1.

Green Machine Learning: Reducing Computational Carbon Footprint

Findings: This paper identifies the significant environmental impact of large-scale machine
learning (ML) models. Training models like GPT-3 can emit as much CO₂ as five cars over their
lifetime. The study emphasizes that optimizing ML workflows through model compression,
energy-efficient algorithms, and sustainable data center practices can substantially reduce
carbon emissions.

Highlights:

●​ Focus on reducing emissions in ML lifecycle: data collection, model training, deployment.

●​ Case studies from Google’s AI sustainability projects.
●​ Demonstrated a 30% energy reduction using optimized models.

Methodology:

●​ Techniques: Model pruning, quantization, federated learning.

●​ Tools: TensorFlow Lite for model optimization, carbon accounting tools.
●​ Datasets: Benchmarks from natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision
tasks.

Research Gap:

●​ Absence of standardized carbon accounting for ML.

●​ Limited adoption of green ML practices in commercial environments.

Parameters & Performance Metrics:

●​ Energy consumption (kWh), computational efficiency, carbon footprint (gCO₂e), model

accuracy.

Future Work:

●​ Development of carbon-aware ML frameworks.

●​ Integration of renewable energy in ML infrastructure.

Novelty:

●​ Introduces a comprehensive framework linking ML performance with carbon efficiency.

Context & Background:

●​ The environmental costs of AI’s rapid growth necessitate sustainable ML practices.

Comparative Analysis:
 ●​ Compared to traditional models, optimized ML architectures reduce emissions without
compromising performance.

Limitations:

●​ Challenges in tracking real-time carbon emissions during model training.

Citations & References:

●​ Google’s sustainability reports, EfficientNet studies.

Ethical Considerations:

●​ Transparent reporting of AI’s environmental impact.

●​ Addressing data biases that affect both performance and energy efficiency.

2. Green Machine Learning: Emphasizes Efficiency and Sustainability in

Design & Training

Findings: This study explores the integration of energy efficiency in ML model design. It
highlights that sustainable practices during model development can significantly reduce
computational costs and environmental impact.

Highlights:

●​ Defines principles of Green ML: energy efficiency, data optimization, sustainable

infrastructure.
●​ Highlights federated learning as a key technique.

Methodology:

●​ Techniques: Knowledge distillation, adaptive training.

●​ Tools: Energy-aware ML frameworks.
●​ Datasets: Large-scale image and text datasets.

Research Gap:

●​ Lack of real-time carbon tracking during model deployment.

Parameters & Performance Metrics:

●​ Power usage effectiveness (PUE), carbon emissions (gCO₂e), model accuracy.

Future Work:
 ●​ Development of carbon-aware ML scheduling.

Novelty:

●​ Introduces adaptive ML models based on energy availability.

Context & Background:

●​ Addresses the environmental cost of AI advancements.

Comparative Analysis:

●​ Demonstrates 40% energy savings compared to traditional ML models.

Limitations:

●​ Hardware dependency limits scalability.

Citations & References:

●​ Studies on sustainable AI, Google’s green AI projects.

Ethical Considerations:

●​ Ethical AI development considering energy consumption and fairness.

3. In the Implementation of Energy Efficiency Measures

Findings: The paper focuses on energy efficiency measures in IT infrastructure. It shows how
smart metering and non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) can reduce energy consumption in
data centers and software systems.

Highlights:

●​ Smart metering for energy tracking.

●​ Case studies from public sector buildings.

Methodology:

●​ Techniques: NILM, energy auditing.

●​ Tools: Smart meters, load disaggregation algorithms.

Research Gap:

●​ Limited integration of energy data with ML models.

Parameters & Performance Metrics:

●​ Energy usage (kWh), carbon footprint (gCO₂e), efficiency metrics.

Future Work:

●​ AI-driven predictive models for energy optimization.

Novelty:

●​ Hybrid monitoring systems combining traditional and ML-based techniques.

Context & Background:

●​ Rooted in EU’s 20-20-20 energy policy.

Comparative Analysis:

●​ NILM provides cost-effective alternatives to traditional energy monitoring.

Limitations:

●​ Privacy concerns in energy monitoring.

Citations & References:

●​ EU energy policies, smart grid technologies.

Ethical Considerations:

●​ Ethical data collection in energy tracking.

4. Analyze the Methods Used to Measure and Reduce Carbon Footprints

Findings: This paper analyzes various methods to measure and reduce carbon footprints in
software systems. It highlights lifecycle assessments (LCA) and energy-efficient coding
practices.

Highlights:

●​ Lifecycle perspective on software emissions.

●​ Behavioral change as a key factor in sustainability.

Methodology:

●​ Techniques: LCA, qualitative interviews, quantitative data collection.

 ●​ Tools: Energy monitoring software.

Research Gap:

●​ Lack of standardized metrics for software energy consumption.

Parameters & Performance Metrics:

●​ Energy consumption (kWh), carbon emissions (gCO₂e).

Future Work:

●​ AI-driven sustainability tools.

Novelty:

●​ Focus on behavioral factors in adopting sustainable practices.

Context & Background:

●​ Growing awareness of IT’s environmental impact.

Comparative Analysis:

●​ Demonstrates a 30% reduction in emissions with efficient coding.

Limitations:

●​ Data inconsistency across projects.

Citations & References:

●​ Green software frameworks, case studies from Microsoft.

Ethical Considerations:

●​ Transparency in carbon reporting.

5. My Carbon Footprint Analysis

Findings: This paper examines individual-level carbon tracking, demonstrating how personal IT
usage contributes to the overall carbon footprint.

Highlights:

●​ Focus on personal IT energy consumption.

 ●​ Green IT practices for individuals.

Methodology:

●​ Techniques: Manual energy tracking, smart metering.

●​ Tools: Energy consumption meters.

Research Gap:

●​ Challenges in scaling personal tracking to organizational levels.

Parameters & Performance Metrics:

●​ Power consumption (watts), carbon emissions (gCO₂e).

Future Work:

●​ AI-driven personal carbon tracking tools.

Novelty:

●​ Emphasis on micro-level carbon footprint analysis.

Context & Background:

●​ Importance of individual actions in sustainability.

Comparative Analysis:

●​ Micro-level analysis offers insights often missed in large-scale assessments.

Limitations:

●​ Manual tracking may lead to data inaccuracies.

Citations & References:

●​ Green IT practices, sustainability frameworks.

Ethical Considerations:

●​ Privacy in personal energy data collection.