DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled, “Smart Solar system” was carried
out and written by us under the guidance of Prof. P.S Swami Sir Department of
Electrical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Yavatmal. This
work has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree or
diploma or certificate nor has been submitted elsewhere for the award of any
degree or diploma.

Mr. Govind Kshrisagar 24010121293506

Mr. Akash Damahe 24010121293507
Miss. Ashika Gathe 24010121293508
Mr. Dnyaneshwar Jadhav 24010121293509
Mr. Saurao Ingole 24010121293512

Place: Yavatmal
Date:18/11/2024

1
Sr. Content Page
No. No.
1. Abstract 3
2. Introduction 4
3. Necessity of smart solar system 5
4. Classification of Tracking System 6
5. Components 7
6. Circuit Diagram 13
7. Arduino UNO Coding 14 -15
8. Operation (working) 16
9. Applications 17
10. Merits 18
11. Demerits 19
12. Future Scope 20
13. Conclusion 21
14. References 22
15. Project Image 23

2
 ABSTRACT
In this project photovoltaic conversion panel is expected to be used in Arduino
based smart solar system. Our aim is to design a single axis solar tracker as well
dual axis solar tracker system. The sun is tracked by the tracker and its position
is changed in such a way that it maximises the power output. The solar panel is
moved by two geared DC motors so that sun’s light is able to remain aligned
with the solar panel. The operation of experimental model of the device is based
on a DC motor which is intelligently controlled by a dedicated drive until that
moves a mini photovoltaic panel, the presence of the two simple but efficient
light sensors receive signals by a microcontroller. The performance and
characteristics of the solar tracker device are experimentally analysed.

3
 INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is popular due to its renewable nature, widespread availability,
and decreasing, making it a sustainable, accessible, and cost-effective source of
power with minimal environmental impact. Solar power is becoming increasingly
popular as a source of renewable energy due to its numerous benefits such as
costeffectiveness, reliability, and sustainability. The use of solar energy for
agricultural purposes has been gaining attention as it provides farmers with a
reliable and sustainable source of energy for irrigation, crop drying, and other
activities. However, the efficiency and effectiveness of solar panels in agriculture
can be improved by employing a single-axis sun-tracking mechanism.
In this project, we aim to design and manufacture a passive solar tracking
system with single axis tracking, in this there is no use of any kind of electrical
power required for the rotation for solar panel instead of electrical use we using
mechanical source of power. In the spiral spring mechanical energy is stored and
with the help of gear arrangement speed will reduce such a way that that can
match the sun speed throughout the day.The main goal of this project to design
tracking system for the domestic and industrial purpose solar plate for increase
the efficacy of panel.

4
 Necessity of Smart Solar System
A smart solar system is essential for maximizing the efficiency of solar
energy generation by ensuring that solar panels consistently face the sun
throughout the day. As the sun's position changes, fixed solar panels cannot
maintain optimal exposure, resulting in reduced energy capture. Solar trackers
automatically adjust the angle and orientation of the panels to follow the sun's
path, significantly increasing energy output—by up to 25-40% compared to fixed
systems. This enhanced performance is especially valuable in regions with
limited sunlight or during seasons with lower solar intensity. While the initial cost
of solar tracking systems is higher, they offer a better return on investment over
time due to increased energy generation. This makes them particularly beneficial
in utility-scale solar farms, where maximizing land use and efficiency is crucial.
Ultimately, solar tracking systems help make solar energy more competitive and
sustainable, providing a reliable way to harness the sun's power more effectively.
➢ Increase Energy Production
➢ Maximize Power per Unit Area
➢ Max. Efficency of the panel
➢ Able to grab the energy throughtout the day
➢ Commercial purpose

5
 Classification of Tracking System
Solar tracking systems adjust the orientation of solar panels to maximize
sunlight exposure. They can be classified as follows:
1. Based on Axes of Movement
- Single-Axis: Panels rotate along one axis (East-West). Simple and cost-
effective.
- Dual-Axis: Panels move on two axes (East-West and tilt). Maximizes energy
capture, more complex.
2. Based on Control Mode
- Passive: Uses natural elements (e.g., thermal expansion) for movement, no
external power.
- Active: Uses motors and sensors to adjust panels based on real-time sun
position.
3. Based on Structure
- Ground-Mounted: Typically used in large-scale solar farms.
- Roof-Mounted: Mounted on rooftops, often single-axis for
residential/commercial use.
4. Based on Tracking Method
- Time-Based: Follows a fixed schedule for sun position.
- Sensor-Based: Uses sensors to track the sun’s real-time position.
Tracking systems improve efficiency (20-40%) but have higher initial costs and
maintenance requirements.

