software Developer/Engineer 62–63 Business Intelligence Analyst Organisation and Methods Analyst 224712

Solutions Architect Computer Systems Engineer/Architect 34–35 Business Intelligence Architect/Developer ICT Business Analyst 261111

Support Analyst Network/Systems Support Specialist 54–55 Chief Information Officer/Director of Information
ICT Managers not elsewhere classified 135199
Technology
Systems Administrator Network/Systems Administrator 52–53
Computer Programmer Developer Programmer 261312
Systems Engineer Computer Systems Engineer/Architect 34–35 Computer Support Specialist ICT Customer Support Officer 313112
Technical Business Analyst Business Intelligence Analyst 24–25 Computer Systems Engineer/Architect Computer Network and Systems Engineer 263111

Technical Manager CIO/Director of Information Technology 27–28 Cyber/Information Security Engineer/Analyst ICT Security Specialist 262112

Technical Support Engineer Network/Systems Support Specialist 55–55 Information and Organisation Professionals not
Data/Data Mining Analyst 224999
elsewhere classified
Telecommunications Engineer Telecommunications Engineering Specialist 70–71 Information and Organisation Professionals not
Data Scientist 224999
elsewhere classified
Telecommunications Field Engineer Telecommunications Engineering Specialist 70–71
Data Warehousing Specialist Database Administrator 262111
Test Analyst Software QA Engineer/Tester 64–65
Database Administrator Database Administrator 262111
Test Lead Software QA Engineer/Tester 64–65 Database Architect Database Administrator 262111
Test Manager Software QA Engineer/Tester 64–65 IT Project Manager ICT Project Manager 135112

UX Designer UI/UX Designer/Developer 72–73 Software and Applications Programmers not

Mobile Applications Developer 261399
elsewhere classified
UX/UI Designer UI/UX Designer/Developer 72–73
Network/Systems Administrator Systems Administrator 262113
Web Administrator Webmaster/Administrator 77–78 Network/Systems Support Specialist ICT Support Engineer 263212
Website Designer Web Designer 74–75 Network Engineer/Architect Computer Network and Systems Engineer 263111

Website Manager Webmaster/Administrator 78–79 Operations Analyst Organisation and Methods Analyst 224712
Security Management Specialist ICT Security Specialist 262112
Software Developer/Engineer Software Engineer 261313
Software QA Engineer/Tester Software Tester 261314
Systems Analyst Systems Analyst 261112
Technology Consultant ICT Business Analyst 261111
Telecommunications Engineering Specialist Telecommunications Engineer 263311
Software and Applications Programmers not
UI/UX Designer/Developer 261399
elsewhere classified
Web Designer Web Designer 232414
Web Developer Web Developer 261212
Webmaster/Administrator Web Administrator 313113

Appendix 1: Job title to Lightcast Global Occupation Taxonomy crosswalk 83

Appendix 3: Top certifications
Certifications are very rarely requested in ICT postings Looking next at the fastest growing certifications, we find
in Australia. Even the most requested certifications are the number of postings requesting Salesforce certification
only mentioned in fewer than 2% of postings. The top grew by 134% between 2016 and 2021. Agile and Oracle
requested certification is a full driver licence, followed by certification requests grew by almost 100% over the same
ITIL certification and the Working With Children Check. time period.

Top 10 most-requested certifications for all ICT postings, 2021

Full driver licence 1.4%

ITIL certification 1.4%

Working With Children Check 1.3%

Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) 1.1%

Salesforce certification 0.9%

Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) 0.7%

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) 0.7%

Certified Information Security Manager (CISM) 0.6%

TOGAF certification 0.4%

Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) 0.4%

Top 10 fastest growing certifications for all ICT postings, 2021

Salesforce certification 134%

Working with Children Check 116%

Agile certification 100%

Oracle certification 98%

Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) 37%

Certified Information Security Manager (CISM) 33%

Certified Scrum Master 26%

Registered Professional Engineer of Queensland (RPEQ) 17%

Percent growth in
First aid certificate 9% requests, 2016 to 2021

Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA) 7%

Appendix 3: Top certifications

About the Australian Computer Society
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