6
 Components
Sr.no. Components Description
1. Solar Panel 5V
2. Arduino UNO ATmega328P MCU
3. Servo Motor SG90 Micro
4. LDR -
5. LED 2V
6. Adapter 12 V DC

1.Solar Panel:
A 5V solar panel is a small photovoltaic device designed to convert sunlight into
electrical energy at a voltage of 5 volts. It is commonly used for powering or
charging low-power electronics, such as smartphones, portable power banks,
small sensors, and DIY electronics projects like those using Arduino or Raspberry
Pi. These panels work by using photovoltaic cells to absorb sunlight and generate
a direct current (DC) output, which is typically stored in a battery or directly used
to power devices.

The output power of a 5V solar panel varies, typically ranging from 1 to 10 watts,
depending on the size and efficiency of the panel. While they are ideal for small,
off-grid applications, 5V panels are generally dependent on sunlight, so their

7
performance can vary with weather conditions and time of day. These panels are
often used in outdoor gadgets, remote sensing devices, and IoT applications,
where traditional power sources are not available. For charging or powering
devices over time, a battery and charge controller are often integrated to store the
generated energy and ensure safe charging. Although solar panels are eco-friendly
and cost-effective after the initial investment, they can be slower in charging
devices compared to conventional chargers and are limited in the amount of
power they can generate, making them unsuitable for larger, high-power
appliances.

2.Arduino UNO :
The Arduino Uno is a popular microcontroller board used for building a wide variety of
electronic projects. Based on the ATmega328P microcontroller, it features 14 digital
input/output pins, 6 analog input pins, and a built-in USB interface for programming and power.
The board operates at a clock speed of 16 MHz and is powered either via USB or an external
power supply. It includes a built-in bootloader, which allows easy programming directly from
a computer using the Arduino IDE.

The
programming language is a simplified version of C++, and the structure of Arduino programs
is centered around two key functions: setup (), which runs once at the beginning, and loop (),
which runs repeatedly to execute the program's core logic. The Arduino Uno is widely used in
educational settings, DIY projects, robotics, and prototyping, making it an ideal choice for both
8
beginners and advanced users. It is open-source, affordable, and supported by a large
community, providing access to extensive libraries and tutorials. However, it has some
limitations, such as limited processing power and memory, and lacks built-in wireless
connectivity, although this can be added through external modules. Despite these limitations,
its simplicity, versatility, and accessibility make the Arduino Uno an excellent platform for
creating interactive and automated electronic systems.
The Arduino Uno has 14 digital I/O pins (0–13) that can be set as input or output to read digital
signals (e.g., from buttons) or control devices (e.g., LEDs). Pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 support
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation), allowing for analog-like control over devices like motors and
LEDs. It also has 6 analog input pins (A0–A5) that convert analog signals (0–5V) into digital
values (0–1023), useful for sensors like temperature or light sensors. Power pins include 5V,
3.3V, GND (Ground), and Vin (for external power), which power the board and connected
components. The reset pin restarts the board, and serial communication pins (TX/RX) allow
data exchange with other devices or a computer. Additional I2C (A4/SDA, A5/SCL) and SPI
pins (10–13) are available for faster communication with external modules. The AREF pin
provides an adjustable reference voltage for analog readings. These pins make the Arduino Uno
versatile for a wide range of electronic projects.

3.Servomotor :
A servomotor is a specialized type of electric motor designed for precise control of angular
position, velocity, and acceleration. Unlike standard motors, which rotate continuously, a
servomotor is typically capable of rotating within a defined range, such as 0 to 180 degrees,
though some can rotate a full 360 degrees. The key feature of a servomotor is its ability to
precisely control the output shaft's position, making it an essential component in applications
that require accurate, repeatable movement. This precision is achieved through a combination
of a small DC motor, gears (or a gearbox) to reduce speed and increase torque, and a feedback
mechanism, typically a potentiometer, which continuously monitors the shaft position. The
feedback loop allows the servomotor to adjust its position in response to input signals, ensuring
that it moves to the correct position as commanded.

Servomotors are generally controlled by a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal. The PWM
signal determines the position of the motor’s shaft by adjusting the width of the pulses it
receives. A longer pulse corresponds to one position, while a shorter pulse corresponds to
another, with the motor adjusting its shaft until it reaches the desired position. For example, a
PWM signal with a period of 20 milliseconds (ms) might be used, where the pulse width

9
(typically between 1 ms and 2 ms) corresponds to different angles (e.g., 0 to 180 degrees). This
system allows for precise control of the motor’s movement, making servos ideal for
applications such as robotics, automation, model airplanes, camera positioning systems, and
CNC machinery, where exact positioning is critical.
Servomotors come in different sizes and torque ratings, with smaller motors used for lighter
tasks and larger ones designed for high-torque applications. They are commonly powered by
4.8V to 6V DC voltage, though some can operate at higher voltages depending on their size
and application. The primary advantages of servomotors include their compact size, high
torque-to-weight ratio, and reliability, which make them well-suited for tasks requiring
precision and control. However, servos are typically limited in speed and rotation range
compared to continuous motors, as their movement is constrained by the physical gearing and
the feedback system that governs their position. Despite these limitations, the ability to
precisely control their movement makes servomotors an indispensable component in many
fields, especially in robotics and automation.

3.LDR:
An LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), also known as a photoresistor, is a type of
variable resistor whose resistance decreases as the intensity of light falling on it
increases. It is made of semiconductor material, typically cadmium sulfide (CdS),
which exhibits photoconductivity. When light strikes the LDR, its conductivity
improves, allowing more current to pass through, thus lowering its resistance. In
the dark or low-light conditions, the resistance of the LDR is very high, making
it behave like an open circuit. As the light intensity increases, the resistance drops
significantly, allowing more current to flow. This property makes LDRs useful
for detecting light levels and converting light into an electrical signal.
LDRs are commonly used in light-sensing applications such as light meters,
automatic lighting systems, streetlights that turn on at dusk, and various types of
light-sensitive circuits. For instance, in an automatic streetlight system, an LDR
can detect the decrease in ambient light and trigger a switch to turn on the lights
when it gets dark. They are also used in light-sensitive alarms, solar garden lights,
and in optical and imaging devices.
The response time of an LDR is generally slower than other light sensors like
photodiodes, meaning it takes a longer time to respond to changes in light
intensity. Additionally, the resistance of an LDR can vary significantly depending
on the material and the specific wavelength of light it is exposed to. However,
LDRs are inexpensive, easy to use, and widely available, making them a popular
choice for basic light detection tasks. Despite their limitations in speed and
precision, their simple and effective operation makes them ideal for a wide range
of applications in hobbyist electronics, education, and industry.

10
5. LED ( 2V) :
A 2-volt LED light is a type of light-emitting diode that operates with a forward
voltage of around 2 volts, typically used in low-power applications. LED (light-
emitting diode) technology is known for its energy efficiency and long lifespan,
as it emits light when an electrical current passes through a semiconductor
material, causing it to release photons. The 2-volt specification refers to the
amount of voltage required to forward bias the LED and allow current to flow
through it, causing it to emit light. The current passing through the LED will
depend on the specific characteristics of the LED, but typical operating currents
for small LEDs range from 10mA to 20mA.
LEDs with a 2-volt forward voltage are commonly used in low-power circuits,
where energy conservation is crucial. They are often found in indicator lights,
digital displays, and small electronic projects. Because of their low voltage
requirement, 2-volt LEDs are typically used with a current-limiting resistor to
prevent excess current from damaging the LED. This resistor ensures that the
LED operates within its recommended current range, usually between 10mA to
20mA, depending on the LED's specifications.
These LEDs are often red, as red LEDs typically have a forward voltage around
2 volts, but LEDs of different colors have different forward voltage requirements.
For example, green and yellow LEDs usually have a slightly higher forward
voltage (around 2.1V to 2.3V), while blue and white LEDs require a higher
voltage, typically above 3V. The advantage of a 2-volt LED lies in its low energy

11
consumption, as it requires less power compared to higher-voltage LEDs, making
it ideal for battery-powered devices, low-power applications, or systems that need
to run for extended periods without draining power quickly.

The long lifespan of LEDs, often rated at tens of thousands of hours, makes them
an excellent choice for applications where longevity is important. Additionally,
LEDs generate very little heat compared to incandescent bulbs, making them
more reliable and safer to use in compact spaces or sensitive environments.
However, it's important to ensure that the LED is used within its voltage and
current specifications to avoid overdriving it, which could lead to overheating,
reduced lifespan, or failure.

12
Circuit Diagram

13
 Arduino Code
SMART SOLAR SYSTEM
//Include the servo motor library
#include <Servo.h>
//Define the LDR sensor pins
#define LDR1 A0
#define LDR2 A1
//Define the error value. You can change it as you like
#define error 10
//Starting point of the servo motor
int Spoint = 90;
//Create an object for the servo motor
Servo servo;
void setup() {
//Include servo motor PWM pin
servo.attach(11);
//Set the starting point of the servo
servo.write(Spoint);
delay(1000);
}
void loop() {
//Get the LDR sensor value
int ldr1 = analogRead(LDR1);
//Get the LDR sensor value
int ldr2 = analogRead(LDR2);

//Get the difference of these values

14
 int value1 = abs(ldr1 - ldr2);
int value2 = abs(ldr2 - ldr1);

//Check these values using a IF condition

if ((value1 <= error) || (value2 <= error)) {

} else {
if (ldr1 > ldr2) {
Spoint = --Spoint;
}
if (ldr1 < ldr2) {
Spoint = ++Spoint;
}
}
//Write values on the servo motor
servo.write(Spoint);
delay(80);
}

15
 Operating Principle
The operating principle of a smart solar system is to adjust the position of solar
panels so that they are always oriented towards the sun, maximizing the amount
of sunlight they receive throughout the day. Solar panels generate the most energy
when they are perpendicular to the sun's rays, so the tracking system moves the
panels to follow the sun's path across the sky, ensuring they capture the maximum
amount of light. This is typically achieved using motors and sensors that detect
the sun's position. The system continuously adjusts the panels based on feedback
from light sensors or photodiodes, which measure the intensity of sunlight. As the
sun moves, the tracking system rotates the panels to maintain an optimal angle,
ensuring they stay aligned with the sun's changing position throughout the day.
By following the sun, solar tracking systems can increase the energy output of a
solar array, improving efficiency compared to fixed-position panels. However,
these systems add complexity and cost due to the need for motors, sensors, and
controllers to manage the adjustments.

16
 Applications
- Solar farms: Used to increase energy production by optimizing panel
orientation in large-scale solar power plants.
- Residential solar systems: Used in homes to maximize energy efficiency by
adjusting solar panel angles throughout the day.
- Off-grid power systems: Applied in remote areas where solar energy is the
primary power source to enhance energy yield.
- Street lighting: Used in automatic streetlight systems to improve performance
by adjusting the light sensors' orientation.
- Agricultural applications: Employed in greenhouses or farms for controlling
light exposure to crops and improving energy efficiency.
- Solar water pumping: Used in agricultural irrigation or water supply systems
to ensure optimal sunlight for solar-powered pumps.
- Telecommunication towers: Applied to power remote communication towers
efficiently in areas with limited access to the grid.
- Solar-powered vehicles: Used in solar vehicles to track sunlight for more
efficient charging and energy use.

17
 Merits

Increased Energy Production: The primary advantage of a solar tracking

system is its ability to maximize energy output. By continuously adjusting the
orientation of the solar panels to face the sun directly, the system ensures that the
panels capture the maximum amount of sunlight throughout the day. This can
increase energy production by 20% to 30% compared to stationary solar panels,
depending on the system and location.
Improved Efficiency: Tracking systems enable solar panels to maintain an
optimal angle relative to the sun, accounting for the sun's changing position
throughout the day and across seasons. This optimized orientation ensures that
the panels are always generating power at peak efficiency, especially during the
most productive sunlight hours.
Better Performance in Low-light Conditions: In areas where sunlight may
be intermittent or less intense, such as during overcast days or at sunrise and
sunset, tracking systems help improve energy capture by keeping the panels
oriented toward the available sunlight for longer periods. This can be particularly
valuable in regions with fluctuating weather conditions.
Higher Return on Investment (ROI): While solar tracking systems require
an initial investment in additional equipment and installation, the increased
energy yield can lead to a better return on investment over time. By generating
more electricity, these systems can help offset their higher installation costs more
quickly, especially in commercial or utility-scale solar power plants.
Better Adaptation to Seasonal Changes: The tilt of the sun changes
throughout the year, with different angles of sunlight hitting the Earth in different
seasons. A tracking system that adjusts the panel's angle based on these seasonal
changes can help maintain optimal exposure year-round, improving energy
generation in all seasons.
Reduction of Land Usage: In large-scale solar farms, tracking systems can
help make more efficient use of land by concentrating the energy production in
smaller areas. By increasing the energy output per square meter, solar farms can
generate more power from a given amount of land, which can be an advantage in
regions where space is limited or expensive.
.

18
 Demerits
Higher Initial Cost: One of the most significant drawbacks of solar tracking
systems is the higher upfront cost. The systems require additional components
like motors, gears, sensors, and controllers to adjust the panels' position, which
adds to the overall installation expense. For small-scale residential systems, this
extra cost may not always be justified by the increase in energy production.
Increased Maintenance: Since tracking systems involve moving parts (such
as motors and actuators), they require regular maintenance to ensure proper
operation. Over time, the mechanical components can wear out, and the system
may need repairs or replacements, leading to additional maintenance costs and
potential downtime. In contrast, fixed solar panels have fewer parts and require
less maintenance.
Complexity in Installation: Installing a solar tracking system is more
complex compared to fixed solar panel installations. It requires careful
planning, expertise in setting up the mechanical tracking mechanism, and
integration with the solar power system. This can increase installation time and
costs.
Higher Risk of Mechanical Failure: The moving parts in a tracking system
are susceptible to wear and tear, especially in harsh environmental conditions
such as extreme temperatures, high winds, or heavy rain. Mechanical failures
such as broken motors, damaged sensors, or misalignment of panels can result
in loss of energy production or even system failure, requiring repairs or
replacements.
Energy Consumption of the System: The motors and controllers used to
adjust the panels consume energy to move the panels throughout the day.
Although the energy consumed by the tracking system itself is minimal
compared to the increased energy output from the panels, it still represents an
additional demand on the overall system, especially for smaller-scale
installations.
Space and Land Requirements: While tracking systems improve energy
efficiency, they typically require more space than fixed systems. This is because
the panels need to move across a larger area to follow the sun, and some types
of tracking systems require additional space for their mechanical components.
In densely populated areas or locations with limited land, this can be a
significant constraint.

19
 Future Scope
The future of solar tracking systems holds exciting potential, including:

1. Cost Reduction: Advances in technology will lower the cost of solar tracking,
making it more accessible for residential and small-scale applications.
2. AI and Automation: Artificial intelligence and automation will optimize panel
movements, improving efficiency and reducing maintenance needs.
3. Integration with Smart Grids: Tracking systems will work alongside smart
grids to optimize energy generation and distribution in real-time.
4. Hybrid Energy Solutions: Solar tracking may be combined with other
renewable sources like wind and storage systems to create more reliable and
consistent energy solutions.
5. Advanced Materials: New lightweight and durable materials will improve
system performance and lifespan.
6. Urban and Vertical Integration: Solar tracking systems could be applied to
rooftops and vertical spaces in urban areas.
7. Sustainability: Future systems will focus on eco-friendly materials and
reducing their environmental impact.
8. Global Adoption: Solar tracking may be widely adopted in developing
regions, providing efficient off-grid energy solutions.

Overall, advancements will make solar tracking systems more efficient, cost-
effective, and suitable for diverse applications worldwide.

20
 Conclusion
Solar tracking systems are highly effective at boosting the energy production of
solar panels by ensuring that they are always positioned to capture the most
sunlight. While they involve more complex components and higher upfront costs,
they can offer significant efficiency improvements in solar power generation. The
system typically uses sensors to track the sun's position and adjust the panel's
orientation using motors, ensuring optimal performance throughout the day.

21
 References
• Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA)
Website: www.seia.org
Provides industry reports, case studies, and updates on solar tracking
systems and their role in large-scale solar projects.
• Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future" by Godfrey
Boyle(Book)
• Internet

22